Course Outline | int of Abbreviations xi Introduction xiii ‘Siyalog Alphabet and Pronunciation avit VOCABULARY GRAMMAR “LESSON 1 GOOD MORNING! le Saying Hello and Good-bye ANG/Subject Pronouns {ilormal Expressions for Hello and Good-bye LESSON 3 MY FAMILY Talking about Your Family LESSON & COME IN! Hospitality Expressions SON 2 WHERE ARE YOU GOING? Basic Word Order and Expressing “to Be” The Markers Ang and Si 1 B Expressing Possession with NG Pronouns Expressing “to Have” and “There Is/There Are” Forming Questions with Question Words The Marker Sa and SA Pronouns 25 Plural Markers Mga and Sina Adjectives Using Numbers 1-20 Linkers with Adjectives, Numbers, and SA Pronouns Determining Location with Nasaan and Nasa Expressing “to Like” or ‘to Want” The Grammatical Markers Ng and Ni Sentence Structure and Verb Roots The Infinitive of -um- VerbsLESSON 5 IT’S LATE! Daily Routine LESSON 6 LET'S STUDY! School Terms LESSON 7 CAN | ASK A QUESTION? Asking and Giving Directions LESSON 8 IS MR, PANGA Phone-Related Expressions LESSON 9 HOW MUCH Is Shopping Expressions LESSON 10 WHAT'S GOOD Restaurant and Food Expressions 53 The Incompleted (Present) and Contemplated (Future) Aspect of -um- Verbs Mag: Verbs Telling Time 65 Ma- Verbs Expressing “to Know” More on Expressing Sentences in the Negative 75 { Verbal Focus Expressing “to Be Able to” Formulating Questions with Ba NIBAN THERE? 87 More On Expressing Ability: Maka- Affixation Expressing Need Command Form with Paki Linking Phrases with Conjunctions THIS? 7 Demonstrative Pronouns Comparatives ‘Theme, Beneficiary, and Location- Focused Verbs Numbers above 20 HERE? man AES) Using Inflection with Theme Focus Modifying Nouns: A Review Modifying Nouns with Whole Phrases T LESSON 11 IT'S PAINFUL! The Body and Health LESSON 12 WHERE CAN | Asking for Help and Running Hrrands LESSON 13 WHAT DO YOU Mustimes, Activities, Plans, Siigyestions 121 Expressing “to Happen” Magka- Affix The Affixes Ma-/an Negative Commands aoe 133 ‘The Magpa- Verb Affix Expressing Obligation Markers Na and Pa PLAN TO DO? 143 Exhortations Expressing Uncertainty Recent Perfective Expressing “Before” and “After” LESSON 14 ARE YOU NEW HERE? 153 Work Related Expressions LESSON 15 VACATION! Talking about Vacation, Weather, and Time Expressing “to Know” or “to Meet” Someone Expressing Joint and Reciprocal Actions Forming Nouns from Root Words Using Verbs as Nouns 165 Describing Weather and Natural Phenomena Markers Pala and Nga Markers Daw and Naman Expressing Hope Narrating the Past Common Verb Roots and Their Infinitives 177 Glossary 182List of Abbreviations adj. pron. infml. excl. incl. noun, adjective pronoun informal formal exclusive inclusive verbIntroduction So you've decided to learn Tagalog. Congratulations! Learning a new lan- guage is one of the best and most rewarding decisions you can make in your lifetime. It opens up a door to a whole new world and a window into the minds of the people in that world. There is no better way to understand a nation and communicate with its people than by studying their literature and culture in their native language. At the same time, learning any new language is also a major commitment. It takes time, practice, and a great deal of patience. You learned your native language during the first seven years of your life through constant exposure to and use of the language You shouldn’t expect to learn a new language fluently in any time shorter than that. However, you can learn the basics of a language, understand everyday conversations, and make yourself understood to a fair degree in a couple of years with consistent practice and the right kind of input. This course is designed to help you take that initial step toward mastering Taga- log, the language of the Philippines. This course covers most major Tagalog grammatical concepts and basic vocabulary used in everyday situations. It should give you the head start you need toward becoming a proficient speaker of Tagalog. HOW TO USE THIS COURSE This beginner-level course is designed to use both audio and visual instruc- tion to help you master the basics of Tagalog. No previous knowledge of Tagalog at all is assumed. Following this introduction, you'll find a section that teaches you every- thing you need to know about Tagalog spelling and pronunciation. Use it in conjunction with the audio to become fully acquainted with the sounds of Tagalog. Imitate the native speakers that you hear, but don’t be worried if you don’t sound quite native yourself; after all, you're not. Good pronun- ciation will come over time. Just use the pronunciation section enough that you're familiar with the sounds and spelling of Tagalog. Then, you can begin the 15 lessons, each of which is dedicated to a particular topic and to a number of structural points.xiv] ‘Asa general piece of advice, fight the urge to skip ahead or rush over any part of this course. It’s designed in a careful sequence, and each section rep- resents a building block that adds to everything before it while at the same time preparing you for everything that comes after it. Always move ahead at your own pace; if you don't understand something, or if you don't feel quite comfortable with some point, simply go over it again. That's the best way to make sure your learning experience is painless and effective. Each lesson of this course contains the following sections: Vocabulary Warm-up The yocabulary warm-up kicks off the lesson with key words you'll hear in the dialogue. Many will be related to the topic of the lesson; some will be related to the grammar you'll be learning in that particular lesson. The dialogue in each lesson serves the double purpose of allowing you to read and hear natural Tagalog at work and to learn about Filipino culture as well. Read these dialogues carefully; they'll contain the grammar and key phrases that you will be learning later in the lesson. Don’t be afraid to read them several times, in fact, and to listen to them on the recordings a few times as well. Always go at your own pace, and stick with a section until you're comfortable with it. Vocabulary The vocabulary list contains new words from the dialogue as well as other words related to the overall topic of the lesson. You can refer to this list while reading through the dialogue, but, of course, the translation of the dialogue is provided as well. Use the vocabulary list as a chance to build a good foundation for your Tagalog vocabulary, one topic at a time. Experi- ment with different methods of learning vocabulary—spoken or written repetition, flashcards, practice sentences, web searches, etc. Be creative, and find what works for you. Key Phrases The key phrases section contains more practical words or phrases related to the lesson topic. Don’t worry if you don’t grasp the grammar behind each phrase right away, Treat the phrases as an extended vocabulary list; the grammar will be filled in as you progress, and the idiomatic and practi- cal expressions you learn in the key phrases will come in handy. Culture Notes Each lesson contains two culture notes. These notes are intended to give you a window on Filipino culture. In these notes, you will learn everything Tagalog {rom the history of the city of Manila to the tradition of giving souvenir ills, or pasulabong; from the ingredients typically found in Filipino cui- sine to the history of the Tagalog language itself. Grammar iach lesson contains a number of notes on particular aspects of Tagalog yrammar. These notes are introduced in a careful sequence, so that they build on one another and explain the key structures you encounter in the Jesson, particularly the dialogue. Each point is explained in plain and sim: ple language, and there are plenty of examples to help you understand. Grammar can be tricky for many beginning language learners, especially with a language that looks and sounds so different from English. But take your time on the grammar notes. Grammar is the nuts-and-bolts of any language learning; without it, you wouldn’t know how to put words to- ether! Exercises The exercises in each lesson will give you more opportunities to practice {he grammar and vocabulary you've learned in each lesson, In addition to the exercise at the end of the lesson, there is also a comprehension exercise following the dialogue to test your understanding of what occurred in the iialogue. Each lesson includes an answer key at the end so you can check your progress. independent Challenge The most important part of learning a language is practice. These chal- Jonge activities are designed to give you ideas for finding contexts in your life where you can practice your Tagalog. They're meant as a guide; if you {oe! inspired to create your own independent challenge activities, go right Ahead ‘The more contact you have with a language, the better you'll learn i And don’t forget about the Internet. Language learners have an incred: {ble tool at their disposal—you can find newspapers, blogs, online refer- ences, travel and tourism sites, and much, much more, all of which can be \ssed to add depth and color to language lessons. Audio Ihe audio portion of this course is divided into two sets: Set A and Set B. Sot A includes the dialogue, vocabulary, key phrases, and several grammar examples from each lesson. This part of the audio course should be used long with the book, following the order of each lesson. This allows you to jwwar how the words on the page sound in spoken Tagalog. A good approach js to read each section first without the audio, so that you're prepared to yet the most out of the audio when you do listen to it. Then, take it step-by- vonanponul ee {introduction xstep, and listen to each section at a time, always allowing yourself the time and repetition that you need. “Helpful Hint: Once you've listened to the dialogue several times while reading along in the book, try listening to it without the aid of the book. This will help attune your ear to Tagalog, and it will make understanding the spoken language easier down the line. Set B is intended to be used on the go to supplement your studies. It con- tains the dialogue from each lesson, broken down into easily digestible sentences, You'll hear pauses after each line of dialogue; use the pause to repeat the line and practice your pronunciation. Set B also includes several audio-only exercises that do not appear in the book but are based on the grammar points. A good way to make use of Set B is to listen to it follow- ing each lesson, once you've comfortably completed reading the text and listening to the Set A audio. Use Set B wherever it's convenient for you—in the car, on the train, at the gym, while you do dishes, in the garden—it’s up to you. You can also use Set B as a review of lessons you completed long ago to keep you on your toes! Glossary At the end of this book you'll ind a Tagalog-English / English-Tagalog glos- sary. It includes all of the words from the vocabulary lists, plus any impor- tant vocabulary that’s taught in the grammar notes, It also includes a wide range of common and practical words that may not come up in the context of this course. It’s not meant as a complete dictionary, but it certainly in- cludes enough to be a valuable reference tool for the beginner student of Tagalog. As you use this course, keep this in mind—language learning is a gradual process; it won't happen overnight. Still, with repeated exposure and prac- tice, you'll find yourself becoming a better and better Tagalog speaker each time you pick up this course, But languages aren't used by books; they're used by people. So, if you can, seek out speakers of Tagalog where you live or on the Internet. That way, you can practice the language and discover new people while you do. Tagalog Pronunciation Jjyjiloy; uses the Latin alphabet, so you shouldn't come across Hy ee \vlous you're unfamiliar with, but the pronunciation of Tagalog is slightly ifferent from how it looks. Jets begin with the vowels. VOWELS Ihre are five vowels in Tagalog, just as in English: like the ain father ——_labada (laundry) i like the e in met estudyante (student) i like the ee in meet hindi (no) 0 like the o in forty mo (your) i like the oo in food ulit (again) Jinuilile vowels appear often in Tagalog words. When you see two vowels in 4 ow, keup in mind that each one is pronounced separately in Tagalog. swan (where) ‘sah-ahn’ Joey (neck) Jeh-ehg’ malllt (short) ‘mah _lee-eet’ ‘oh-oh’ on (yen) it is raining) ‘004 -00-lahn’ inuulan (it is raining) ‘00-moo- CONSONANTS ( snnonants-are less tricky, though there are a few things you should know shout them, There are 15 consonants in Tagalog: i like the b in bleed bahay (house) \ likethekinkarma —_ ka (you)xviii d like the d in ladder dalawa (two) when followed by‘y’ _diyan (there) or ‘iy/ like the j in jury g like the g in goal gubi (evening) hi like the hin hair hindi (no) 1 like the 1 in light lang (only) m like the min mother may (there is) 0 like the n in never na (already) when followed by'y’ __niya (his/her) or ‘iy, like the ni in opinion ng alone, like nung ng (linker) atthe endofaword, ang (the) like the ng in song atthe beginning ofa —_ ngayon (today) word, like the ng in hungry P like the p in spit pa (yet) r like the r in water rito (here) s like the s in set saan (where) when followed by siya (he/she) ‘y' or ‘iy, like the sh in sheet t like the t in still tatay (father) when followed by‘y’ _ tiya (aunt) or iy; like the ch in cheat w like the w in well wala (nothing) y like the y in yak yata (it seerns) Note that ‘k’ comes before ‘d/ ‘g/ and ‘h’ in the Tagalog alphabet; in this course, however, you will see words alphabetized in the English order for your ease in locatimg them. Also, note that ‘ng’ is a letter of its own in Tagalog. STRESS Tagalog uses stress, Or emphasis, on certain syllables, and this stress can change the meaning of a word. Take for example the word baka. Baka with- out any stress (bah-kah) means “cow” or “beef”; but when there is stress on the final syllable, ending in a glottal stop (bah-KAH’), baka means “per- haps.’ There is no indication in written Tagalog of where the stress occurs. Listen carefully to the audio that accompanies this course, and pay careful attention to the stress on certain words as you learn them. TagalogMagandang umaga! Good morning! first lesson, you will learn some formal greetings in Tagalog as well w 10 sy good-bye and make personal introductions. You will also 1) learn about Tagalog pronouns and grammatical markers, and be- -lymiliar with expressing formality and respect in Filipino culture, ‘nil with a vocabulary warm-up! ‘VOCABULARY WARM-UP dang umaga! Good morning! { pangalan mo? What’s your name? iy si John. Lam John. wnuinta® ka? How are you? I'm glad to meet you. Fine. Thank you. ‘Wi iy loaning Tagalog in the Philippines. He lives in Makati, a bustling “onninenc jal district in Metropolitan Manila. One morning as he is about Jnave Lor language school, he meets an elderly neighbor, Mrs. Reyes, just vubide his apartment building for the first time. inoip Lormal spelling of this word is kumusta; however, we shall use the more ‘ijulal faimusta throughout this course.John: Ginang Reyes: John: Ginang Reyes: John: Ginang Reyes: John: Ginang Reyes: John: Ginang Reyes: john: Ginang Reyes: John: Ginang Reyes: John: Mrs. Reyes: John: Mrs. Reyes: John: Mrs. Reyes: John: Mrs. Reyes: John: Mrs. Reyes: John: Mrs. Reyes: Tagalog Magandang umaga po. Magandang umaga rin. Aba, marunong ka ng Tagalog! Hindi, Kaunti lang po. ‘Taga-saan ka? Taga-Amerika? Oo... 1 mean... opo, taga-Chicago po. Estudyante po ako rito. Dito ka rin nakatira? Opo. Talaga? Fely nga pala ang pangalan ko. Ikaw? Ano’ng pangalan mo? Ako po ay si John. Kinagagalak ko kayong makilala, Ako rin. Kamusta ka, John? Mabuti po. Salamat. Kayo po, kamusta? Mabuti rin. Paalam na po. O sige, John. Magkita ulit tayo! Good morning, ma’am. Good morning to you too. Wow, you know Tagalog! No. Just a little. Where are you from? From America? Yeah... I mean... yes ma’am, from Chicago. Ima student here. Do you live here too? Yes, ma’am. Really? My name is Fely, by the way. And you? What’s your name? I’m John. 'm glad to meet you, ma'am. Me too. How are you, John? Fine, thank you. How are you? I'm fine too. x . Mabuti means _Salamat means John: Good-bye. Mrs. Reyes: All right, John. See you again! Comprehension Practice Answer the following questions based on the dialogue When John sees Mrs. Reyes, he says to her a) Kamusta ka? b) Magandang umaga, ¢) Paalam na po. Mrs, Reyes is surprised that John knows a) her name b) where she is from —_c) Tagalog To this, John responds with , a) Taga-Chicago. ) Kaunti lang. c) Ako ay si John. 41C, VOCABULARY aba wow din/rin* also, too dito/rito* here estudyante student ginang. Mrs. hindi no ka you (subject pronoun) kaunti alittle lang only, just magkita to meet marunong to know how to, to be able to mo you (object pronoun) na now, already nakatira living, a resident of nga pala by the way 00 yes (informal) opo/oho yes (formal) po/ho word added to phrases to express respect Lesson 1 2 8 8 a 3 8 2 5 e = a & 3 8 a 3 8 & S 3 8 & 3saan where si marker used with names of people sige bye, go ahead, okay (from Spanish seguir, to go on), alright taga from {used with place of origin) tayo we (inclusive) ulit again “In Tagalog, the “d’ in din and dito often changes to “r” when these words follow a word ending in a vowel. It is best to memorize this as a rule of thumb, and learn exceptions to the rule when you start learning more ad- vanced Tagalog. 1D. KEY PHRASES Here are some common greetings and conversational phrases in Tagalog: Kamusta ka? Kamusta kayo/sila? Magandang umaga! Magandang tanghali! Magandang hapon! Magandang gabi! Ano’ng pangalan mo? Ano’ng pangalan ninyo/nila? Kinagagalak kitang makilala. Kinagagalak ko kayong/silang makilala. Sige! Paalam! Magkita ulit tayo! 1E. CULTURE NOTE 1 How are you? (informal) How are you? (formal) Good morning! Good noon! Good afternoon! Good evening! What’s your name? (informal) What's your name? (formal) Glad to meet you. (informal) Glad to meet you. (formal) Good-bye! (informal) Good-bye! (formal) Let's see each other again. Politeness is highly valued in Filipino culture, and the language can ex- press it in different ways. The use of the honorific particles po and ho in Tagalog, as you have observed from the dialogue, is an important sign of respect. They are used when speaking with an older person or with strang- Tagalog ers. In addition, the word “yes” has both a familiar (ao) and a polite (opo) form as well. Even the use of specific pronouns expresses both formality and respect. When addressing someone in a formal way, one is expected to use the plural “you,” kayo, as in Kamusta po kayo? To show an even higher degree of politeness in Tagalog, use the plural "they,’ sila. Kamusta po sila?, for example, accords a person even more respect iF. GRAMMAR ANG/Subject Pronouns ‘There are three types of pronouns in Tagalog: ANG pronouns (subject pro- nouns), NG pronouns (object pronouns), and SA pronouns. Each has its own function in the sentence, and we will explore them each in their own lesson. First, let’s look at ANG pronouns, also known as subject pronouns. ANG pronouns are the words we use as the subject focus of a sentence: I, you, he, she, ete. In Tagalog, the ANG pronouns are as follows: ako. I | ikaw, ka you siya he/she tayo we (inclusive) kami we (exclusive) kayo you (formal sing., familiar/formal pl.) sila they, you (formal pl.) Take note of the two ANG pronouns for “we.” Kari includes only the speaker and not the person being spoken to. Tayo includes both. Pilipino kami. We (these other people and 1) are Filipinos. Pilipino tayo. We (you and 1) are Filipinos. Basic Word Order and Expressing “to Be” ‘A basic sentence in Tagalog consists of a subject and a predicate. Simply put, the subject is the topic or what the sentence is about, and the predicate is acomment about the topic. The subject can be a noun or a pronoun, and the predicate can be another noun or pronoun, an adjective, or a verb. You will see these different sentence patterns later in the course, but for now let's take a look at the most basic pattern where both the subject and the predicate are a noun or a pronoun. Consider the following example: lesson1 2 3 3 = =} 3 = 5 = 5 8 3 3 a 3 s & . 3 3 a asubject/topic = ako (1) predicate/comment = Amerikano (American) Given these two elements, the next question is how to order them in a sen: tence. In English, the normal order is that the subject comes first and then the predicate. In Tagalog, two patterns are possible: 1, Subject (ako) + Predicate (Amerikano) 2. Predicate (Amerikano) + Subject (ako) To form a sentence using these elements, we have to link them. In English, we use a form of the verb “to be.” Tam American. In Tagalog, there is no verb “to be’; instead, the linker ay is used with the subject + predicate pattern. ‘Ako ay Amerikano Lam American. However, this sentence pattern (subject + predicate), while grammatically correct and appropriate for literary language, is not generally used in ev- eryday, conversational Tagalog. Instead, the predicate + subject pattern is used. In this pattern, the linker ay is omitted. Amerikano ako. Iam American. To express the negative of this type of sentence, the word hindi (no/not) is introduced and placed at the beginning of the sentence, followed by the subject and then the predicate: Hindi ako Amerikano. To make these statements into questions, we simply change our intona- tion to make them sound like questions. Compare the following pair of sentences: Pilipino ka. You're Filipino. Pilipino ka? You're Filipino? Hindi ka Amerikano. You're not American. Hindi ka Amerikano? You're not American? Now let's take a look at some examples illustrating what you have learned so far: Tagal og Pilipino ako. Lam Filipino, Estudyante siya. He/she is a student. jpbown BuopuoBow j@uiuiow pooy Taga-Maynila sila? They're from Manila? Amerikano ka? You’re American? In the last sentence, note that the second-person singular pronoun used is ka. Ikaw is only used with the subject + predicate pattern or by itself. ikaw ay Amerikano. You are American. Amerikano ka. You are American. The Markers Ang and Si Atticles are words that restrict the meaning of a noun. The words “the,” “a, and “an” are articles in English. Tagalog uses grammatical markers in place of articles. Markers not only restrict the meaning of a noun, but also indi- cate its function in a sentence. The equivalent of the English definite article “the” is the Tagalog marker ang. Ang marks a given noun as the subject of the sentence, which in English is marked as being in the nominative case. Let’s first look at some phrases using ang: ang pangalan the name ang umaga the morning ang estudyante the student It’s also important to note here that in spoken Tagalog, ang is often re placed with the demonstrative adjective iyung, meaning “that” (sometimes shortened to ‘yung). Ang Amerikanong marunong ng Tagalog. The American who knows Tagalog. Ako ‘yung Amerikanong marunong ng Tagalog. Lam the American who knows Tagalog. Ang Pilipinong nakatira dito. The Filipino who lives here. Ikaw ‘yung Pilipinong nakatira dito. You are the Filipino who lives here. Lesson 1 7In Tagalog, there is another marker, si, which is used to indicate personal nouns—names of people that act as the subject of the sentence. Si replaces ang when the subject is a personal name. Observe the use of this marker in the following sentences Mabuti si Maria. Maria is fine. Ikaw si John? You're John? Kamusta si Ginang Reyes? How is Mrs. Reyes? 1G, READING Read the following short composition written by John, the Tagalog learner from the dialogue, See if you understand what he is saying and try to figure out the meaning of the parts you don’t understand, Observe how, to sound more colloquial, John drops the ay from the sentence Ako ay si John, and instead says, Ako si John. Kamusta po kayo? Ako si John. Amerikano ako na taga-Illinois. Estudyante ako dito sa Maynila na nag-aaral ng Tagalog sa kasa- lukuyan. Marunong ako ng Tagalog pero kaunti lang. Marami pa akong gustong matutunan. Ako ay nakatira sa Makati, Ikinagagalak ko kayong makilala. Maraming salamat po. How are you? I am John. I’m an American, from Illinois. I’m a stu- dent here in Manila, presently studying Tagalog. I know how to speak Tagalog, but just alittle. There's more I want to learn. I live in Makati. I'm glad to meet you. Thank you very much. 1H. CULTURE NOTE 2 There are more than 50 million speakers of Tagalog in the Philippines, mostly in the southern parts of Luzon, the archipelago’s largest island. Other dialects spoken in the Philippines include Cebuano, lokano, Waray- Waray, Hiligaynon, Pangasinan, Bikol, Maranao, Maguindanao, Tausug, and Kapampangan, but the official language, Filipino, is based on Tagalog. ‘There are also significant numbers of Tagalog-speaking communities in other countries, with the largest in the United States where it ranks as the sixth mostspoken language. Derived from “Taga-ilog,” which literally means “from the river,” Tagalog is an Austronesian language belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian subfamily, with outside influences from Malay and Chinese, and later from both Spanish and American English through four “Tagalog > = centuries of colonial rule. This influence is seen in Tagalog words and their spelling. Tagalog had its own writing system based on an ancient script called the Baybayin that uses a syllabic alphabet, which the Spanish colo- nialists romanized. Even the modern alphabet has been changed several times to incorporate foreign sounds from both Spanish and English. There are thousands of loan words in Tagalog, particularly from Spanish, and the use of “Taglish,” the mixing of Tagalog and English, is common, especially in urban areas. In both spoken and written Tagalog, English words (some times spelled according to their Tagalog pronunciation, oftentimes not) are used alongside words of Spanish origin. Some of these borrowed words do have equivalent forms in Tagalog but their use is reserved for formal or literary language. But many of these loan words do not have Tagalog counterparts, especially those that refer to objects or concepts that did not exist in the country prior to the arrival of Westerners. However, in spite of all the foreign borrowings in Tagalog, the richness of the language remains intact. Foreign words are not absorbed into the language without being subjected to the complexity of Tagalog’s system of affixes—or syllables or letters fixed within a word—which permits any noun to be turned into a verb and vice versa. If language is the collective product of the genius of a people, as linguist Wilhelm Humboldt put it, affixation is the genius of Tagalog and, as we'll see throughout this course, is its challenge as well. To see what the Baybayin alphabet looks like, including sample texts written in this ancient script, go to www.mts.net/~pmorrow/index.htm. EXERCISES Choose a word from the list below to complete the dialogue. You may not need to use every word in the list. saan pangalan magandang kamusta padiam ako mabuti AL (2)____gabi! Ano'ng (2)______mo? B. Carlos po. (3)___po kayo? A. (4)____ naman, Taga- (5)___ka, Carlos? B. Taga-Cebu po. A (6)___nga pala si Letty: B.Sige.