List of cognitive biases

1 Decision-making, belief, and behavioral biases

Many of these biases aect belief formation, business
and economic decisions, and human behavior in general.
They arise as a replicable result to a specic condition.
When confronted with a specic situation, the deviation
from what is normally expected can be characterized by:

2 Social biases
Most of these biases are labeled as attributional biases.
Cognitive biases, categorized.
Illustration by John Manoogian III (jm3).[1]

3 Memory errors and biases

Main article: List of memory biases

Cognitive biases are tendencies to think in certain ways

that can lead to systematic deviations from a standard In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a
of rationality or good judgment, and are often studied in cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall
of a memory (either the chances that the memory will
psychology and behavioral economics.
be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it
Although the reality of these biases is conrmed by
to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a
replicable research, there are often controversies about
reported memory. There are many types of memory bias,
how to classify these biases or how to explain them.[2]
including:
Some are eects of information-processing rules (i.e.,
mental shortcuts), called heuristics, that the brain uses to
produce decisions or judgments. Such eects are called
cognitive biases.[3][4] Biases have a variety of forms and 4 Common theoretical causes of
appear as cognitive (cold) bias, such as mental noise,[5]
some cognitive biases
or motivational (hot) bias, such as when beliefs are distorted by wishful thinking. Both eects can be present at
Bounded rationality limits on optimization and rathe same time.[6][7]
tionality
There are also controversies over some of these biases as
to whether they count as useless or irrational, or whether
they result in useful attitudes or behavior. For example,
when getting to know others, people tend to ask leading
questions which seem biased towards conrming their
assumptions about the person. However, this kind of
conrmation bias has also been argued to be an example of social skill: a way to establish a connection with
the other person.[8]

Prospect theory
Mental accounting
Adaptive bias basing decisions on limited information and biasing them based on the costs
of being wrong.
Attribute substitution making a complex, dicult
judgment by unconsciously substituting it by an easier judgment[115]

Although this research overwhelmingly involves human

subjects, some ndings that demonstrate bias have been
found in non-human animals as well. For example,
hyperbolic discounting has been observed in rats, pigeons, and monkeys.[9]

Attribution theory
Salience
Nave realism
1

7 SEE ALSO

7 See also

Cognitive dissonance, and related:

Impression management

Aective forecasting

Self-perception theory
Heuristics in judgment and decision making, including:
Availability heuristic estimating what is
more likely by what is more available in memory, which is biased toward vivid, unusual, or
emotionally charged examples[51]
Representativeness heuristic judging probabilities on the basis of resemblance[51]
Aect heuristic basing a decision on an emotional reaction rather than a calculation of risks
and benets[116]

Apophenia
Black swan theory
Chronostasis
Cognitive bias in animals
Cognitive bias mitigation
Cognitive distortion
Confabulation
Cross-race eect
Dysrationalia

Some theories of emotion such as:

Two-factor theory of emotion

Feedback

Somatic markers hypothesis

Frame rate

Introspection illusion
Misinterpretations
innumeracy.

List of common misconceptions

or

misuse

of

statistics;

List of fallacies
List of memory biases

A 2012 Psychological Bulletin article suggested that at

least eight seemingly unrelated biases can be produced
by the same information-theoretic generative mechanism
that assumes noisy information processing during storage
and retrieval of information in human memory.[5]

List of topics related to public relations and propaganda

Lists of thinking-related topics
Logical fallacy

Individual dierences in decision

making biases

People do appear to have stable individual dierences in

their susceptibility to decision biases such as overcondence, temporal discounting, and bias blind spot.[117]
That said, these stable levels of bias within individuals are possible to change. Participants in experiments
who watched training videos and played debiasing games
showed medium to large reductions both immediately and
up to three months later in the extent to which they exhibited susceptibility to six cognitive biases: anchoring, bias
blind spot, conrmation bias, fundamental attribution error, projection bias, and representativeness.[118]

Media bias
Mind projection fallacy
Pareidolia
Pollyanna principle
Positive feedback
Prevalence eect
Publication bias
Raster scan
Recall bias
Saccade

Debiasing

Saccadic masking
Saccadic suppression of image displacement

Debiasing is the reduction of biases in judgment and decision making through incentives, nudges, and training.
Cognitive bias mitigation and cognitive bias modication
are forms of debiasing specically applicable to cognitive
biases and their eects.

