Mejores son dos que uno;

porque tienen mejor paga

de su trabajo.

[Eclesiasts 4.9 La Biblia]

3.0

Part I:
Foundations of object
orientation
Object interaction
MSc. Fernando A. Rojas Morales
3.0

Main concepts to be covered

abstraction
modularization
object diagrams
object creation
method calls
debuggers

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

The OOP promise

Application Domain

Solution Domain

Application Domain Model

System Model

TrafficControl
Aircraft

UML Package

TrafficController

FlightPlan

Airport

SummaryDisplay MapDisplay
FlightPlanDatabase
TrafficControl

Object-Oriented Software Engineering Using UML, Patterns, and Java by Bernd Bruegge

Abstraction and
modularization
Abstraction is the ability focus your
attention on essentials and ignore
irrelevant details of a system.
Modularization is the process of
dividing a whole into well-defined
parts, which can be built and
examined separately, and which
interact in well-defined ways.
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

A digital clock

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

Modularizing the clock display

One four-digit display?

Or two two-digit
displays?

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

Classes define types

The name of a class can be used as a
variable type.
The type of a field specifies what
kind of values can be stored in the
field. If the type is a class, the field
can hold objects of that class (class
names can be used as types).

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

Implementation NumberDisplay
public class NumberDisplay
{
private int limit;
private int value;
Constructor and
methods omitted.
}
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

Implementation ClockDisplay
public class ClockDisplay
{
private NumberDisplay hours;
private NumberDisplay minutes;
Constructor and
methods omitted.
}

Classes define types

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Object diagram

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Object Diagram
The object diagram shows the
objects and their relations in a given
moment of a running application.
It depicts the dynamic view.
The variables of type object store
references to objects (not the
objects themselves).

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Class diagram

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Class Diagram
The class diagram shows the classes
of an application and the relation
among them.
The class diagram gives information
about the code.
The class diagram shows the static
view.

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Object diagram vs Class

diagram

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Primitive types vs. object

types
SomeObject obj;

object type

int i;
32

primitive type

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Primitive types
Primitive types are not Objects.
Primitive types are all predefined in
the Java language: int, boolean,
char, double, long. [Appendix B].
Primitive types dont have methods.

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Quiz: What is the output?

int a;
int b;
a = 32;
b = a;
a = a + 1;
System.out.println( b );
Person a;
Person b;
a = new Person( "Everett );
b = a;
a.changeName( "Delmar );
System.out.println( b.getName() );
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Primitive types vs. object

types
ObjectType a;

ObjectType b;

b = a;
int a;

int b;

32

32

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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The ClockDisplay source code

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

20

Source code: NumberDisplay

public NumberDisplay( int rollOverLimit )
{
limit = rollOverLimit;
value = 0;
}
public void increment()
{
value = ( value + 1 ) % limit;
}

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

21

Source code: NumberDisplay

public String getDisplayValue()
{
if( value < 10 )
{
return "0" + value;
}
else
String concatenation
{
return "" + value;
}
}
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

22

The modulo operator

The 'division' operator (/), when applied to int
operands, returns the result of an integer
division.
The 'modulo' operator (%) returns the
remainder of an integer division.
E.g., generally:
17 / 5 gives result 3, remainder 2
In Java:
17 / 5 == 3
17 % 5 == 2
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Quiz
What is the result of the expression
8%3

For integer n >= 0, what are all

possible results of:
n%5

Can n be negative?

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Source code: NumberDisplay

public void setValue( int newValue )
{
if( ( newValue >= 0 ) &&
( newValue < limit ) )
{
value = newValue;
}
}

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Logic Operators

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Source code: NumberDisplay

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Objects creating objects

Objects can create objects using the
new operator.
The new operation does two things:
1. It creates a new object of the
named class
2. It executes the constructor of
that class.
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Objects creating objects

public class ClockDisplay
{
private NumberDisplay hours;
private NumberDisplay minutes;
private String displayString;
public ClockDisplay()
{
hours = new NumberDisplay( 24 );
minutes = new NumberDisplay( 60 );
updateDisplay();
}
}
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Objects creating objects

in class ClockDisplay:
hours = new NumberDisplay( 24 );

actual parameter
in class NumberDisplay:
public NumberDisplay( int rollOverLimit );

formal parameter
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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ClockDisplay object diagram

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Objects creating objects

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Overloading
It is common for class definitions to
contain alternative versions of
constructors or methods that provide
various ways of achieving a particular
task via their distinctive sets of
parameters.
This is known as overloading a
constructor or method.
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Multiple constructors

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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(internal) method calls

/**
* Constructor for ClockDisplay
* This constructor creates
* a new clock set at 00:00.
*/
public ClockDisplay()
{
hours = new NumberDisplay( 24 );
minutes = new NumberDisplay( 60 );
updateDisplay();
}
Llamada desde el constructor
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

35

(internal) method calls

internal method calls
updateDisplay();

No variable name is required.

this
could be used as a reference to the
invoking object, but not used for
method calls.

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

36

(external) method calls

public void timeTick()
{
minutes.increment();
if( minutes.getValue() == 0 ) {
// it just rolled over!
hours.increment();
}
updateDisplay();
}
utiliza notacin de punto.

object . methodName ( parameter-list )

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

37

Method calls
NB: A method call on another object
of the same type would be an
external call.
Internal means this object.
External means any other object,
regardless of its type.

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

38

null
null is a special value in Java
Object fields are initialized to null
by default.
You can test for and assign null:
private NumberDisplay hours;
if( hours != null ) { ... }
hours = null;
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Summary of the clock display

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Another example of object

interaction
We are concerned with understanding
how objects create other objects, and
how objects call each others methods.
The ability to read and understand
source code is one of the most
essential for a software developer.
But, we have more tools . . .
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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The mail system example

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

42

The debugger
Useful for gaining insights into
program behavior
whether or not there is a program
error.
Set breakpoints.
Examine variables.
Step through code.
43

The debugger (Fig. 3.5)

44

The mail system example

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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The this keyword

name overloading:
System.out.println( from )
Which variable will be usedthe
parameter or the field?
Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Using a debugger

Setting breakpoints

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Single stepping

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

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Concepts
abstraction
modularization
classes define
types
class diagram
object diagram
object references

primitive types
object types
object creation
overloading
internal/external
method call
debugger

Objects First with Java - A Practical Introduction using BlueJ, David J. Barnes, Michael Klling

49