__(7)__na po. Fill in each blank with either the marker ang or si. 1. Kinagagalak kong makilala___Ginang Ramos. 2.Mahirap___Tagalog. 3. Marunong ng Tagalog __Carol. Lesso nd ~ - jpbown Buppupbow ;Su\wiow poog10 4. Taga-saan Gary? 5 pangalan ko ay Linda. 6.___estudyante ay taga-Tokyo. 7. Kamusta Nora? C. Read the following short dialogue and supply the missing ANG pronouns. A: Amerikano ka? B: Hindi, Canadian () A; Marunong ng ‘Tagalog si Sara? B: Oo, marunong (2) A: Taga Korea kayo? B: Hindi, Tagadito (3). A: Estudyante si Tisay? B:Oo,estudyante (4) A: Pilipino ka? B: Oo, Pilipino (5). ANSWER KEY Comprehension Practice 1.b) Magandang umaga. 2. ¢) Tagalog 3. b) Kaunti lang. means “fine.” 5. Salamat means “thank you.” 4. Mabuti Exercises Ai. magandang 2. pangalan 3. kamusta 4. mabuti 5. saan 6, ako 7. paalam Busi 2ang 3.si 4.si sang 6.ang 7.si C.1ako a.siya 3.kami 4.siya 5, ako Tagalog INDEPENDENT CHALLENGE: TAGALOG JOURNAL Now it's your turn fo practice everything you've learned so far by putting it to practical use. Throughout this course, it will be your task to keep a Tagalog journal. For your first entry, write down an imaginary conversation you might haye with someone you meet shortly after arriving in Manila. Being that this person is someone you are meeting for the first time, try to use the formal expressions that you have learned in this lesson. If it’s an older person, express yourself politely with po or ho. If you have access to a computer, you can even try to have a real conversation with a Tagalog speaker online. There are several chat rooms you may use on the Internet. You may try visiting any of these websites: www.chatmag.com/topics/nations/asia/philippines.html www.mylanguageexchange.com/learn/Tagalog.asp 208.186.112.53/méf Remember to make a note of this conversation and write it in your journal. Have fun with this challenge! Lesson 1 2 g 8 a 3 e = 5 = 3 & 3 8 R s & 5 5 2 & SLESSON Saan ka pupunta? Where are you going? In this lesson, you will learn more greetings and salutations—this time, used in informal settings, with people you know. In the grammar sections, you'll learn how to express possession and the existence of something (there is, there are), and how to formulate basic questions. You'll also famil- iarize yourself with Filipino “small talk” as well as some other features that make the Tagalog language unique. But first, let’s do a warm-up of some vocabulary words that you will learn in this les: 2A. VOCABULARY WARM-UP Hoy. Hey. Ano’ng balita? What's new? Wala naman. Nothing much. Saan ka galing? Where have you been? (Where are you coming from?) Saan ka pupunta? Where are you going? Kailan? When? Ingat ka. Take care. Tkaw din, You too. 2B. DIALOGUE Ronald is at the bus stop waiting for a bus one Saturday afternoon. He runs into Alma, a family friend whom he hasn't seen in a while. Alma is on her way to Intramuros, the famous walled city of Manila, where she works as a tour guide. Ronald: Alma! Kamusta ka? Alma: Hoy, Ronald! Mabuti. [kaw, kamusta? Ano’ng balita?Ronald: Alma: Ronald: Alma: Ronald: Alma: Ronald: Alma: Ronald: Alma: Ronald. Ronald: Alma: Ronald: Alma: Ronald: Alma: Ronald: Alma: Ronald: Alma: Ronald: Alma: Ronald: Wala naman. Okey lang. Buhay pa. Saan ka galing? Diyan lang. Sa bahay ng kaibigan ko. Ikaw, saan ka pupunta? Sa Intramuros. May pasok ako. Sabado, may trabaho ka? Oo, may obertaym pero sa hapon lang. Maraming turista ngayon. Oh, kailan ka pupunta sa amin? Sa Lunes siguro. Ah, ayan na ang bus ko. Sige na, magkita na lang tayo. Sige, ingat ka. Oo, sige. Ikaw din at kamusta sa pamilya mo! Alma! How are you? Hey, Ronald! I'm fine. How are you? What's new? Nothing much. Just okay. Still alive. Where are you coming from? Just around here. I was at my friend’s house. And you? Where are you going? To Intramuros. I’m going to work, You have work on Saturday? Yeah, I’m doing overtime but only in the afternoon. There are a lot of tourists today. When are you going to our house? Maybe on Monday. Oh, there’s my bus. Bye. See you soon. All right, take care. Yeah, you tov. And regards to your family. wf mh "Tagalog Comprehension Practice Answer the following questions based on the dialogue: When Ronald sees Alma at the bus stop, he asks her a) Kamusta kayo? b) Kamusta Ronald is coming from a) work b) a friend's house ka? ¢} Ano'ng balita? c) the bus stop ‘Alma is going to work on Saturday but only a) sa umaga b) sa hapon Sige is a way of saying . Ingat ka is a familiar expression that means 2C. VOCABULARY ayan bahay baka. balita buhay galing hapon hoy ikaw Ingat ka/kayo. ito kaibigan kailan lang Lunes Magkita tayo. may na Lesson 2 ©) sa gabi there (demonstrative) house maybe, perhaps news alive come (from) afternoon hey you Take care. this; here friend when (question word) only, just Monday Let’s meet. (from the verb magkita, “to meet”) used to express have and there is, there are already gojundnd py uons {Bujo3 nok aie Baym 5—zt Tagalog obertaym oo pa pamilya pasok pero pupunta sa amin saan Sabado trabaho turista (mga turista) wala 2D. KEY PHRASES The following are some common phr: someone and take leave informally: Hoy. Kamusta ka? Mabuti. Buhay pa. Nakakaraos naman. Saan ka pupunta? Saan ka galing? Diyan lang. Magkita na lang tayo. Diyan ka na. Ingat ka/kayo. Ikaw din. overtime yes (familiar) still, yet family school, work (noun from the verb pasok, “to go in”) but will go to us (referring to one’s house, “to ours”) where Saturday job, work tourist(s) nothing ases used by Tagalog speakers to greet Hey. How are you (singular, informal) ? Fine. Still alive. Surviving. Where are you going? Where have you been?/Where are you coming from? Just around here (lit., only there). Let’s see each other. (equivalent to “I'll leave you now”) Take care. You too. (familiar, singular) You also heard the mention of Lunes and Sabado in the dialogue. Let's learn the rest of the days of the week. Linggo Sunday Lunes Monday Martes Tuesday Miyerkoles Wednesday Huwebes Thursday Biyernes Friday Sabado Saturday 2E. CULTURE NOTE 1 A notable feature of Tagalog is the absence of greetings such as “hi,” “hello,” and “how are you?” Instead, these are expressed with phrases borrowed and adapted from both Spanish (“Kamusta ka?’) and English. But while these greetings are widely used, it's also common to ask questions such as “Saan ka pupunta?” (Where are you going?) or “Saan ka galing?” (Where are you coming from?) when talking to someone you are familiar with. These phrases are considered to be informal greetings rather than real questions that are meant to be answered directly, much like "How’s it go ing” in English. A vague expression such as diyan lang (just around here) would be an acceptable response Another familiar greeting is hoy, equivalent to the English “hey,” which is used to get someone's attention. As with the English “hey,” hoy is used only in informal situations with someone you are very familiar with, such as a really good friend or sibling. 2F. GRAMMAR Expressing Possession with NG Pronouns In Lesson 1, you learned one set of pronouns in Tagalog: ANG pronouns. Now it’s time to introduce you to a second set of pronouns: NG pronouns (or object pronouns), One function of NG pronouns is to express possession, such as my, your, or his, These pronouns are also used with a class of Taga- log verbs that we'll learn later on, so it’s important to learn them well. ko mylme mo yourlyou (singular) | niya his/him/her natin ourlus (inclusive) namin ourlus (exclusive) ninyo yourlyou (plural and singular formal) nila theirtthem Lesson 2 Too éojundnd by uoDs 38u108 No aie asymWhen used to express possession, NG pronouns are placed immediately after the “possessed” noun, as in the following examples: kaibigan ko my friend kaibigan niya his/her friend pangalan mo your (singular, familiar) name pangalan nila their name pamilya namin our (exclusive) family pamilya natin our (inclusive) family NG pronouns ate usually part of a phrase that begins with a marker (ang, n or sa). Take the example of the NG pronoun mo in the following sentence: Ayan na ang bus mo. There’s your bus. Ano ang pangalan mo? What is your name? Expressing “to Have” and “There Is/There Are” In English, possession is usually expressed with the verb “to have,” and the existence of something is expressed with the phrase “there is, there are.” In Tagalog, both these concepts are expressed not with a verb but the word may, which is the shortened form of the word mayroon. The following sentences use may to express the existence of something or someone, May bahay. There is a house. May balita, There’s news. Now, let's look at how may is used to express the concept of having some- thing or someone. Notice how the words are ordered in the sentences below. May is placed first, then the object, and then the subject or ANG pronoun (ako, ka, siya, etc.). May trabaho ka? Oo, may trabaho ako. Do you have work? Yes, I have work. May kaibigan siya? Oo, may kaibigan siya. Does he/she have a friend? Yes, he/she has a friend. Tagalog Mayroon (the word from which may is derived) should be used when there is no object mentioned. The subject pronoun is also dropped from this sentence formation. For example: May trabaho kayo? Oo, mayroon. Do you (singular formal or plural) have work? Yes, I/we do. May bus na? Oo, mayroon. Is there a bus already? Yes, there is. The opposite of may and mayroon is wala, which is the Tagalog word for “nothing.” It expresses “there isn’t,’ “there aren't,” or “to not have.” This will be further explained in a later lesson. For now, note how wala is used to answer may questions in the negative. May balita ka galing sa Manila? Wala! Do you have news from Manila? No. Forming Questions with Question Words We have seen how forming a yes or no question in Tagalog is very simple. Now, let's look at how questions are formed with interrogative or question words. So far, you've learned two question words in Tagalog: Ano? (What?) and Saan? (Where?), Here are some more: Sino? who? Kailan? When? Bakit? Why? Alin? Which? Han? How many? Magkano? How much? Paano? How? (manner or means) Gaano? How? (qualitative and quantitative) Saan ka pupunta? Where are you going? Bakit kayo pupunta sa Makati? Why are you (pl.) going to Makati? Lesson 2 2 = 5 a 3 < 6 99 oN = sy & g 8 3 = s 3 = 3 iS = )20 Tagalog ri Paano kami pupunta diyan? How are we getting there? (lit., How are we going there?) As you can observe, the order of the words in interrogative sentences using question words is slightly different from English: Question Word + Subject + Verb Saan + ka + pupunta? Where + you + are going? The Marker Sa and SA Pronouns While ang marks the subject of a sentence, sa marks a place or location, and is sometimes called the locative marker in Tagalog. It can express the meaning of several English locational or directional prepositions, such as to,” “at,”"in,’ “on,” or “from.” May Internet ako sa bahay. I have Internet at home. Pupunta ako sa