FORMAT FOR PREPARATION OF BTECH

PROJECT REPORT

DIVISION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
COCHIN UNIVERSIT OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
KOCHI 682 022
KERALA, INDIA

MARCH 2016

1. ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS:
The sequence in which the project report material should be arranged
and bound should be as follows:
1. Cover Page
2. Inside cover page
3. Certificate from external guide (if any)
4. Certificate from the college
5. Acknowledgements
6. Abstracts
7. Table of contents
8. List of tables
9. List of figures
10. Abbreviations (if any)
11. Nomenclature ( if any)
12. Chapters
13. Appendices
14. References
15. List of papers published, based on the report ( if any)

2. PAGE DIMENSION AND BINDING SPECIFICATIONS:

The project report should be prepared in A4 size, and should be hard bound with navy
blue colour wrapper.
3. PREPARATION FORMAT:
3.1 Cover Page & Title Page A specimen copy of the Cover page & Title page of the
project report are given in Annexure1. The fonts and locations of various items on this
page should be exactly as shown in Annexure 1.
3.2

Inside cover page Same as cover page

3.3 Acknowledgement This should not exceed one page. Annexure 1B
3.4 Certificate of external guide (if applicable )
3.5 Bonafide Certificate - See Annexure 2.

The fonts and locations of various items on this page should be exactly as shown in
Annexure 2. The Certificate should be in double line spacing using Times New Roman
Font Style and, as per the format in Annexure 2.
3.5 Abstract Abstract should be a one page synopsis of the project work, typed in
double line spacing (about 300 words with max 6 key words). Font Style Times
New Roman and Font Size 12. See Annexure 3.
3.6 Table of Contents The table of contents should list all headings, sub headings after
the table of contents page, as well as any titles preceding it. The title page and
Bonafide Certificate will not find a place among the items listed in the Table of
Contents. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this
head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents of the project report is given in
Annexure 4.
3.7 List of Tables The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear
above the tables in the body of the report. One and a half spacing should be
adopted for typing the matter under this head. See Annexure 5.
3.8 List of Figures The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear
below the figures in the body of the text. One and a half spacing should be
adopted for typing the matter under this head. See Annexure 6.
3.81 Table and figures - The word Table means tabulated numerical data in the body of
the project report as well as in the appendices. All other non-verbal materials used in the
body of the project work and appendices such as charts, graphs, maps, photographs and
diagrams should be designated as figures.
3.9 List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Nomenclature One and a half spacing
should be adopted for typing the matter under this head. Standard symbols,
abbreviations etc. should be used. See Annexure 7 and 8.
3.10

Chapters The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 or 4 parts with minimum

total pages 50, (i) Introductory chapter, (ii) Literature Review (if any) (iii) Experimental

setup (if any) (iii) Chapters developing the main theme of the project work (iv) and
Conclusion.
The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be
further divided into several divisions and sub-divisions.

Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.

Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the
reference where they are cited.

Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed
directly underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material they annotate.
See Annexure 9
3.11Appendices - Same format as Chapters

3.12
List of References The listing of references should be typed 4 spaces below the
heading REFERENCES in alphabetical order, in single spacing and left justified.
The reference material should be listed in the alphabetical order of the surname of the
first author. The name of the author/authors should be immediately followed by the year
and other details. See Annexure 10.
3.13 List of papers published based on the report -

See Annexure 11

4. TYPING INSTRUCTIONS:
The impression on the typed copies should be black in colour.
One and a half spacing should be used for typing the general text. The general text shall
be typed in the Font style Times New Roman and Font size 12. Use A4 (210 mm X 297
mm) bond un-ruled paper (80 gsm) for all copies submitted. Use one only side of the
paper for all printed/typed matter.

4.1. NUMBERING
Every page in the seminar/project report, except the seminar/project report title page,
must be accounted for and numbered.
The page numbering, starting from acknowledgements and till the beginning of the
introductory chapter, should be printed in small Roman numbers, i.e, i, ii, iii, iv......
The page number of the first page of each chapter should not be printed (but must be
accounted for). All page numbers from the second page of each chapter should be
printed using Arabic numerals, i.e. 2,3,4,5...
All printed page numbers should be located at the bottom centre of the page.