Self-handicapping
Systematic bias
Transsaccadic memory

Notes

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10

10
10.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

List of cognitive biases Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases?oldid=744331614 Contributors: General Wesc,

The Anome, Jose Icaza, Mrwojo, Michael Hardy, Mahjongg, SebastianHelm, Darrell Greenwood, Rl, Timwi, John Cross, Jeq, Texture, Robinh, Wjbeaty, DocWatson42, Andries, Philwelch, Wolfkeeper, Tom harrison, Leonard G., Fjarlq, Jason Quinn, Gracefool, Taak,
Proberts2003, Beland, Pgreennch, Tdent, Robin klein, Rich Farmbrough, Metamatic, Wk muriithi, Number 0, Edgarde, Bender235,
Cretog8, Johnkarp, Viriditas, Konetidy, L33tminion, Knucmo2, Wkerst, DenisHowe, GrantNeufeld, CuriousOne, Avenue, Samohyl Jan,
Trylks, BRW, Iannigb, Hahih, Biddingers, Anonymous4367, Mindmatrix, Sburke, StradivariusTV, Tabletop, Chasfh, Waldir, Marudubshinki, Sparkit, Cuchullain, Jalada, BD2412, Tlroche, Rjwilmsi, .digamma, Koavf, Zbxgscqf, Jweiss11, Moorlock, Mohawkjohn, Exeunt,
Wragge, ZoneSeek, J.Ammon, DVdm, Bgwhite, Wavelength, Wikky Horse, RussBot, Arjuna909, Jamiew, Anomalocaris, Dtrebbien,
ErkDemon, Schlay, Nick, Albedo, Inhighspeed, Frogular, R42, Tkinkhorst, Sills bend, Ejl, Rallette, Iaoth, Wknight94, Dangph, Juniper blue, Cycleskinla, Sandstein, Paul Magnussen, Sverre, Bbartho, Cat Cubed, Badgettrg, Altsarc, Jonathan.s.kt, Zvika, SmackBot,
Aznfanatic6, McGeddon, DCDuring, Lawrencekhoo, Jtneill, CapitalSasha, ZerodEgo, Rachel Pearce, Stevegallery, Wittylama, Frdrick
Lacasse, Christophernandez, Chris the speller, CrookedAsterisk, Jprg1966, MartinPoulter, Droll, Nbarth, Patriarch, Dragice, Scwlong,
Jon.baron, Rrburke, Benjamin Mako Hill, Anthon.E, Jenifan, Nclean, alyosha, DrL, BullRangifer, Nekteo, Mukadderat, HDarke,
RafaelRGarcia, Poliquin, Liquidice5, Grumpyyoungman01, RichardF, Kvng, Hu12, DwightKingsbury, JoeBot, Aeternus, CapitalR, Superjoe30, Dave Runger, Harold f, JForget, Cogpsych, NinjaKid, Punanimal, Harej bot, Amarakana, Lentower, Penbat, Colorfulharp233,
Gregbard, LCP, Vectro, Lamjeremy, Pedrobh, Shnookle72, Danman3459, Olsen34, ValerieBK, Sergei Peysakhov, Ee.wang, Clayoquot,
Travelbird, YechezkelZilber, HonoreDB, Teratornis, , Int3gr4te, Letranova, Thijs!bot, Loudsox, Jm3, Headbomb, Peace01234, Big
Bird, Good Vibrations, WikiSlasher, Guy Macon, Osubuckeyeguy, Waerloeg, Interrelativity, Nhunt, Ingolfson, Hankconn, Leejc, MdMcAli, Arno Matthias, SHCarter, Michele123, WhatamIdoing, IvR, Valerius Tygart, Heqwm, Olsonist, Gwern, Mattjs, WynnQuon, Pilgaard, AstroHurricane001, Richmcl, Maurice Carbonaro, ErnestC, Kpmiyapuram, McSly, Joniale, ElentariAchaea, Messenger82, Robhd,
LeoRomero, VolkovBot, Jmrowland, Joebieber, NFOlson, Lexein, Mark v1.0, SteveJanssen77, JeKo427, Magmi, Edit650, Wunderbarrrrr, Everything counts, Wykypydya, Jesin, Andrewaskew, Kilmer-san, Lamro, Lova Falk, Rurik3, Rob.bastholm, Utrechton, Pm master,