Manila. Tam going to Manila. Galing sa Internet ang balita. The news comes from the Internet. Sa is also used to indicate a future time expressed as a specific day, date, season, event, or occasion, Pupunta ako sa bahay mo sa Sabado. I’m going to your house on Saturday. May parti tayo sa hapon. We have a party in the afternoon. Sa can also be used with SA pronouns to form the Tagalog equivalent of possessive pronouns in English. The SA pronouns are: akin me/my iyol'yo youryour (sing.) kaniya himihis/her atin usfour (incl.) amin us/our (excl.) inyo youlyour (pl.; sing. formal) kanila them/their A ‘The above pronouns are used only with the markers sa and kay/kina (see below). To form the possessive pronoun construction using sa and the SA pronouns introduced above, simply place sa before the SA pronoun: sa akin mine 9 iyof ‘yo yours (sing.) sa kanlya his/hers saatin ours (incl.) saamin ours (excl.) sa inyo yours (pl.; sing. formal) sa kanila theirs As the table above shows, the construction sa + SA pronoun expresses possession in the same way possessive pronouns in English (such as mine, yours, his, hers, etc.) do. Kailan ka pupunta sa amin? When are you going to ours (our place)? Galing ako sa inyo. I came from yours (your place). Sa akin ang bahay. The house is mine. Sa iyo ang trabaho. The job is yours. Whose is this? It’s ours (incl.). Sa changes to kay (plural kina) when used with a person's name, Kanino ito? Kay Ronaldo. Whose is this? Ronaldo's. Kamusta kay Ronaldo! Regards to Ronaldo! Kanino ito? Kina Ronaldo at Tina. Whose is this? Ronaldo and Tina’s. 2G, READING Read the following Tagalog signs and headlines, and underline the words that you already recognize. Typhoon from China Now Headed Bagyong Galing sa Tsina to the Country Darating sa Bansa Lesson 2 édjundnd by unos {8ujo8 nok aie aaym aPangulo Pupunta sa APEC Summit Batang Aktor May Pamilya na Demonstrasyon sa Makati sa Linggo Walang Debate sa Senado Prinsipe ng Brunei Dadalaw President Going to the APEC Summit Young Actor Has Family Makati Demonstration on Sunday No Debate in the Senate Prince of Brunei Visiting the sa Pilipinas Philippines May Krisis ng Langis There’s an Oil Crisis May Lutong Ulam There’s Cooked Food (for sale) Walang Pasok sa Lunes No Classes/Work on Monday Walang Labasan No Exit 2H. CULTURE NOTE 2 The walled city of Intramuros stands as a testament to Manila’s colorful past. It covers an area of 64 hectares and is fortified with massive walls, bulwarks, and moats. Originally it was the site of a Muslim settlement ruled by Rajah Soliman, then conquered for the Spanish crown by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1571. Intramuros, which means “within the walls,” boasted palaces, cathedrals, monasteries, schools, and opulent residences at the time when the city of Boston was still being built out of marshlands. It remained the center of Spanish rule, surviving attacks from Dutch and British invaders and native revolts until 1898, when the Americans took the reins of colonial power. In World War II, it fell to the Japanese who then used it as their garrison and prison. It was the target of heavy aerial bombings in the Battle of the Liberation of Manila, which reduced the city almost to a heap of rubble. Today, with most of its walls restored, Intramu- tos, the only medieval city in Asia, is one of Manila’s main attractions and an excellent starting point for any tourist visiting the capital. For more information about Intramuros, including a map of the area, you can visit the following website: www.tourism.gov.ph/intramuros/ intramuros.htm. EXERCISES A. Choose the letter of the best response to each of the following questions: 1. Kamusta ka? a. Wala naman. b. Mayroon, ¢. Ito, buhay pa. 2. Saan ka pupunta? a, Sa Huwebes. b. Sa bahay, ©. Sa buhay. Tagalog | Ano'ng balita? , Wala naman. b, Diyan lang. © Mabuti. ) Saan ka galing? ; 4 Sa hapon. b, Sa Sabado. c. Sa Makati. 4. May trabaho ka? a Sige. b. May. Wala. | Choose a word from the list below to complete the following dialogue. Note that there are more words than you can use. ingat mabuti balita saan hoy sa sige galing A: _(1) , Lorna! Kamusta ka? Wi Ito, buhay pa. Ikaw? Ano'ng (2)? A: Walanaman, __(3)__ka pupunta? b (4)____bahay namin. Tkaw? Saanka___(5)_? A: Diyan lang. ___(6)__. Magkita na lang tayo ti ___(7)__ka! A; ikaw din! { Read each of the following questions and fill in the blanks in the opposite column with the missing subject pronoun from the list. ako ka mo siya sila kami tayo kayo 1, May tanong ka? Oo, may tanong. 4, May tanong tayo? Oo, may tanong j, May tanong sila? Oo, may tanong 4. May tanong siya? Oo, may tanong 4, May tanong kami? Oo, may tanong, 1) Kead each of the following questions and fill in the blanks in the opposite column with the missing NG/object pronouns from the list. 1. Saan ka pupunta? Sa bahay mo? Oo, sa bahay », Saan ka pupunta? Sa bahay ko? Oo, sa bahay }, Saan ka pupunta? Sa bahay niya? Oo, sa bahay 4, Suan ka pupunta? Sa bahay namin? Oo, sa bahay 5, Suan ka pupunta? Sa bahay ninyo? Oo, sa bahay | Use your answers for each question in Exercise D to form expressions us- ing possessive pronouns. The first one has been completed for you as an example. Lesson 2 = = 3 3 a e 3 2 w 3 5 RQ o 8 8 § = a 3 = s = S s1, Saan ka pupunta? Sa bahay nila? Oo, sa kanila, 2. Saan ka pupunta? Sa bahay ko? 3. Saan ka pupunta? Sa bahay niya? _ 4. Saan ka pupunta? Sabahay namin? __ 5, Saan ka pupunta? Sa bahay ninyo? ANSWER KEY Comprehension Practice 1. b) Kamusta ka? 2,b)a friend's house 3.b) sa hapon 4. Sige is a way of saying “bye.” 5. Ingat ka means “take care.” Exercises A.1. ¢) Ito, buhay pa. 2.b)Sabahay. 3. a) Walanaman, 4. c) Sa Makati, 5. c) Wala. B.ahoy 2.balita 3.saan 4.sa 5. galing 6. sige _7. ingat C1ako 2,tayo 3.sila 4.siya 5. kayo D.i.ko 2,.mo 3.niya 4.ninyo 5, namin E.1.- 2,00,sa‘yo. 3, 00,sakaniya. 4.00,sainyo. 5. Oo, sa amin. INDEPENDENT CHALLENGE: TAGALOG JOURNAL In your journal, write an imaginary conversation with a Filipino friend you've run into. Use the expressions you have learned from this lesson, As a bonus task, venture to a chat room (www.chatmag .com/topics/nations/asia/philippines.html) and try to use these ex- pressions in a conversation with at least one person you meet there. Make a note of how your friend responds and write down. your con- yersation in your journal. You may also look for a Tagalog language newspaper webpage (several links io these pages can be found at wwwiivinginthephilippines.com/news,html), Read some of the head- lines and note the words that you recognize. Look up some of the words you are curious about and add them to the vocabulary list in your journal. Have fun! Tagalog LESSON Ang pamilya ko My family In this lesson, you will learn Tagalog words and phrases used to talk about tines family, You'll also learn how to describe people, say where they are, express yourself using numbers, and use linkers to modify nouns, You will lio become familiar with the concept of family in Filipino culture. Let's yet started with another vocabulary warm-up. 3A. VOCABULARY WARM-UP Sino ito? Who is this? Han? How many? Pang-ilan? question word used to ask one’s place in a sequence Hang taon... ? How old... ? tapos then, afterward tingnan look (command) kain eat (command form) Nasaan? Where? (used to asked for location) ito/iyan this/that nasa preposition that indicates location (at/in/on) 368, DIALOGUE |’ a Saturday and Joel has his coworker Tess over for meryenda (an after- noon snack, usually taken between lunch and dinner at around 3 o'clock in the afternoon) at his parents’ house. While they wait for the food to beserved, they sit in the living room and Tess looks at some framed photo- graphs of Joel’s family. Tess: Sino ito? Kapatid mo? Joel: Oo, ang bunso namin. Si Marvin. Tess: Ang guwapo! Ilan kayo? Joel: Lima, Dalawang babae at tatlong lalaki. Tess: Ah, talaga? Pang-ilan ka? Joel: Pangatlo. $i Kuya Ronnie ang panganay, tapos si Ate Charo, tapos ako, si Jojie, tapos si Marvin. Ito ang nanay at tatay ko. Tess: Ang babata pa. Ilang taon na sila? Joel: Setenta. Lolo at lola na ang mga iyan. May apat na apo na. Tingnan mo ito, retrato ng mga anak ni Kuya Ronnie. Tess: Ang gaganda ng mga pamangkin mo! Ilan ang may asawa na sa mga kapatid mo? Joel: Si Kuya Ronnie at si Ate Charo. Si Jojie dalaga pa. Si Marvin, binata pa rin. Tess: Nasaan sila? Joel: Sina Jojie at Marvin, nasa eskwela. Si Kuya Ronnie, nasa Amerika. Doktor siya. Tapos si Ate Charo, nurse naman sa London... Tess: Ang laki ng pamilya mo. Joel: Ay, ayan na ang meryenda. Kain na tayo! Tess: Who's this? Your brother? Joel: Yes, our youngest, Marvin. Tess: How handsome! How many are you? Joel: Five. Two girls and three boys. Tess: Oh, really? Where is your place (in the order)? Joel: The third. (Older Brother) Ronnie is the eldest, then (Older Sister) Charo, then me, Jojie, then Marvin. These are my mother and father. Tess: They look young. How old are they? Joel: Seventy. They're already grandparents. They have four grandchildren. Look at this, a picture of (Older Brother) Ronnie’s kids. Tess: Your nieces and nephews are beautiful! How many of your siblings are already married? = é s = = = = & 3 3 i 3S s Joel: (Older Brother)Ronnie and (Older Sister) Charo. Jojie is still single. Marvin is also still single. Tess: Where are they? Joel: Jojie and Marvin are in school. (Older Brother) Ronnie is in America. He’s a doctor. As for (Older Sister) Charo, she’s a nurse in London... Tess: What a big family you have! Joel: Oh, there’s the food. Let’s eat! Comprehension Practice ‘Answer the following questions based on the dialogue: How many siblings are there in Joel’s family? i) isa b) lima ©) dalawa Jn describing where he is in the family, Joel says he is: 4) pangatlo b) pangalawa ©) panglima loss thinks that Joel’s parents look 4) young b) old ¢) beautiful Kapatid means A Nanay at tatay means 3C. VOCABULARY anak child, offspring apo grandchild asawa spouse ate older sister; also used as a title to address elder girls (near in relation or familial) Lessons . 7babae bata binata bunso dalaga kamag-anak kapatid kuya lalaki lima lola lolo magulang matanda manay pamangkin panganay tatay tita tito tiya tiyo 3D. KEY PHRASES woman child (noun), young (adjective) single male (bachelor) youngest child, sibling single female (bachelorette) relative sibling older brother; also used as a title to address older men (near in relation or familial) man five grandmother grandfather parent old mother nephew, niece firstborn father title used to address an aunt title used to address an uncle aunt uncle Filipinos use the following phrases when talking about their families: Ian kayo sa pamilya? Pang-ilan ka/kayo? Nasaan ang mga kapatid mo/ninyo? Tagalog How many are you in the family? Where is your place in the famil (the order)? ie Where are your siblings? Now Maynila, In Manila. Marami/kaunti kami. We are many/few (in number). Malaki ang pamilya mo. You have a big family. futlo ang may asawa. Three are married. Dalawa ang binata. Two are single (males). ton ong dalaga. One is single (female). Haloga pa siya? Ts she still single? pepe sly: ig May mga pamangkin ka? Do you have nieces and nephews? Wala pa. None yet. flan ang may asawa? How many are married? May apo na sila. They already have a grandchild. Nasaan ang nanay/tatay mo? Where is your mother/father? Nasaan ang mga kapatid mo? — Where are your siblings? Ang ganda ng ate mo. Your older sister is pretty. ‘Any guwapo ng kuya mo. Your older brother is handsome. gE, CULTURE NOTE 1 Jo; Pilipinos, the concept of a family is almost always an extended one—it involves not just the nuclear family but also a whole network of relatives (kumag-anak) of grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc., some of them only related by marriage. Often, it even goes beyond blood relations. Even close family friends can be considered part of the family and are honored with familial titles such as ate (older sister) or kuya (older brother), pinsan (cousin), tito (uncle), or tita (aunt). This concept may translate into situa- lions where close or distant relatives live or stay with a family for a period of time. This also probably accounts for the scarcity of orphanages and totirement homes in the Philippines. 