4.2 CHAPTERS
Use only Arabic numerals. Chapter numbering should be centered on the top of the page
using large bold print. < size 15> <Times new Roman>
4.3 SECTIONS
Use only Arabic numerals with decimals. Section numbering should be left justified
using bold print. Example: 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, etc.
4.3.1 SUBSECTIONS
Use only Arabic numerals with two decimals. Subsection numbering should be left
Justified using bold print. Example: 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3, etc.
4.4 EQUATION(S)/FORMULA
Use only Arabic numerals with single decimal. Equation numbers should be right
justified using normal print.
Format: (<Chapter number>.<Equation serial number>).
Example

(1.1)

4.5 REFERENCES
Use only Arabic numerals. Serial numbering should be carried out based on
Alphabetical order of surname or last name of first author. Ref. Annexure 10
5

TEXT

5.1

COLOR

- Black

5.2 FONT
5.2.1 REGULAR TEXT

- Times Roman 12 pts. and normal print.

5.2.2 CHAPTER HEADING

- Times Roman 15 pts., bold print and all capitals.

5.2.3 SECTION HEADINGS

- Times Roman 12 pts., bold print and all capitals

5.2.4 SUBSECTION HEADINGS - Times Roman 12 pts., bold print and leading
capitals. ie. Only first letter in each word should be in capital
5.2.5 SPECIAL TEXT

- Italics/Superscript /Subscript/Special symbols, etc.,

as per necessity. Special text may include footnotes, endnotes, physical or chemical
symbols, mathematical notations, etc.
5.2.6 REFERENCES

- Same font as regular text. Serial number and all

authors' names to be in bold print. Journal names and book titles should be in italics.

6. PARAGRAPH SPACING
Use 6 pts before & 6 pts after paragraphs.
All paragraphs in the seminar/project report should be left justified completely, from
the first line to the last line.
Use 1.5 spacing between the regular text and quotations.
6.1 Provide double spaces between:
(a) Chapter title and first sentence of a chapter,
6.2 Use single spacing
(a) in footnotes and endnotes for text.
(b) in explanatory notes for tables and figures.
(c) in text corresponding to bullets, listings, and quotations in the main body of
seminar/project report .
6.3 Use single space in references and double space between references.

JUSTIFICATION

The text should be fully justified

8

MARGINS

The margins for the regular text are as follows:

LEFT

= 1.50"

RIGHT

= 1.00"

TOP

= 1.00"

BOTTOM

= 1.00"

TABLES

All tables should have sharp lines, drawn in black ink, to separate rows/columns as and
when necessary.
Tables should follow immediately after they are referred to for the first time in the text.
Splitting of paragraphs, for including tables on a page, should be avoided. Provide
double spaces on the top and the bottom of all tables to separate them from the regular
text, wherever applicable.
The title of the table etc. should be placed on the top of the table
The title should be centered with respect to the table. The titles must be in the same font
as the regular text and should be single spaced. The title format is given below:
Table<blank><chapter number>.<serial number><left indent><table title>.
10

FIGURES

All figures, drawings, and graphs should be drawn in black ink with sharp lines
and adequate contrast between different plots if more than one plot is present in
the same graph.
The title of the figure etc. should be placed on the bottom of the figure.
Figures should follow immediately after they are referred to for the first time in the text.
Splitting of paragraphs, for including figures on a page, should be avoided. Provide
double spaces on the top and the bottom of all figures to separate them from the regular
text, wherever applicable. Figures should be centered with respect to the figure. The
titles must be in the same font as the regular text and should be single spaced. The title
format is given below:
Fig. <blank><chapter number>.<serial number> <left indent><figure title.

Annexure 1.

PROJECT TITLE
A PROJECT REPORT
submitted to
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
by
NAME OF STUDENT
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DIVISION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
KOCHI- 682 022
KERALA | INDIA.

MARCH 2016

Annexure 1.A

PROJECT TITLE
<Font Size 16><1.5 line spacing>

A PROJECT REPORT
<Font Size 14><Italic>

submitted to

COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

<Font Size 14><Bold

by
<Font Size 14><Italic>

NAME OF STUDENT
<Font Size 14>Bold

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

<Font Size 14><1.5 line spacing><Italic>

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
<Font Size 16><Bold

IN

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
<Font Size 14><Bold

DIVISION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
KOCHI- 682 022
KERALA | INDIA.

MARCH 2016

Annexure 1B

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
One page maximum. Times New Roman and Font Size 12

Annexure 2.

DIVISION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled TITLE OF PROJECT WORK
submitted by NAME OF STUDENT to the Cochin University of Science &
Technology, Kochi, Kerala in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Information Technology is a bonafide record of the project work carried
out by him under my supervision during December 2015- March 2016.

