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CSP Power Cycles USF

This document discusses thermodynamic cycles for concentrating solar power (CSP). It covers: 1. Common cycles used in CSP like Rankine, Brayton, and Stirling cycles. 2. New cycles being developed for higher temperature applications like supercritical CO2 cycles above 6000C and organic Rankine cycles below 3000C. 3. Potential for combined cycles that provide both power and other outputs like cooling or desalination to improve efficiency.

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31 views

CSP Power Cycles USF

This document discusses thermodynamic cycles for concentrating solar power (CSP). It covers: 1. Common cycles used in CSP like Rankine, Brayton, and Stirling cycles. 2. New cycles being developed for higher temperature applications like supercritical CO2 cycles above 6000C and organic Rankine cycles below 3000C. 3. Potential for combined cycles that provide both power and other outputs like cooling or desalination to improve efficiency.

Uploaded by

caleb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Thermodynamic Cycles for CSP

D. Yogi Goswami, Ph.D, PE


Distinguished University Professor
Director, Clean Energy Research Center
University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
Editor-in-Chief, Solar Energy Journal

Advantages
Can be integrated with fossil fuels
Thermal Energy Storage
Challenge
Cost

Common Thermodynamic Cycles used are


Rankine Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Stirling Cycle

Basic Thermodynamic Cycles for Solar Power


Common Thermodynamic Cycles used are
Rankine Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Stirling Cycle

Power Cycle Temperatures and Efficiencies

New Cycles for Power & Other Applications


Temperatures below 3000C
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)
Supercritical ORC

Temperatures above 6000C


Supercritical CO2 cycle
Supercritical CO2 cycle with bottoming cycles

Combined Cycles for Power & Other Applications


Combined power/cooling cycles
Other combined cycles (e.g. power/desalination)
6

Temperatures below 3000C


Many examples of Low/Medium temperature
sources: < 3000C
Geothermal, Waste heat, Low Conc. Solar Collectors
etc.

ORC is usually considered for these sources

We have analyzed an alternative


Supercritical ORC

Background ORC, SORC


Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC): Similar
to steam Rankine cycle but with

organic working fluid with low


boiling and critical points.
Supercritical Organic Rankine Cycle

(SRC): Working fluid is pressurized


above its critical pressure and heated
to supercritical state.

Background
Supercritical Organic Rankine cycle
Advantages:
o Simple configuration
o Better thermal match with

the heat source


o Higher efficiency

T-S diagram of a supercritical cycle with the


temperature profile of the hot brine.

10

Background
Important parameters
Source temperature

Working fluid
o CO2
o Refrigerants
o Mixtures
Pressure ratio
Sink temperature
Chen et al. 2010
o Lower sink temperature improves the efficiency

o Limited by the ambient conditions

11

SORC Power Cycle Analysis


Operating conditions for SORC analysis
Heat source: 1000C 2000C
Sink temperature: 200C
Turbine efficiency: 85%
Pump efficiency: 85%

Vapor fraction at expander outlet


>95%
Pinch temperature: 7-90C

Layout of the cycle used for the


simulations

12

Working Fluid Selection


Fluid selection criteria
Critical temperature
Critical pressure
Environmental concerns
o Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)

o Non-flammable,
o Stable in the temperature and pressure range

13

Potential Fluids
Fluid

Critical Temperature (0C)

Critical Pressure (Bar)

R134a

101.05

40.6

R32

78.11

57.8

R143a

72.71

37.6

R218

71.87

26.4

R125

66.02

36.2

R170

32.18

48.7

14

Optimum operating pressure

Fluid with the lowest critical temperature (R170) had the highest
optimum pressure while fluid with the highest critical temperature
(R134a) had a lower optimum pressure.

15

Thermal efficiency at optimum pressure

SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE


POWER CYCLE

16

Critical properties of some fluids

17

Characteristics of s-CO2 around the critical point

18

Characteristics of s-CO2 around the critical point

Thermal conductivity of water at 305K is 618.41 . At the atmospheric pressure and


the same temperature, the thermal conductivity of air is given as 26.355 .

19

Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle

Wright et al (2011)

20

Simple S-CO2 Brayton Cycle

21

S-CO2 Recompression Brayton Cycle

22

S-CO2 Partial cooling Brayton Cycle

23

Validating the model

24

Combined s-CO2-ORC cycles

25

Combined simple s-CO2-ORC cycles

The efficiency of the simple S-CO2 configuration without the bottoming cycle under same
operating condition is obtained as 0.4507.
26

Combined recompression s-CO2-ORC cycles

The efficiency of the recompression S-CO2


configuration without the bottoming cycle
under same operating condition is obtained as
0.4932.