3F. GRAMMAR Plural Markers mga and sina fo express nouns in the plural form, the article mga (pronounced as “ma-nga’) is always used before the noun: Lesson 3 oy ofyiwod Buy Kwey AW =kapatid sibling mga kapatid ssibit maitim dark-skinned dalaga bachelorette mea dalaga patio loretes matalino smart binata bachelor mea binata nachos | ‘To describe singular nouns and pronouns, place the adjective at the begin- bas ie 7 cat ning of the sentence, before the pronoun or noun: | woman mga babae women | - zs see Maganda ka. lalaki , | 8% - man mga lalaki men You’re beautiful. Matalino ang bata. The plural of the article si is sina: The child is smart. Sina Flor at Bobby Matangkad si Elena. Sina Ricardo at Willy Elena is tall. To form the plural of ma- adjectives, the first two letters of the base word Adjectives are repeated: Magaganda kayo. Many Tagal esiare'a inati é P Many Tasso adjectives are a combination of the prefix ma- and a base You (plural) are beautiful. Matatalino ang mga bata. ma + ganda (base word meaning “beauty”) = ma i i “ od janda (nice, beaut ful) ) = maganda ( The children are smart. ers ji Matatangkad sina Elena at Rose. Others do not start with the prefix ma- For example, bata (young). Observe Elena and Rose are tall. the following adjectives commonly use: ibe peo) n to describe someone or something is to use the fol: a sed to describe people: Another common way to dese S matanda old lowing construction: hae young Ang. + base of the adjective (without the prefix ma) + NG pronoun matangkad tall Ang bait nila maliit short, small They're kind. (“How kind they are!”) malaki big Ang ganda niya marami Tan She's beautiful. (“How beautiful she is!”) This is similar to the English expression “how XX you are” (think of what a grandmother says to her grandchildren: “My, how BIG you are!”), but it is maganda beautiful, nice used much more commonly in Tagalog. To form the plural in this expres- sion, repeat the first two letters of the base word of the adjective: kaunti few guwapo handsome pangit ugly Ang gaganda nila. but They're beautiful. (“How beautiful they are!”) aL fine, good (condition) Rae penyatan OEE good, kind You (pl) are thin. (“How thin you are!”) masama bad Ang babait namin. mataba (pe We are kind/good. (“How kind we are!”) payat thin maputi light-skinned 30 Tagalo; : Lesson 3 oy ofjuiod Buy Ayjwiey AwUsing Numbers 1-20 Both Tagalog. and Spanish-derived words are used to express cardinal numbers, but it’s important to know when to use which words. When counting, Tagalog is always used. When referring to people's ages after 10 years old, the Spanish words are often used, especially in spoken language. To express time, the Spanish-influenced words are always used. isa uno one dalawa dos two tatlo tres three apat kuwatro Jour lima sinko five anim sais six pito siyete seven walo otso eight siyam auwebe nine sampu diyes ten labing-isa onse eleven labing-dalawa dose twelve labing-tatlo trese thirteen | labing-apat katorse fourteen | labing-lima kinse fifteen | abing-anim diyesisais sixteen labing-pito diyesisiyete seventeen labing-walo diyesiotso. eighteen labing-siyam diyesinuwebe nineteen dalawampu beynte twenty | Tagalog Ordinal numbers una first pangalawa second pangatlo third | pangapat fourth ‘ | panglima ‘fifth " panganim sixth pangpito seventh | pangwalo eighth | pangsiyam ninth pangsampu tenth To ask someone's age in Tagalog, you will use the question Zang taon?, which literally means “How many years... ?” and is usually followed with na (now, already) lang taon ka na? How old are you now? ‘The answer uses the Spanish-inspired numbers and the word anyos (from the Spanish afio, meaning “year”. Ilang taon ka na? Beynte anyos. How old are you? Twenty years old. Ilang taon na ang nanay mo? Sesenta. How old is your mother? Sixty. Uang taon na kayo? Kuwarenta na kami. How old are you now? We're already forty. Linkers with Adjectives, Numbers, and SA Pronouns Linkers are used in Tagalog to modify nouns with adjectives. The linker in Tagalog has two forms: -ng and na. Which form is used depends on whether the first word in the adjective-noun pair ends in a vowel or a con- sonant. For example, consider the adjective-noun pair below: maganda beautiful (adjective) babae woman (noun) Because the first word in this adjectivenoun pair, maganda, ends in a vowel, we use the linker -ng as follows: magandang babae beautiful woman Lesson 3 oy Dxjiwind Buy Aywies AW 33So when the first word in the adjective-noun pair ends in a vowel, we add the linker—ng onto the end of the word. If, however, the first word in the adjective-noun pair ends in a consonant, then the linker na is used, and it is written as a separate word in between the adjective and the noun: maliit short (adjective) babae woman (noun) maliit na babae short woman The word order in these adjective-noun constructions can be reversed, without changing its meaning. It is important to note that the linker is al- ways attached to the first word that occurs in the adjective-noun (or noun- adjective) pair, regardless of whether it is the adjective or the noun. adjective-noun pair: magandang babae beautiful woman maliit na babae short woman | noun-adjective pair: babaeng maganda beautiful woman babaeng maliit short woman Linkers are also used to modify a noun with numbers, both cardinal and ordinal. In these constructions, the number must always precede the noun being modified. Consequently, since the number is always the first word in the number-noun pair, the linker is always attached to the number. dalawang kapatid two siblings tatlong pamangkin three nieces and nephews anim na pinsan five cousins apat na anak four children/offspring unang asawa first spouse pangalawang kapatid second sibling panganim na taon sixth year pangapat na taon fourth year Finally, you can use linkers with SA pronouns to express possession, In this kind of possessive construction, the SA pronoun must always precede the noun that is possessed. Therefore, the linker always attaches to the SA pronoun: aking bahay my house kaniyang asawa his/her spouse aming anak our (excl.) children Tagalog Determining Location with Nasaan and Nasa To ask the location of someone or something, another question word, nasaan, is used (as opposed to saan, which is used to ask for the location of an action, as in Saan ka pupunta?, “Where are you going?”). Nasaan ka? Where are you (familiar, singular) ? Nasaan si Joel? Where is Joel? Nasaan ang mga kapatid mo? Where are your siblings? To answer these questions, use the preposition nasa: Nasa bahay ako. P’m home. Nasa Makati siya. He is in Makati. Nasa trabaho sila. They're at work, 3G. READING The following excerpt from a poem about the plight of an overseas Filipino worker (EW) and his or her family contains many words that you are familiar with at this point. Try to piece together the meaning of the poem. Refer to the Glossary for words that you do not understand. Sa Anak ng OFW Bata, bata Nasaan ang tatay mo? Nasa Saudi, Sydney, Kuwait 0 Tate? Bata, bata Nasaan ang nanay mo? P Nasa Espanya , Hongkong, London, Italiya o Brunei? Bata, bata Wari ko pilit ang ngiti mo Kahit bago ang damit mo. Wari ko may lumbay sa puso mo Kahit puno ang sikmura mo. Lesson 3 oy oxjiund Buy Aywiey KW 3536 Little child, little child Where is your father? In Saudi, Sydney, Kuwait, or the States? Little child, little child Where is your mother? In Spain, Hong Kong, London, Italy, or Brunei? Little child, little child Your smile seems forced to me Even as you're wearing new clothes It seems to me there’s sadness in your heart Even if your stomach is full. 3H. CULTURE NOTE 2 Overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) have come to be an integral part of modern-day Philippine reality. Hailed as the bagong bayani (new heroes), they contribute billions of dollars annually to the Philippine economy. To. day, there are an estimated seven million Filipinos, around 10 percent of the current total population, working as skilled laborers and profession- als in other countries. Their cultural adaptability and facility with English and other foreign languages make them the third most mobile community after the Chinese and the Indians, Most Filipino families have relatives or family members who have left home to work abroad to pursue a better life not only for themselves, but more importantly for their families, T sive dispersal of Filipinos abroad, now dubbed as the Filipino Diaspora, is a phenomenon that also has been a cause for concern. The price of economic betterment has both separated families and drained the country of what it considers its greatest natural resource—its people. is mas- To read more about the OFW experience, visit the following websites: maxpages.com/bagongbayani www.marcellinetaylor.com/manilagirl Tagalog EXERCISES A.Look for Tagalog words that refer to family members: A oO K A R A if I D P A N A K I T A L i A L oO G A EE E ¥ 0 R M B L A Bp E R A L I A U K U Y A P oO 0 T N N 12 I N Ss M N L A G Ss A Ss A Ww ia I L r K 0 P I N s A N L A 1 L oO L A P 1 E Ss ¥ A T I Y oO K A T E A B. Hill in each blank with the right question word from the list. ilan saan pangilan nasaan sino Ty ___ang kapatid mo? —Apat. Isang babae at tatlong lalaki. es ka pupunta? -Sa eskwela. 3. siJohn? —Tiyo ko. 4 _ang mga pinsan mo? —Nasa bahay. Gi: kasapamilya? —Pangalawa. C. Numbers: Write the next word in the sequence. 1. isa, dalawa, tatlo, rE 2, anim, pito, walo, = 3. trese, katorse, kinse, 4. pangapat, panglima, panganim, 5. labingpito, labingwalo, labingsiyam, D, Change the following sentences into the plural form: 1. Matanda siya. 2, Maganda ako. 3, Matangkad ka, Lesson 3 oy Dxjjuiod Buy A\wey Aw, w38 4. Maliit ako. 5. Mabait siya. ANSWER KEY Comprehension Practice 1.b) lima 2. a) pangatlo 3, a) young 4. Kapatid means “sibling” 5, Nanay at tatay means “mother and father’ Exercises A A A P L A ti A oO M B P if A y o} {t\ |x nl ep a fs) s mM w tu fal Ie s| dal s A| WA 1 Tee EL Ke of Get a inf sa ND ok fay ft tL lol i AD @ 1 ££ 8s Wy AD GUE WiOD) Ke pGAl enn B.iilan 2,saan 3.sino 4,nasaan 5. pangilan C.1.apat 2,siyam 3, diyesisais 4. pangpito 5. dalawampu D,1. Matatanda sila, 2. Magaganda kami/tayo. 3, Matatangkad kayo, 4. Maliliit kami/tayo. 5. Mababait sila. INDEPENDENT CHALLENGE: “ANG PAMILYA KO" In your Tagalog journal, create your family tree and label each per- son's relation to you, Then write a description of your family, describ- ing individual members with as much detail as you can. Use as many words and expressions that you have learned from this lesson. Tagalog LESSON Tuloy kayo! Come in! Lesson 4 focuses on the home. You will learn new vocabulary and expres- sions relating to welcoming someone into your home. You will also become familiar with expressing “to like” or “to want,” more Tagalog grammatical markers, and the basics of using verbs in Tagalog, with a focus on verb roots and aspects. Let's start with a vocabulary warm-up! yA. VOCABULARY WARM-UP Tao po! ‘An expression used to announce that there’s someone at the door (tao, “person/people”). Tuloy ka/kayo. Come in. Salamat pero... Thanks, but ... Gusto ko... I like... Halika. Come on. Pasyensiya ka na. An expression of apology equivalent to “I’m sorry.” Kumain ka muna. Fat first. Dalaw ka ulit. Come visit again. 4B. DIALOGUE Myrna and her family have just moved to a new townhouse in the outskirts of Manila, Her friend Ricky drops by unexpectedly to see her new place. Ricky: Tao po! Myrna: Hoy, Ricky! Tuloy ka!40 Tagalog Ricky: Myrna: Ricky: Myrna: Ricky: Myrna: Ricky: Myrna: Ricky: Myrna: Ricky: Myrna: Ricky: Ricky: Myrna: Ricky: Myrna: Ricky: Myrna: Ricky: Wow, ang ganda ng bagong bahay ninyo, ha? Ang laki ng sala! Kasi hindi kumpleto ng muwebles. Upo. Meryenda ka muna. Salamat pero kumain na ako. Gusto ko lang dumalaw sa bagong bahay mo. Pasyensiya ka na at medyo makalat. Ito ang kusina, medyo maliit. Ang komedor maliit din. Tama lang. Mahilig ka pala sa berde, Ian ang kuwarto? Dalawa. Halika, akyat tayo... lto kuwarto namin. Ang ganda ng kama! Gusto ko ang kulay. Oo, pero ayaw ni Nick ng pula. Ang kuwarto ng mga bata, asul naman. Ah, tingnan mo, diyan sa likod ang hardin. Halika, baba tayo. Presko dito, tahimik pa... Myrna, sige, tutuloy na ko. Ayaw mo talaga ng meryenda? Hindi na lang, salamat. May lakad pa ako. O sige, Ricky, Dalaw ka ulit, ha? Sige. Magkita ulit tayo! Anybody home? Hey, Ricky! Come in! Wow, your new house is very nice! The living room is big! It’s because it doesn’t have enough furniture yet. Sit down. Have a snack. Thanks but I've eaten already. I just want to visit your new house. Sorry it’s a bit messy. Here’s the kitchen; it’s alittle small. The dining room is pretty small, too. It’s just right. You like green, huh? How many bedrooms? = Myrna: Two. Come, let’s go up... Here's our bedroom. Ricky: What a nice bed! like the color. Myrna: Yeah, but Nick doesn’t like red. The kids’ room is blue. Oh, look, in the back is the garden. Come, let’s go down. joADy Aojnd iu ‘awo) Ricky: It’s cool here, and quiet... Myrna, U'll be leaving now. Myrna: You really don’t want any snack? Ricky: No, that’s okay, thanks. I have to be somewhere. Myrna: All right, Ricky. Come visit again, okay? Ricky: Bye! Let's see each other again! Comprehension Practice Answer the following questions