CHAPTER 4 : ANIMAL KINGDOM

Levels of organization :
1.

Body symmetry

2.

Nature of coelom ( cavity )

3.

Body plan

4.

Pattern of development

5.

Segmentation of the body

6.

Presence/absence of notochord

1.Level of organization

Cellular level - organ level

Tissue level organ system level ( open and closed circulation )

Complete/incomplete digestive system. (hydra )

2.Body symmetry

A symmetry Ex. Sponges

Symmetrical Bilatral symmetry (Annelids and Arthropods) and Radial symmetry (Ctenophora,
Coelenterate and Echinoderms)
3.Nature of Coelom (Body cavity)

Coelomate body cavity with ecto, endo and mesoderms - Ex. Annelids, Molluscs, Arthropods,
Echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates.

Pseudococlomate no mesoderm, have only ectoderm and enderm layers - Ex. Aschelminthes
(round worms)

Acoclomate no body cavity - Ex. Platyhelminthes (flat worms)

4.Body plan

Cell aggregate plan

Blind sac body plan

5.Embryonic germinal layers

Diploblastic (Coelenterates) only ectoderm and endoderm

Triploblastic organization (Platyhelminthes to Chordates)- ectoderm, enderm and mesoderm

6.Segmentation- Metameric segmentation true segmentation(metamerism) Ex. - Earthworm

7.Notochord

It is a mesodermal origin rod like structure animals with notochord is chordates and without
that are non-chordates.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS:
1.Phylum - Porifera - Ex. Sponges.

Marine , asymmetrical, cellular level of organization

Have water canal system

Ostia Spongocoel Osculum

Choanocytes/ collar cells line in the spongocoel

Digestion is intracellular

Skeleton made up of spicules/ sponging fibres

Hermaphrodite male and female organs present on the same body.

Reproduce asexually by fragmentation

Sexually by gametes

Fragmentation is internal and development is indirect

Eg. Sycon, spongilla.

2.Phylum Coelenterata ( cnidaria) - Ex. Hydra

Aquatic / marine

Sessile (fixed ) / free swimming

Radially symmetrical

Have cnidoblasts / cnidocytes, stinging capsule on tentacles

Used for defense, anchorage and to capture the prey

Tissue level of organization diploblastic

Mouth on hypostome.

Digestion extracellular and intracellular

Corals have skeleton made of calcium carbonate.

Exhibit 2 basic forms called polyp and medusa.

Polyp is sessile cylindrical (hydra )

Medusa is umbrella shaped free living ( jelly fish )

They show alternation of generation ( metagenesis ) where polyp forms medusa asexually and

medusa forms polyp sexually. Ex. Obelia

Ex. - Hydra, Physalia, Sea anemone, Sea pen, Sea fan, Brain coral.
3.Phylum - Ctenophora ( sea walnuts/comb jellies )

Marine , radially symmetrical diploblastic

Tissue level of organization

Body bears 8 rows ciliated comb plates help in locomotion

Digestion by intra and extra cellular

Bioluminescence is well developed

Sexes are not separate (monoecious)

Reproduce by sexual reproduction

Fertilization is external and indirect development.

Ex. - Pleurobrachia and ctenoplana

4.Phylum Platyhelminthes ( flat worms )

Dorso-ventrally flattened body

Endoparasites, bilaterally symmetrical

Organ level of organization

Triploblastic - acoclomate

Hooks and suckers are present

Flame cells for excretions

Sexes are not separate - fertilization is internal and development is through many larval stages

Have high regeneration capacity

Ex.- Tape worm, Planaria, Liver fluke

5.Phylum - Aschelminthes (round worms )

Free living, aquatic, terrestrial parasitic

Organ system level of body organization

Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic

Pseudocoelomate

Digestive system is complete (mouth and anus)

Sexes are separate (dioecious )

Fertilization is internal and development is direct.

Ex. Ascaris, Wuchereria ( filarial worm ) and Ancylostoma (hookworm)

6.Phylum Annelida ( annulus little ring )

Aquatic/terrestrial

Freeliving/ parasites

Organ system level of body organization

Bilaterally symmetrical

Triploblastic

Metamerically segmented coelomate

Metameres/body is segmented

Marine Nereis possess parapodia

Possess longitudinal and circular muscles help in locomotion

Closed circulatory system

Nephridia help in osmoregulation and excretion

Dioecious (sexes are separate)

Earthworm and leeches are monoecious

Reproduction is sexual

Eg. Nereis, Pheretima ( earth worm ) and Hirudinaria ( blood sucking leech )
7.Phylum Arthropoda (jointed legs)

Largest phylum 2/3 are insects

Organ system level of body organization

Bilaterally symmetrical

Segmented and coelomate

Chitinous exoskeleton.

Body has head thorax and abdomen.

Have jointed appendages( organs for locomotion ) respiratory organs are gills/book gills/Book
lungs / tracheal system

Open circulatory system.

Sense organs are antennae, eye, statocysts ( balance organs )

Fertilization is internal.

Excretion by malpighian tubules.

Sexes are separate (Dioecious)

Oviparous

Development may be direct/ indirect

Economic importance-

Honey bees (Apis)

Silkworm worm (Bombyx)

Vectors. Mosquito, Housefly

Aquatic crab, prawn, lobster

7.Phylum - Mollusca: (soft bodied and shelled)

Second largest phylum

Terrestrial and aquatic

Organ system level of body organization

Bilaterally symmetrical

Triploblastic and Coelomate

Calcareous shell and unsegmented body with head muscular foot and visceral hump

Soft spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the visceral hump

Gills for respiration and excretion

Head has sensory tentacles

Mouth has file like rasping organ for feeding radula

Sexes are separate (Dioecious)

Oviparous

Indirect development

Eg. Oyster, snail, squid, devil fish

8.Phylum - Echinodermata: (spiny skinned)

Spiny skin has exoskeleton which is calcarious ossicles

Marine organ level of body organization

Radially symmetrical

Coelomate

Triploblastic

Mouth of the lower side and anus on the upper side.