Miniapolis, Sunrise, Cyfal, Tegrenath, WheezePuppet, Wantnot, Drsa12, Digi843, Badger Drink, Unbuttered Parsnip, Douglasjarquin,
Wykily, Bert56~enwiki, Startxxx, Mbrooks21, Kwhitten, Hans Adler, Tn2si58c, Johnuniq, XLinkBot, Nathan Johnson, Richard-of-Earth,
Addbot, Power.corrupts, DOI bot, Barnacles phd, Download, Rj.amdphreak, Amarantus, Cervello84, Endogenous -i, Matzeachmann, CrisBCT, Clay Juicer, Yobot, Dreadfullyboring, Swift2plunder, Kookyunii, AnomieBOT, RobertEves92, Citation bot, Foocha, Toetoetoetoe,
Gap9551, Srich32977, Coretheapple, Crzer07, Alumnum, Wikiteck, Gerntrash, 4RugbyRd, Aaron Kauppi, Captain-n00dle, FrescoBot, Allion, LucienBOT, Diablotin, Hobsonlane, Lightbound, Citation bot 1, DrilBot, Diomedea Exulans, Jonesey95, Weekeepeer, Gamewizard71,
JoeyTwiddle, Lotje, L2blackbelt, Jeisensei, Peacedance, Onel5969, RjwilmsiBot, Uselessmoose, Alfaisanomega, Counseladvise, The Kytan
Apprentice, GoingBatty, Nquinn91, Seren-dipper, Tisane, Dcirovic, Antedater, Lovearobot, , Deanba, Wingman4l7, Donner60,
Drjeanne, Ego White Tray, Jcreigno~enwiki, U3964057, DASHBotAV, ClueBot NG, MitchMcM, This lousy T-shirt, AerobicFox, BarrelProof, MoonLichen, Frietjes, Polskivinnik, The Zealous Skeptic, Spannerjam, DrChrissy, Helpful Pixie Bot, Fwkb, Sondreskarsten, Hapli,
SocialPsych101, BG19bot, Dr Ashton, Northamerica1000, MusikAnimal, 4thaugust1932, InfoCmplx, Roleren, MJAspen, Dr. D Lewis,
BattyBot, Prof. Squirrel, Khorramirad, Litholight, PFConroy, ChrisGualtieri, Calu2000, Sat143su, Vincentdebruijn, Bella224 44, Irahwan,
Dylanvt, Eyal.peer, Timelezz, Willi252, Cerabot~enwiki, Wix86, Paul1andrews, 93, , ZX95, Me, Myself, and I are Here, Faizan, EWangerin, TheFrog001, Alpha-60, Havensre, Toksoz, Xzesey, Sprezzissimo, Scottallison, Clemens87, Ironisms, Glaisher, Toby lang, Dream
Eater, Jwratner1, Finnusertop, Frogger48, Paul2520, Zhnirlwaupp, Squatch347, Sthelen.aqua, ActionZee, Monkbot, Davidstuarthill, Dguptadelhi, Philodemos, Ihaveacatonmydesk, KevinHotaling, Jnav7, Geodon93, Gamma, Smburns47, Carey.Morewedge, JoshBM16, Baking
Soda, Aleksyew, Ikonimbus and Anonymous: 277

10.2

Images

File:Cognitive_Bias_Codex_-_180+_biases,_designed_by_John_Manoogian_III_(jm3).jpg Source:
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License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jm3
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File:Nicolas_P._Rougier{}s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/
Nicolas_P._Rougier%27s_rendering_of_the_human_brain.png License: GPL Contributors: http://www.loria.fr/~{}rougier Original artist:
Nicolas Rougier
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10.3

Content license

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