based on the dialogue: As he knocks on the door of Myrna’s house, Ricky says a) Karnusta ka? b) Magandang umaga! ¢) Tao po! Myrna opens the door and says a) Tuloy ka! b) Upo ka. ©) Kain ka, When Myrna offers him a snack, Ricky responds with a) Oo, sige. b) Hindi, salamat. ¢) Ang ganda! Asul is the color____ Halika means 4C. VOCABULARY asul blue bahay house banyo bathroom berde green dilaw yellow hardin garden itim black kama bed Lesson 4 "42 komedor kulang kulay kumpleto kusina kuwarto lamesa/mesa maayos mahilig maingay mainit makalat malaki maliit medyo muwebles presko pula puti silya sopa tahimik 4&D. KEY PHRASES dining room incomplete color complete kitchen bedroom table neat fond of noisy hot messy big small abit furniture coal red white chair sofa quiet Let’s learn some phrases used by Filipinos to welcome someone into their homes and to respond to someone's gestures of hospitality. Tuloy ka/kayo. Pasok ka/kayo. Kumain ka na? Kumain na ako. Busog pa ako. Tagalog Come in, Come in, Have you eaten? T’ve already eaten. I’m still full. Gusto mo/ninyo ng... ? Do you likeAvant... ? Gusto ko... IlikeAvant... Ayaw ko... T don’t likeAvant... Salamat pero... Thanks but... Pasyensiya ka na./ My apologies. Pasyensiya na kayo. Nakakahiya naman, It’s rather embarrassing. Dalaw ka/kayo ulit. Come visit again. Balik ka/kayo. Come back. Tutuloy na ako. Till be leaving now. Magkita ulit tayo! Let’s see each other again! GE. CULTURE NOTE 1 The following is a typical scene in Filipino homes: An unexpected guest ar- rives and receives a warm welcome. The host drops everything and imme- diately thinks, “What can I offer him? How about a meal? A light snack? At least a drink?” The guest doesn't want to impose and politely declines. He has eaten. He's not hungry; he’s full. He needs to leave soon. He is not supposed to say yes to the first invitation anyway, as that would be a bit impolite. The host repeats the offer moments later. “Are you sure? Have some food, please. Kumain ka muna." At this point, the guest either regret- fully declines (and risks offending the host, who may in turn give a third invitation) or finally obliges. Food, drink, or both is served perhaps pep- pered with apologies: “Pasyensiya ka na, this is all I can offer.” Hospitality, the Filipino way. 4F. GRAMMAR Expressing “to Like” or “to Want” There is a group of verbs in ‘Tagalog that can be called “pseudo” verbs. While they function as verbs, in reality they are not verbs but expressions. They do not change their form and, therefore, are easier to learn. Two ex- amples of this are the words gusto, used to express “to like” and “to want,” and ayaw, used to express the opposite—‘to dislike” or “to not want.” No- tice their usage in the following examples: Gusto mo? Oo, gusto ko. Do you want/like? Yes, I want/like. Lesson 4 joApy AOjny jus awoy \8Gusto mo? Ayaw ko (Ayoko). Do you want? No, I don’t want. Hindi nila gusto dito/Ayaw nila dito. They don’t like it here. Gusto niya? Hindi, ayaw niya. Does he/she like? No, he/she doesn’t like. You may have noticed that gusto uses the NG pronouns from Lesson 2 to indicate the subject doing the likingsvanting. The NG pronouns, apart from indicating possession, are also used to mark the object of a sentence. Essentially, in the case of gusto and other verbs that are similar to it, they do not indicate who likes or wants but roughly by whom something is liked or wanted; Gusto ko ang sala. Liked by me _ the living room. To make this sentence negative, hindi is placed at the beginning, followed by the pronoun, and then gusto. Hindi ko gusto sa Makati. I don’t like (it) in Makati. The word ayaw (to not like/want] also expresses the negative of gusto and functions in the same way. The first person singular form is oftened short- ened to ayoko (ayaw + ko). ‘Ayaw mo? You don’t like/want (it)? Ayoko. I don't like/want (it). One last note about gusto—it is derived from the Spanish verb “gustar’ (to like). There are words in Tagalog to express “to like/want” (ibig and nais), but they are not used commonly in everyday speech, except for ibig when used to express “to mean” (ibig sabihin). You will, however, come across these words in written texts, especially in literary works and song lyrics. Ano’ng ibig mong sabihin? What do you want to say/mean? Nais ko ng malaking bahay. I want a big house. The Grammatical Markers ng and ni The grammatical markers ng and ni (and their plural forms ng mga and nina) have several functions in Tagalog, One function of ng and ni is to mark the possessor in a possessive construction, equivalent to the English “of.’ Let's look at how this works in the following examples: ul Tagalog ang hardin ng bahay the garden of the house ang kulay ng sala the color of the living room ang kuwarto ng mga bata the room of the children joXpy Aojny jul awo) ang kama ni Jenny the bed of Jenny In sentences with gusto or ayaw, ng marks the object of the verb if the object is an indefinite one. Gusto ko ng bahay sa Laguna. I want a house in Laguna, Ayaw ko ng puting kusina. I don’t like a white kitchen. | Nais ko ng magandang asawa. I want a pretty spouse. Sentence Structure and Verb Roots Before we begin to learn Tagalog verbs, let's start by reviewing word order in Tagalog sentences. As we saw in Lesson 1, in spoken Tagalog, the predi- cate generally comes before the subject, which is the reverse of English sentences. t Malaki ang bahay. Big the house. The house is big. ‘This also applies in sentences where the predicate is a verb: Pupunta ako sa bahay mo. Willgo I to house your. I will go to your house. Kain ka muna, Eat you first. (You) Eat first. The first step toward mastery of Tagalog verbs is to familiarize yourself with (or to learn) as many verb roots as possible. If you look up a Tagalog verb in a dictionary, you will find the verbs in this basic form. In the dia logue, you heard some examples of verb roots: tuloy continue, go on akyat come up, go up baba come down, go down Lesson 4, 4546 upo sit dalaw visit Some verb roots can be used with pronouns to form affirmative com- mands. Tuloy ka. Come in. Akyat tayo. Let’s go up. Baba kayo. Go down. (pl.) Upo ka. Sit down. (sing.) Dalaw kayo. Visit. (pl.) Here are some other verb roots expressing a few common actions: kain eat inom drink punta go lakad walk labas go out pasok enter The Infinitive of -um- Verbs ‘There are several different types of Tagalog verbs, grouped according to an affix class, An “affix” is an element added to a word to change its form. In this lesson, we will just focus on the first group of verbs, called -um- verbs. The verb roots we examined above belong to this class of verbs because they use the affix -um-, Itis important at this point to learn the different forms of verbs according to “aspects” (similar to tenses in English). In Tagalog grammar, the differ- ent aspects are: Completed aspect — expresses past action Contemplated aspect — expresses future action Incomplete aspect — expresses progressive action We'll see examples of how to form the different aspects of Tagalog verbs in Lesson 5, Tagalog There is also a form of the verb that does not imply any aspect; this form is culled the neutral or infinitive form. In English, this form is expressed with the preposition “to,” as in “to eat,” “to talk,” and “to write.” Let’s now learn the infinitive form, as it is useful in many ways. the infinitive of -um- verbs is constructed by placing -um- before the first vowel of the verb root. Observe the change from the root to the infinitive form in the following examples: VERB ROOT INFINITIVE cl - 7 akyat umakyat | baba : bumaba | upo umupo a il | dalaw dumalaw kain kumain c | lakad Jumakad | ‘The infinitive form of -um- verbs is also used with ANG pronouns to form commands: Dumalaw ka. Visit. (sing,) Kumain kayo. Eat. (pl.) Umupo tayo. Let’s sit. With this form, you can also express completed (past) actions of -um- verbs. Kumain siya. He/She ate. Umakyat sila. They went up. Umupo ako. T sat. Bumaba kayo. You (pl.) went/came down. Infinitives are also used with modal verbs (such as the Tagalog equivalents of want, like, must, can, need, etc.). We will look at these in a later lesson, Lesson 4 jokoy Aojny ju aw0) ur48 GG. READING Read through the following home safety tips and look for the -um- verbs, most of them expressing commands. Underline them and try to figure out the verb root for each one by dropping -um-. Keep a list of those verbs you are not familiar with to look up in a dictionary later on. Ligtas ba ang bahay mo? Itong ay ilang mga payo at paalala upang panatiliing ligtas ang bahay mo. + Bumili ng First-Aid kit para sa bahay at sa kotse. + Hagay ang telepono na malapit sa kama o kung saan namamalagi. + Siguraduhing may mga numerong pang-emerhensiya na madaling ma- hanap. + Gumamit ng mga ilaw na panggabi upang ilawan ang dinadaanan sa dilim. + Huwag umakyat at bumaba sa hagdanan na may dala-dala na makaka- hadlang sa paningin. + Panatiliiing walang kalat o anumang hadlang ang mga hagdanan at mga nilalakaran sa loob at labas ng bahay. + Iwasang umalis sa kusina habang nagluluto. + Huwag iwanan ang nakasinding kandila lalo na kapag may bata sa kuwarto. + Bumili at magkabit ng mga alarma sa usok at palaging suriin kung gumagana ang mga ito. + Turuan ang lahat sa pamilya na “tumigil, dumapa at gumulong” sa sahig kung nasusunog ang damit. + Gumawa ng planong pagtakas kung sakaling magkasunog at pumili ng isang lugar sa labas ng bahay kung saan puwedeng magtipon-tipon pagkatapos ng pagtakas. Is Your Home Safe? Here are some tips and reminders to help keep your home safe. + Buy a First-Aid kit for the house and the car. + Place a phone by the bed or in the place where you are most often. + Make sure you have emergency phone numbers where you can easily find them. Tagalog * Use a night-light to illuminate passageways in the dark. * Don’t go up and down the stairs carrying things that could obstruct your vision. » Keep stairs and passageways in and outside the house free of clutter. + Avoid leaving the kitchen while cooking. * Don’t leave a candle burning, especially if there is a child in the room. + Buy and install smoke alarms and periodically check to see that they are working. + Teach everyone in the family to “stop, drop, and roll” on the floor if clothes catch fire. * Make an escape plan in case of fire and choose a meeting place after the escape. GH, CULTURE NOTE 2 The iconic Filipino home is the bahay kubo (hut house), a hut made of bam- boo and palm fronds. These bahay kubo are still visible in the countryside and celebrated in both music and art. In Spanish colonial times, with the novel addition of stone as a material, they would evolve into the bahay na bato (stone house), which is grander and sturdier than the bahay kubo but maintains many of the same features of its humble predecessor. Both are designed to blend in well with the tropical surroundings and the climate, as well as with the Filipino’s concept of personal space. There are modern deviations from this archetype, as one might readily see in any residential area, with high-ise apartment buildings, sleek townhouses, and Western- inspired houses of every style. Whatever the style, for Filipinos, the dwell- ing place is a communal space to be shared with others. Personal privacy is still considered to be somewhat of a Western indulgence, the opposite of hospitality. There is an old Tagalog saying: Aanhin mo ang palasyo kung ang nakatira ay kuwago; mabuti pa ang bahay kubo ang nakatira ay tao (What is the use of a palace with an ow] dwelling in it? Better is a hut where a person dwells.), The saying reflects the importance placed by the culture on people and their places of dwelling. To paraphrase: Better a wel- coming house made of sticks than an inhospitable house of stone For more on the Filipino concept of space, visit www.seasiteniu.edu/ Tagalog/Tagalog Default files/art_ news and features.htm. Lesson & jokoy Aopny jut avi0}EXERCISES A.Choose a word from the list below to complete the dialogue. You may not need to use every word in the list. tuloy hindi meryenda hardin tao ganda A )__pol B.Jenny! ——(2)___kal A.Ang (3) __ng apartment mo! B.Salamat! ____(4) ka muna. A.__(5)___, kumain na ako. B.Halika,sa__(6)__ tayo. Presko don. B. Fill in each blank with the infinitive form of the -um- verb in parentheses to express a command. 1 tayo! (Kain) 2a! (pasok) 3. kayo! (labas) 4a! (inom) Go __tayo! (akyat) 6 __ kayo! (baba) De __ka! (dalaw) C. Answer each question with gusto or ayaw, 1. Meryenda, gusto mo? 2. Pulang kuwarto, gusto ninyo? 