27

Combined Partial cooling s-CO2-ORC cycles

28

Combined Partial cooling s-CO2-ORC cycles

The efficiency of the


partial cooling
s-CO2
configuration without the
bottoming cycle under
same operating condition
is obtained as 0.4959.

29

Performance of the cycle at different temperatures

30

S-CO2 power cycle in CSP plants

Wright et al (2011)

31

COMBINED CYCLES FOR POWER


AND OTHER APPLICATIONS

32

Goswami Cycle (Combined Power & Cooling)


Uses mixed working
fluids

Overcomes pinch point


problem
Condensation is by
absorption

Removes the turbine exit


temperature constraint
Can be designed for all
power to all cooling and
any combination of power
and cooling
33

Result

dA=[5.96 bar, 150 C, 0.22 kg NH3/kg


solution, 150 C].

dB=[33.62 bar, 150 C, 0.52 kg NH3/kg


solution, 85.6 C].
dC=[10.56 bar, 150 C, 0.23 kg NH3/kg
solution, 150 C].

Pareto front of cooling and first law efficiency with


respect to net work output.

34

Modified Goswami cycle for combined power and cooling


8

REC

DES
9
5

10

SH
11

EXP
3

SHX

12

CON
13

RSC

SEV

SP
14
7

16

REV
15

ABS

EVA
17

Schematic diagram of single-stage combined absorption cycle with series flow arrangement
35

1. For low- and mid-temperature applications


Cycle Simulation: Effect of Generator Temperature

36

1. For low- and mid-temperature applications

37

Combined SORC Power-RO Desalination Cycle

Comparison of the optimized condition for ORC-RO


and SORC-RO system using low grade heat sources
R245fa

R152a

Solar Field Output (kW)

586.33

685.69

Heat to Water (kJ/kg)

53.11

62.11

Cycle Efficiency

15.86%

13.47%

Solar Collector Area (m2)

1020

1065

Solar radiation to water (kJ/kg)

92.39

96.47

HTF Flow Rate (kg/s)

6.651

2.903

HTF Temperature Range (C)

124.5-150

87-150

Fresh Water Production (kg/s)

11.04

11.04

Operation Pressure (MPa)

2.2

5.3

Recuperator or not

Yes

No

the most energy efficiency MED-Double absorption heat pump combined system has the heat
to water consumption is 108kJ/kg and solar energy to water consumption is 142 kJ/kg

Possible Combined Desalination Cycles


Once-Through Heat Source
Heat

Heat

Heat

Boiler

MED

Power
Cycle

MVC

TVC

MED

Heat

Power
Cycle

Boiler

Steam

Recirculating Heat Source

MED

Fresh Water
Many Combinations and Configurations

RO

41

Dry Cooling
Dry cooling using ambient air can increase the
condensation temperature by 150C 250C
That will reduce thermal efficiency by ~ 20-25% for
low/medium source temperatures
Passive cooling techniques can reduce the sink
temperature by 150C 250C
Ground Coupling
Night sky radiation

42

Ground Coupling

Earth-air-heat-exchanger (EAHE) have been used for air-conditioning


of buildings and greenhouses
EAHE may be coupled with SORC condenser
Water may also be cooled by ground coupling
If water is used, it can also be cooled by night sky radiation

43

Ground-coupled Dry Cooling

Air Cooled Condenser coupled with EAHE

44

Ground-coupled Dry Cooling

Cool water with ground


coupling instead of air

Water may also be cooled


by night sky radiation

45

Dry cooled condenser with


Ground Coupling and Nocturnal Cooling
Air as the cooling medium in the condenser

46

Dry cooled condenser with


Ground Coupling and Nocturnal Cooling
Water as the cooling medium in

the condenser

47

Current study
Earth-air-heat-exchanger (EAHE)
Mass flow rate: 80 kg/hour
Pipe diameter: 25 cm

Pipe length: 25-100 m


Depth: 1-4 m
Location: Las Vegas

Ambient air temperature and underground


temperature at different depths
0

Average annual temperature: 19.5 C


Heat source temperature: 1500C
Working fluid in SRC: R134a

48

Effect of depth
Performance of EAHE improved with depth
Ambient air can be used directly during colder weather

Outlet air temperature for different depths

Efficiency of SRC for different depths


of EAHE

49

Effect of length
As length increases

Outlet temperature and daily variations decrease


Efficiency increases with length

Improvement is negligible after 50 m

Annual variation of the outlet air


temperature at different pipe lengths

Annual variation of SRC efficiency for


different lengths of EAHE

Conclusions
Recent research on thermodynamic
cycles has opened up new possibilities for
CSP
New working fluids
Higher efficiencies
New combined outputs

Potential for additional R & D

Thank You

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