Dr. Shelbi Joseph

Head
Division of Information Technology

Name
(Project Guide)
Designation

Annexure 3.

ABSTRACT
In-cylinder fluid dynamics exert significant influence on the performance and emission
characteristics of Direct Injection (DI) diesel engines. Detailed simulation of the various
features of the in-cylinder fluid motion including heat transfer and combustion processes
has now become an achievable goal using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
methodology, an area which is developing for more than a decade.
In the present work, computational fluid dynamics investigation on in-cylinder flow for
non-reacting as well as firing condition in a DI diesel engine using different types of
inlet manifolds has been carried out. The employed three-dimensional computational
domains, constitute of the intake manifold, combustion chamber and the exhaust
manifold so that a complete engine cycle can be simulated.
To start with, a study on the effect of manifold configurations on in-cylinder flow and
combustion has been carried out on an engine geometry, for which experimental
measurements are available. Validation of simulated results with experimental data
available in the literature is presented.
KEYWORDS: DI Diesel Engine, Spiral Manifold, Helical Manifold, HelicalSpiral Combined Manifold, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

Annexure 4

CONTENTS
Title

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................ii
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................iii
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................. iv
ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................v
NOMENCLATURE.................................................................................................vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1

Flow Through Inlet Manifold........................................................................3

1.2

Simulation Using Computational Fluid Dynamics.........................................5

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1

Introduction.................................................................................................. 8

2.2

Diesel Engine Flow Modeling.......................................................................9

2.2.1 Effect on Engine Configurations..................................................................... 9

2.3

Diesel Combustion Model...........................................................................25

...........................................................................................................................................

REFERENCE.........................................................................................................50
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS....................................................................................55

Annexure 5.

List of Tables

Table

Title

Page

3.1

Values Assigned to Standard k- Turbulence Model Coefficients.................55

3.2

Values Assigned to RNG k- Turbulence Model Coefficients......................57

4.1

Engine Specifications................................................................................. 90

4.2

Geometrical Details of the Injector............................................................. 90

4.3

Boundary and Initial Conditions................................................................. 94

4.4

Grid Independence Study............................................................................99

Annexure 6

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure

Title

Page

3.1 Lagrangian Droplet Motion..............................................................................70

4.1 Vertical Manifold............................................................................................. 95
4.2 20O Bend Manifold.......................................................................................... 95
4.3 90O Bend Manifold............................................................................................. 95
4.4 Spiral Manifold................................................................................................95
o

4.5 Spiral Manifold Configuration ( = 225 )........................................................96

4.6 Spiral Manifold with Different Flow Entry Angles (20 O, 32.5O and 45O)...........96
4.7 Helical Manifold (Helical Angles 30O, 35O, 40O, 45O and 50O).......................... 97
4.8 Spiral Manifold................................................................................................97
4.9 Helical Manifold..............................................................................................97
4.10

Helical-Spiral Manifold........................................................................................ 97

4.11 Grid Independent SR for Validation Model......................................................98

4.12 Grid Independent TKE for Validation Model...................................................99

Annexure 7.

NOMENCLATURE
English Symbols
Pre-exponential constant
A
Ad
As
A0
Cp
C

Droplet surface area, m

Nozzle cross sectional area. m

Specific heat,J/kg-K
Virtual mass coefficient

am

c
cd
c0 p

cp

Droplet cross-sectional area, m

Reaction progress variable

Coefficient of discharge of nozzle
Reference specific heat at temperature T0
Mean constant pressure specific heat at temperature T

Droplet specific heat

p,d

Dd
Dm

Instantaneous droplet diameter, m

Vapour diffusivity

Annexure 8

ABBREVIATIONS
ATDC

After Top Dead Center

BDC

Bottom Dead Center

BTDC

Before Top Dead Center

CA

Crank Angle

CAD

Computer Aided Design

CCS

Combined Charging System

CFD

Computational Fluid Dynamics

CO

Carbon Monoxide

CTC

CharacteristicTime Combustion

DI

Direct Injection

DME

Dimethyl Ether

DNS

Direct Numerical Simulations

EGR

Exhaust Gas Re- Circulation

FIE

Fuel Injection Equipments

HC

Hydrocarbon

HWA

Hot Wire Anemometer

IC

Internal Combustion

CHAPTER 1
Annexure 9

INTRODUCTIO
N
Fuel economy demands and pollution threats have posed
serious challenges to the design and development of new
generation diesel engines. The performances of the diesel
engines are enhanced by proper design of inlet and exhaust
manifolds. In this, inlet manifold is mainly responsible for
inducting appropriate amount of air into the cylinder. It
should be the endeavor of the designer to see that
maximum volumetric efficiency is obtained. At the same
time, the design should be in such a way that it creates
larger turbulence and swirl.

Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine with new intake

system, turbocharger and after treatment arrangement to
meet latest emission regulations and fuel economy is
found to be very attractive for automotive applications.
Simulation of IC engine using CFD is comparatively
quite difficult since it involves complex

Annexure 10

REFERENCES
Abraham, J., F.V. Bracco, and R.D. Reitz (1985) Comparison of Omputed and
Measured Premixed Charge Engine Combustion. Combustion and Flame, Vol. 60, 309
322.
Affes, H., N. Trigui., D. Smith, and V. Griaznov (1998) Shape Optimization of IC
Engine Ports and Chambers. SAE Paper No.980127.
Anderson, J.D. (1995) Computational Fluid Dynamics. McGraw Hill, Singapore 1995.
Arcoumanis, C., A.F. Bicen, and J.H. Whitelaw (1993) Measurments in a Motored
Four Stroke Reciprocating Model Engine. Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol.104.
Arcoumanis, C., J.H. Whitelaw, W. Hentschel, K.P. Schindler (1994) Flow and
Combustion in a Transparent 1.9 Litre Direct Injection Diesel Engine. Proc. Instn. Mech.
Engrs., Vol. 208.
Arcoumanis, C., Z. Hu, and J.H. Whitelaw (1993) Steady Flow Characterization of
Tumble-Generating Four Valve Cylinder Heads. Proc.Instn. Mech. Engrs. Vol 207.
Babu, S.S., P.I. Haneef, P.A. Lakshminarayanan, P. Deshpande, N. Bhalla, P. Sagar,
and J. Sekar (2005) Two Methods for Improving Torque of a Diesel Engine in the Low
Speed Range. SAE Paper No. 2005-26-001.
Balajimopoulos, A, D.N. Assani, D.L. Floweers, S.M. Aceves, and P. Hessel (2005) A
Fully Coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics and Multi-Zone Model with Detailed
Chemical Kinetics for the Simulation of Premixed Charge Compression Ignition.
IMechE. J. Engine Research, Vol. 6, No. 5.
Barths, H., C. Hasse, and N. Peters (2000) Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling
of Non-Premixed Combustion in Direct Injection Diesel Engines. Proceedings of the
IMechE Volume 1, Journal of Engine Research.
Baulch, D.L., D.D. Drysdall, D.G. Horne, and A.C. Lloyd (1973) Evaluated Kinetic
Data for High Temperature Reactions. Butterworth.
Beard, O. C and M. Miche (2003) Improved Modeling of DI Diesel Engines Using Sub
Grid Description of Spray and Combustion. SAE Paper No. 2003-01-0008.

See Annexure 11

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

I
I

REFEREED JOURNALS
1. Paul,B and V. Ganesan (2008) Effect of spiral manifold configuration on incylinder air motion and turbulence in DI Diesel engine . Journal of Engineering
Application of Computational Fluid Mechanics. (Communicated).

II

PRESENTATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES

1. Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2005) Study of air motion inside the cylinder of a DI
th

diesel engine with spiral intake port. 14

International Conference of Indian

Society of Mechanical Engineers in the Knowledge Age, New Delhi, December 2005.

2. Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2006) Effect of manifold configuration in turbulence

inside the cylinder of a direct injection diesel Engine by CFD Simulation. Third
BSME-ASME International Conference on Thermal Engineering, Dhaka,
Bangladesh, December 2006.

Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2007) Effect of spiral manifold configuration on swirl

and emissions in a DI diesel engine - A CFD study. Third International Conference
on Thermal Engineering. Jordan, May 2007.

Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2007) Effect of helical-spiral combined manifold

configuration on swirl and emissions in a DI diesel engine A CFD study.
International Conference on Computer Aided Engineering, IIT Madras, India,
December 2007.

II

PRESENTATIONS IN NATIONAL CONFERENCES

1. Paul, B and V. Ganesan (2005) CFD Analysis of the effect of port configurations
th

on air motion inside the cylinder of a DI diesel engine. 19 National Conference

on IC Engine Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Chidambaram, India,
December 2005.