3. Bagong muwebles, gusto nila? 4. Kain tayo, gusto mo? 5, Malaking bahay, gusto niya? 6. Maliit na hardin, gusto ninyo? We a ts at 50 Tagalog ANSWER KEY Comprehension Practice |.) Tao po! 2.2) Tuloy ka! 3. b) Hindi, salamat, 4, Asul is the color blue. 5, Halika means “come” or ‘let's go.” Exercises Avitao 2tuloy 3.ganda 4. meryenda 5, hindi 6. hardin Bi kumain 2 pumasok 3, lumabas_— 4. uminom —_5, umakyat 6.bumaba 7. dumalaw C.1, Oo, gusto ko/Hindi, ayaw ko (or ayoko). 2. Oo, gusto namin,/Hindi, ayaw namin. 3. Oo, gusto nila/Hindi, ayaw nila. 4. Oo, gusto ko/Hindi, ayaw ko (or ayoko). 5, Oo, gusto niya/Hindi, ayaw niya. 6. Oo, gusto namin./Hindi, ayaw namin. INDEPENDENT CHALLENGE: TAGALOG JOURNAL Imagine that you've invited a Filipino friend to your home. Try to make this person feel welcome and show him or her around, impressing him or her with your Tagalog! Create a dialogue between yourself and this person, and write it in your journal. You may extend this challenge to real life by inviting a Tagalog speaker to your home! You may also want to create a list of all the um. verbs you have learned from this lesson in your journal and use each of them in your own original sentences. You can build on this list as you learn more verbs. Lesson 4. jokoy Aojny jul awi0yLESSON Tanghali na! It's late! This lesson is about daily routines. Here, you will learn another group of Tagalog verbs and be able to express different tenses of these verbs and others that you already know. You will also be able to tell time in Tagalog. Let’s start with a vocabulary warm-up! 5A. VOCABULARY WARM-UP Ano’ng oras na? What time is it? Sandali lang. Just a moment./Just a second. Alam mo...? Do you know ...? Bakit? Why? Tanghali na. It’s late. Huli ako. I'm late. Siyempre. Of course. kahit even though, although 5B. DIALOGUE Cynthia and Gary are coworkers on their lunch break, having a conversa- tion about their daily routine. Cynthia: Ano’ng oras na? Gary: Halos ala-una. Halika, bumalik na tayo. Cynthia: Sandali lang. Kumakain pa ko. Alam mo ba, huli na naman ako kaninang umaga? Gary: Bakit? Ano'ng oras ka ba gumigising? Cynthia: Mga alas-sais.Gary: Kahit gumigising ka ng maaga, huli ka pa », Cynthia tells Gary that she wakes up at l= rin? Ano’ng oras ka umaalis ng bahay? a) Mga alas-singko b) Mga alas-sais c) Mga alas-siyete a cs Cynthia: Tanghali na, palagi kasi marami kami sa ;. Cynthia says she leaves the house to go to work vv = bahay. Siyempre gumagamit lahat ng banyo. a) late b) early ¢) just in time & Gary: Sa gabi ka maghanda. 4. Tanghalina means : Cynthia: Puwede rin, Ngayon kasi dumarating ako sa 5, Siyempre means = bahay gabi na, dahil gumagawa pa ako ng mga report. Tapos pagod na ako, Wala na 5C. VOCABULARY nga akong oras maghapunan. Gary: Ako sa gabi din naghahanda: nagplaplantsa, dahil because nag... gumagamit (root gamit) using, uses Cynthia: Ay, pasado ala-una na! Balik na tayo. gumawa (root gawa) made gumising (root gising) woke up, wake up (infinitive) Cynthia: What time is it? halos almost unan dinner, have dit Gary: Almostone o'clock. Come on, lev’ go back bapsnan (neu) Hiner nerve nner as maghapunan (verb) Cia gf a ate ” ei huli last, late ‘ynthia: Just a second, I’m still eating. Do you know, hatha c cae eee humanda (root handa) prepared, get ready 5: ink ‘ Gary: Why? What time do you get up? enna ma Reo, : 5 lahat all Cynthia: Around six. maaga early Gary: Even though you wake up early, you’re still foil late? What time do you leave the house? gnegplanizs (ack Blaatoa) sae . na naman again Cynthia: (It’s) late, because there are always a lot eth of us at home. Of course, everyone uses the ores fie Ours bathroom. pagod tired Gary: Prepare everything at night. palagi always Cynthia: can do that. But I get home late because I plantsa er do the reports. Then I’m already tired. I don’t tanghali late (referring to time) even have time to have dinner, Gary: 1 do things at night too: I iron, 1 5D, KEY PHRASES Cynthia: Oh, it’s already past one! Let’s go back. The following are some words and phrases that can be used to talk about one’s daily routine: Comprehension Practice Ano’ng oras ka/kayo... What time do you... Answer the following questions based on the dialogue: . +. gumigising * ... wake up? 1. The first question Cynthia asks Gary is #You'll learn the verb roots of some of the verbs used in this list in the grammar sec- a) Saan ka pupunta? —_b) Kamusta ka? ©) Ano'ng oras na? tion. For the rest, refer to the glossary. ae al ees eA se Tagalog lesson 5 |5556 ...umaalis ng bahay? ... dumarating? ... maghahanda? «+. Mag-aayos? ++, gumagamit ng banyo ...naghihilamos? ++. Magsesepilyo? ++ mag-aalmusal? .- leave the house? +. arrive? -+ prepare? .. prepare yourself/get ready? use the bathroom? ..wash (your) face? .- brush your teeth? . have breakfast? maaga early tanghali na late sa umaga in the morning sa tanghali at noon sa hapon in the afternoon sa gabi in the evening 5E. CULTURE NOTE 1 Much has been said about the influence of Spanish on Tagalog and other Filipino languages and dialects. There are about 6,000 Spanish “loanwords” in Tagalog. Some of these words were assimilated into Tagalog without any change in meaning, such as pero (but) and oras {from horas, hours). Others are mere derivations and have acquired either a slightly or a totally different meaning in Tagalog. Siyempre (from the Spanish siempre = al ways) means “of course.” Siguro (from seguro = sure) is the word used for “perhaps.” The Spanish-derived words gusto and puwede (from the verbs gustar and poder, respectively) are used in spoken Tagalog more than their native counterparts (nais, ibig = to want/to like; maari = to be able to). Tagalog has, in turn, enriched the Spanish language. The Dictionary of the Royal Academy of the Spanish language lists dozens of lexical borrowings from Tagalog, such as paipay (fan), dalaga (young lady), bata (child), timba (pail), babaidor (womanizer), etc. Tagalog 5F. GRAMMAR The Incomplete (Present) and Contemplated (Future) Aspect of -um- Verbs So far in this lesson, you have already learned six more -um- verb roots: balik to return to wake up to leave gamit to use gawa to make dating to come, to arrive You have learned how to express the neutral form (infinitive) and com- pleted aspect (past) of these verbs. Now let's use these new verbs to learn’ how to form the contemplated aspect (future action) and incomplete as- pect (present tense) of -um: verbs. The contemplated aspect of -um- verbs is formed by duplicating the first syllable of the verb root. VERB ROOT CONTEMPLATED ASPECT MEANING balik babalik will go back gising gigising will wake up alis aalis will leave gamit © gpgemit will use awa gagawa will make dating darating* will comefarrive *Notice the spelling change. Gagawa kami ng project. We will do a project. Kailan siya babalik? When will he/she come back? Darating ang pinsan ko sa Lunes. My cousin will arrive on Monday. ‘The incomplete aspect of -um- verbs is formed by inserting um between the first consonant and the first vowel of the contemplated aspect forms above. If the first letter is a vowel, then um is simply placed at the beginning of the contemplated form of the verb, Lesson 5 DU Hoybung jae] $4)58 Tagalog VERB ROOT INCOMPLETE ASPECT MEANING balik bumabalik goes back/is going back gising gumigising wakes uplis waking up | alis umaalis Jeavestis leaving gamit gumagamit uses/is using gawa gumagawa makestis making dating dumarating comestis coming Gumagamit kami ng computer. We use/are using a computer. Umaalis ako ng bahay sa umaga. J leave the house in the morning. Gumigising sila ng alas-siyete. They wake up at seven. Mag- Verbs Another group of Tagalog verbs is the mag- verbs. The following verb roots belong to this class of verbs; their infinitives are formed by adding the prefix mag- to the verb root. VERB ROOT INFINITIVE MEANING salita magsalita to speakitalk | handa maghanda to prepare hapunan maghapunan to have dinner almusal mag-almusal to have breakfast tuto magluto to cook taba maglaba to wash (clothes) ayos mag-ayos to fix or to get oneself ready hilamos maghilamos to wash one's face sepilyo magsepilyo to brush one's teeth The various aspects of mag- verbs are formed similarly to those of -wm- verbs. Study the following chart showing the aspects of mag- verbs and notice the similarities and differences in the way aspects of the two types of verbs are formed: INCOMPLETE INFINITIVE COMPLETED CONTEMPLATED magsalita nagsalita magsasalita nagsasalita maghanda naghanda maghahanda naghahando maghapunan “naghopunan maghahapunan naghahapunan mag-almusal nag-almusal mag-aalmusal nag-aalmusal | Notice that in the completed and incomplete aspects, mag changes to nag. Nagsasalita na siya ng Tagalog. He's already speaking Tagalog. Maghahapunan ka dito? ‘Are you having dinner here? Maghahanda ako ng almusal. [will prepare breakfast. Gusto kong maglaba mamaya. I want to do the laundry later. Telling Time Tagalog speakers use English, Spanish, and Tagalog forms when telling time. Of these forms, Spanish is used most often in everyday speech, while Tagalog is used in formal settings. It is important to learn both when learn- ing to tell time in Tagalog. SPANISH FORM TAGALOG FORM jou sjoybuny ja}e| 5. | 100 ala-una ika-isa 2:00 alas~dos : ikalawa 3:00 ois alas-tres itatlo ‘4:00 : alas-kwatro ika-apat 5:00 alas-singko i ika-lima 6:00 alas-sais ika-anim 7c alas-siyete = ika-pito | 8:00 ~— alas-otso ika-walo |e areniwcteee ika-slyam | 10:00 lassaiyee ika-sampu 11:00 x alas-onse ika-labing-isa | 12:00 alas-dose —ikalabing-dalawa | Lesson 5 q : 560 The following are also added to both the Tagalog and Spanish forms: ng umaga in the morning (am) ng tanghali noon ng hapon in the afternoon (p.m.) ng gabi in the evening (p.m) ng hating-gabi midnight When using the Spanish form, minutes are also expressed in Spanish. For example: 12105 alas-dose singko 12:10 alas-dose diyes 12215 alas-dose kinse 12:30 alas-dose y medya 12145 alas-dose kwarenta y singko In the formal Tagalog form, minutes are expressed with the use of the word makalipas (past), and the minutes are mentioned first, before the hour: 6:05 am. limang minuto makalipas ang ika-anim ng umaga 2:10 p.m. sampung minuto makalipas ang ikalawa ng hapon 12:15 noon labing-limang minuto makalipas ang ika-labing-dalawa ng tanghali 5G. READING Read the following lyrics of two Tagalog songs—the first one a folk song about a place of pilgrimage and the second one an icebreaker song used for gatherings, Look for a couple of -um-and mag- verbs Tayo na sa Antipolo at doo’y maligo tayo sa batis na kung tawagin ay Hi-hi-hinulugang Taktak at doo’y kumain ng mangga kasuy at balimbing kaya’t magmadali ka at tayo ay sumama sa Antipolo. Tagalog Let's go to Antipolo And let’s take a bath there In the stream that’s called Hi-hi-hinulugang Taktak And there let’s eat mangoes and Cashews and star fruits So hurry and Let’s go to Antipolo. Kamusta ka? Halina’t magsaya Ipalakpak ang kamay Ituro ang paa Padyak sa kanan Padyak sa kaliwa Umikot nang umikot at humanap ng iba. How are you? Come and be happy Clap your hands Point at your feet Stomp your right foot Stomp your left foot Turn around, turn around And look for someone else. 5H. CULTURE NOTE 2 The radio announcing "Limang minuto po bago mag-alas tres ng hapon’ tells not only of how multilayered the Filipino language is but also of the hy- brid quality of the Filipino concept of time. Pre-colonial Filipinos certainly would have perceived and expressed time very differently from their West ern colonizers. They did not measure time in terms of the same categories of hours, minutes, and seconds, and perhaps understood time not so much as something linear, but as something circular. Still, these alien concepts have slowly but surely ctept into their mindset and centuries later formed part of the Filipino concept of time. Filipinos may still answer the question. ‘Ano'ng oras na? with a vague Maaga pa ("It's still early’) or Tanghali na (‘It’s late”), or perhaps qualify it with a still imprecise Mag-aalas:sais (“I's going to be six o'clock”). They may even use the English form when preci- sion is called for: “Five forty-two na.” This same kind of code-switching at which Filipinos are adept informs their view and practice of keeping time. “Filipino time” doesn’t just mean starting a business meeting around half an Lesson 5 jou WjoyBuny {aye\ s.31hour late or being fashionably late to a social gathering. “Filipino time” can ANSWER KEY just as easily mean being as punctual as the Swiss. J Comprehension Practice Doing business in the Philippines? To read more about Filipino business i : 2 2,b)Mgaalas-sais 3.a) late 4. Tanghali na means etiquette, visit www.apmforum.com/columns/orientseas6.htm. 1, ¢)Anong oras na ) Mg 3. a) ‘it's late” 5, Siyempre means “of course.” jou jjoybupy jaie| SW EXERCISES Exercises Avvoras 2.tanghali 3. huli 4. banyo 5, almusal A.Choose a word from the list below to complete the dialogue. You may not S a 2, alas-siyete ng umaga ala-una singko ng need to use every word in the list. B, 1. alas kuwatro ng hapon iyete ng umaga 3. hapon 4. alasotso kinse ng umaga 5. alas-onse ng gabi 6. alas-dose huli oras almusal banyo pagod —tanghali y medya ng tanghali_ 7. alastres beynte ng hapon A.Anong (1) sna? Ga4 ba 6 di 25) £9" 83 B. Alas-siyete, A.Talaga? (2) na. (3)____na ako sa trabaho. INDEPENDENT CHALLENGE: TAGALOG JOURNAL B. Sige. Ikawmunasa____(4) i | In your journal, write about your daily routine using -um- and mag- A. Salamat. Mag- (5) ka muna. verbs in the incomplete aspect (present action). Additionally, write sentences expressing both what you did today and what you are going to do tomorrow. Then imagine a conversation with a Filipino friend in BeWulteloutthe following times using the colloquial spanish form: which you talk about your respective routines. Try putting all of this 1. 