Have water vascular system, help in locomotion, to capture and transport of food and for
respiration

Excretory system is absent

Dioecious and fertilization is external, development is indirect with free swimming larva

Ex. Starfish, sea urchin, sea lily, sea cucumber

9.Phylum Hermichordata

Under non chordate

Worm like marine animals

Organ system level of organization

Bilaterially symmetrical , triploblstic

Coclomate body has anterior proboscis , a collar and a long trunk

Circulatory system is open type

Respiration is through gills

Excretory organ is proboscis gland

Sexes are separate

Fertilization is external

Development is indirect

Ex. Balanoglossus
10.Phylum Chordata

Presence of notochord dorsal hollow spinal cord nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits

Bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic

Coelomate organ system level of organization

Have post and tail

Closed circulatory system

Chordates
1. Notochord present
2. Central nervous system is dorsal
double

Non chordates
1. Notochord is absent
2. Central nervous system is ventral, solid and

hollow and single

3.

Gills are present

3. Gills are absent

4.

Heart is ventral

4. Heart is dorsal

5.

Tail is present

5. Tail is absent

Chordata -Urochordata, Cephalochordate and Vertebrata (protochordates)

Urochordata notochord present in larval tail eg. Ascidia, salpa
Cephalochordate notochord extends from head to tail eg. Amphioxus
1.Subphylum Vertebrata:

Possess notochord (replaced by vertebral column)


All vertebrates are chordates but not all chordates are vertebrates (all vertebrates have
vertebral column, but all chordates do not have vertebral chord).

Ventral muscular heart

Excretion by kidneys

Fins / limbs for locomotion

a)Super class Agnatha (without jaw)

Class Cyclostomata

Ectoparasites on some fishes.

Elongated body with 6-15 pairs of gill slits

Sucking circular mouth without jaw

Body is devoid of scales paired fins

Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous

Circulation is closed marie but migrate to fresh water for spawning

After spawning they die

Larvas, metamorphosis and return to the ocean

Ex. Lamprey, Hagfish

b)Super class - Gnathostomata (with jaw)

Jaws are present

Paired lateral appendages

There are six classes:

Class Chondrichthyes:

Cartilage fish, endoskeleton is cartilage

Body is stream lined

Pelvic fins in male with claspers

5-7 pairs of gills.

No operculum

Mouth in ventral with teeth.

Jaws are powerful

Air bladder is absent

Heart is 2 chambered ( I auricle and one ventricle )

Some possess electric /poison stings

Poikilothermous (cold blooded)

Body has placoid scales

Unisexual

Viviparous and fertilization is internal

Eg. Shark, sting rays.

Class Osteichthyes - boney fish

Endoskeleton is bone. Skin is covered by cycloid scales.

Four pairs of gill slits with operculum, mouth is terminal, air bladder is present and help in
buoyancy.

Heart is two chambered

( I auricle and I ventricle )

Poikilotherms ( cold blooded )

Sexes are separate ,fertilization is external and oviparous

Ex. Angel fish, Clown fish, Rohu, Katla, Tilapia, Hippocampus.

Class Amphibia - dual life

Live on land and move to water for breeding

Body has head and trunk

Tail is in larval stage two paires of limbs

Digits without claws.

Poikilotherms eyes are with nictitating membranes

Skin is smooth and moist with mucous glands

Tympanum is ear drum

Heart is three chambered ( two auricle and one ventricle )

Respiration by gills in larva and by lungs and skin in adults.

Digestive system

Urinary tract and reproductive tract open in to a common cloacal chambers and the

Opening is called cloacal aperture.

Sexes are separate

Oviparous

Fertilization is external and development is indirect with tadpole larva

Ex. Toad, Frog

Class Reptilia

Skin is dry without glands.

Covered by horny epidermal scales ( scutes )

Tympanum is small no external opening

12 pairs of cranial nerves

Trunk bears two pairs of pentadactyl limbs with claws.

Heart with three and half chambered (two auricle, one which is incompletely partitioned
ventricle)

Only Crocodiles have four chambered heart

Respiration is by lungs.

Fertilization is internal.

Oviparous and egg is covered by hard calcareoue shells

Ex. Snake, Tortoise, Turtle, Viper, Lizard

Class Aves

Streamlined body and covered with feathers

Jaws are modified in to beaks, teeth absent , various shapes and sizes of beaks

Digestive system has two structures crop and gizzard ( grinding the food )

Forelimbs form wings.

Hind limbs modified for perching, swimming, running, etc.

Voice box called syrinx is present

Respiration is by lungs.

Skin is dry with oil glands, at the base of tail.

Bones are pneumatic bones (air cavities) helps to make the body light.

Homeiothermous

Heart is 4 chambered

Oviparous and egg is with calcareous shells.

Fertilization is internal.

Ex. Pigeon, Crow, Sparrow, Ostrich.

Class- Mammalia
Aquatic/aerial/terrestrial
Body has head, neck, trunk and tail
Have mammary glands in females

External ear (pinna) is present

Skin has sweat glands and sebaceous glands
Heart is 4 chambered
Respiration is by lungs.
Body has hair
Excretion is by kidneys (ureotelic urea)
Sexes are separate
Viviparous (give birth young ones)
Few are ovoviviiparous egg laying mammals (Platypus)
Few are marsupials pouched mammals with brood pouches (Kangaroo)
Ex. Canis macaca, Camelus, Dolphin.
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