4:00 p.m. ng. into practice by chatting with a Filipino friend online or in person. 2, 7:00am, ng 3.05pm. = ee 6:25 a em Oo eee a 5. 11:00 p.m. o_o SUN Ow ny Bee ees | 6592380 /p yy eg Pip eee kee ee es C. Order the following daily activities according to a logical sequence: ____a. Darating sa trabaho ___b. Mag-aalmusal ___c Babalik sa bahay __d Gigising ___e. Magtatrabaho ___f Maghahapunan ___g, Aalis ng bahay Tagalog Lesson 5LESSON Mag-aral tayo! Let's study! tn this lesson, you will learn the phrases and vocabulary you'll need to talk about school. You will also become familiar with another group of Tagalog verbs, learn how to express “to know,” and form negative sentences. Let's start with a vocabulary warm-up! 6A. VOCABULARY WARM-UP Ano’ng ginagawa mo? What are you doing? nag-aaral studying Para saan? What for? siguro perhaps Hindi ko alam. I don’t know (a fact). Hindi ako marunong. I don’t know (how to do something). bukas tomorrow kahapon, yesterday malamang most likely 6B. DIALOGUE Mia and Allan are classmates at a university, and they're talking to each other on the phone during finals week. Let's listen in as they discuss their classes on the phone. Mia: Ano’ng ginagawa mo? Allan: Ito, nakikinig ng radyo habang nag-aaral para sa exam ko sa Biology bukas. Ikaw? Mia: Nagbabasa para sa Chemistry.66 i: "Tagalog ! Allan: May project din ako due bukas. Mia: Para saan? Allan: Para'sa Psychology. Ang hirap ng topic ko, kaya siguro matatapos ako bukas na. Mia: Kamusta ang test mo sa English kahapon? Allan: Hindi ko alam. Pasado siguro. Hindi ako nag-aral pero madali lang ang mga tanong. Mia: O sige na, Pupunta pa ako sa library para mag research sa Internet. Nasira ang hard. drive ko. Ah, sandali. Marunong kang mag- burn ng CD? Allan; Hindi, sori. Okey, manonood muna ako ng TV. Napagod na ako sa kaka-aral. Pero siguro hindi ako matutulog ngayong gabi. Mia: What are you doing? Allan: Just here, listening to the radio while studying (for my Biology exam tomorrow. You? Mia: Reading for Chemistry. Allan: 1 also have a project due tomorrow. Mia: For what? Allan: For Psychology. My topic is hard, so I'll probably finish it tomorrow. Mia: How was your English test yesterday? Allan: 1 don’t know. Maybe I passed. I didn’t study but the questions were easy. Mia: Okay, gotta go. I still have to go to the library to (do) research on the Internet. My hard drive broke. Oh, wait, Do you know how to burn a CD? Allan: No, sorry. Okay, I’m going to watch some TV. I've gotten tired from studying. But most likely I won't sleep tonight. Comprehension Practice Answer the following questions based on the dialogue: 1. While studying for an exam, Allan is a) nakikinig ng radyob) nanonoodng TV. _¢) nagbabasa ng libro . When Allan asks Mia what she’s doing, she says she is a) kumakain b) nagbabasa ) nakikinig ng radyo About his English test, Allan says that it was a) mahirap b) madali ¢) maganda . Tanong means Ano'ng ginagawa mo? means 6C. VOCABULARY bukas tomorrow habang while kahapon. yesterday kaka- a prefix denoting the action stated in the verb is tediously performed again and again or is continued for a long duration of time kaya that’s why manonood (root nood) will watch matutulog (root tulog) will sleep nakikinig (root kinig) listens, is listening napagod (root pagod) got tired nasira (root sira) broke ngayong gabi this evening ngayong hapon this afternoon ngayong tanghali this noon ngayong umaga this morning para for, in order to Para saan? What for? 6D. KEY PHRASES Here are some words in Tagalog that may be used to talk about school. Note that some of these words are hardly used in everyday speech. Words marked with asterisks (*) are rarely used in everyday speech; the English word will be used instead. Lesson 6 i040} jo10-BoW iApMs 5,21 6768 klase class libro book mahirap hard madali easy paaralan* school eskuwela school mababang paaralan* elementary school mataas na paaralan* high school pamantasan* university agham* sciences sining* arts aklatan* library kolehiyo* college araling panlipunan™ social studies kasaysayan history matematika* mathematics tanong/magtanong question/to question sagot/sumagot answer/to answer turo/magturo teaching/to teach pag-aaral/mag-aral studies/to study pagbasa/magbasa reading/to read pagsulat/magsulat writing/to write 6E, CULTURE NOTE 1 Speaking in “Taglish” (a mixture of Tagalog and English in speech) has not only become common in everyday oral expression but also has become the lingua franca in the world of commerce, the media, popular culture, and even academia. This is not a recent phenomenon. Filipinos have been code-switching from the time their languages came in contact with the lan- guages of two world powers via colonization. Part of this is inevitable due to the fact that Tagalog does not always have equivalents for modern terms. But even where there are equivalents, Tagalog speakers, especially in urban areas, might still prefer the English terms. Few speakers of Tagalog would Tagalog ever say they will do research in the aklatan (library). Magre-research ako sa library is how the modern Tagalog speaker would put it 6F, GRAMMAR Ma-~ Verbs ‘Another group of Tagalog verbs are those that use the ma- affix. Let's look at the verb roots of some of these verbs. kinig listen nood watch tapos finish The following roots are not verbs but nouns. They only become verbs when a-verbal affix is attached. pagod tiredness tulog sleep sira break, defect uhaw thirst gutom hunger Let's first learn how to form the infinitives of some of these verbs. To do this, add the prefix ma- to the root. VERB ROOT INFINITIVE MEANING kinig r makinig to listen nood manood to watch tulog matulog to sleep Now here are the forms of some ma- verbs in the three aspects. Take note of the use of the prefix na- in the completed and incomplete aspects: INFINITIVE COMPLETED CONTEMPLATED INCOMPLETE makinig nakinig makikinig nakikinig manood nanood manonood nanonood matulog natulog matutulog natutulog mapagod napagod mapapagod napapagod mauhaw, nauhaw mauuhaw nauuhaw Lesson 6 _ joko) jo10-BoW ikpms 5,91Manonood ako ng TV mamaya. I’m going to watch TV later. Napagod ang mga bata sa eskuwela. The kids got tired in school. Natutulog ka na? Are you sleeping already? Sino'ng nakikinig sa radyo? Who's listening to the radio? Expressing “to Know" To express “to know” in Tagalog, alam is mostly used to express knowledge of a fact or information, while marunong is used to express knowledge of how to do something (to know a person is a different verb, one which we will learn later on in this course). Neither is a verb, so they are not conju- gated according to aspects. Marunong uses the subject/ANG pronouns and alam uses the object/NG pronouns. Observe the following examples: Marunong ka ng Tagalog? Do you know Tagalog? Alam mo ang sagot? Do you know the answer? To express knowing how to do something with marunong, the neutral or infinitive form of the verb is used. In addition, it is mostly -um- and mag- verbs that are used with marunong. The linker -ng is attached to the ANG pronoun. Marunong akong magsalitang ingles. 1 know (how to speak) English. Marunong siyang pumunta sa Intramuros. He/She knows how to get to Intramuros. (lit. He/She knows how to go to Intramuros.) More on Expressing Sentences in the Negative In Lesson 1, you learned how to express the negative form of sentences with ANG pronouns. For all other sentences that do not contain ANG pro- nouns, the word order is different. For those sentences, the word hindi (no) is simply placed at the beginning of the sentence: Mahirap ang klase. The class is hard. Hindi mahirap ang klase. The class is not hard. Kumain si Ben, Ben ate. Hindi kumain si Ben. Ben did not eat. Tagalog 6G. READING Read the following excerpt from a report on the environment written by a student for his science class. Leok for as many words as you can that look borrowed from either Spanish or English. Remember that the letters fand v do not exist in Tagalog and are replaced with the letters p and b, respectively, Pina-imbestigahan ng Presidente ang mga akusasyon laban sa ilang opisyal ng gobyerno na pinaghihinalaang kasangkot sa illegal logging. Anya hindi titigil ang administrasyon niya sa paghanap ng isang radikal na solusyon sa nasabing problema na ayon din sa kanya ay isang trahedyang pam bansa. Nagpaplano ding makipagpulong ang Presidente sa isang grupo ng mga se- nador at ilang eksperto para pag-usapan ang ilang panukalang batas laban sa illegal logging at iba pang isymng pangkalikasan. The President has ordered an investigation of charges against a govern- ment official suspected of involvement in illegal logging. She said that her administration is not going to stop until it finds a radical solution to the said problem which she also calls a national tragedy. She is also plan- ning to meet with a group of senators and experts to discuss bills against illegal logging along with other environmental issues. 6H. CULTURE NOTE 2 In the summer of 1901, early during the American colonization of the Philippines (the United States’ only colony}, a shipload of 500 American teachers arrived in Manila Bay. Deployed by Washington, their task was to teach English to Filipinos as part of the government's policy of Benevolent Assimilation. The teachers came to be known as the “Thomasites,” after the name of the vessel they came in on. From the capital, they were sent to other islands to perform their duty in a country ravaged by war. They found a very literate multilingual population that still held a sort of linguis- tic allegiance to their old colonial masters, the Spaniards, who had just left in defeat after more than three hundred years. At first the people passively resisted yet another colonial imposition of a foreign tongue, this one even more challenging than the last one. Were the Thomasites successful? The Philippines is the third largest English-speaking country in the world, and its educational systern remains American in style, with English as the main language of instruction. To learn more about the history of education in the Philippines, you may visit www.deped.gov.ph/about_deped/history.asp. Lesson 6 joKbj jo10-Boyl ipnys $321EXERCISES \.Choose from the list of ma- verbs below to complete the following sen- tences. Fill in each blank with the completed (past) form of the verb root you choose by adding the prefix na-. You might not use all the words tapos kinig tulog sira pagod nood gutom 1 kami ng TV kahapon. 2, Pagod ako dahil hindi ako 3. Hindi niya d 4. Bakit ang computer mo? Ee ang mga bata kaya kumain sila dito. 6. kami ng radyo habang nag-aaral si Kuya. 3. Fill in each blank with either alam or marunong. 1 si Kathy ng Tagalog. mo ang pangalan ko? 3. Saan pupunta ang Tatay mo?-Hindi ko 4-5. mo ba na si James ay _ _ng karate? 6, Ano’ng oras na?—Hindi namin 7. _____ang mga kapatid mong magsalita ng Espanyol? ". Choose a word from the list below to complete the following dialogue. You may not need to use every word in the list. para kahapon libro. ~—s mahirap ~—tanong ~—_—sagot. A: May test ka ba sa English (1) ? B: Oo, (2) ang mga (3) A: Talaga? B: Oo, tapos ang mga (4) wala sa (S) ieee ‘A; Hindi ka siguro nag-aral! Tagalog ANSWER KEY Comprehension Practice |) nakikinig ng radyo 2.) nagbabasa 3. b) madali_ 4, Tanong means question.” 5. Ano'ng ginagawa mo? means “What are you doing?” Exercises Ainanood 2, natulog 3.natapos 4.nasira 5. nagutom 6. nakinig Iimarunong 2.alam 3.alam 4. alam 5, marunong 6. alam 7, marunong (i.kahapon 2. mahirap 3.tanong 4. sagot _ 5. libro INDEPENDENT CHALLENGE: TAGALOG JOURNAL Using marunong and alam, write a list of things that you know how to do and facts that you know. Look up words in a Tagalog dictionary, if you need to and make a note of them in your journal as part of your growing vocabulary list. You can use English words, both verbs and nouns, and inflect them as mag- verbs. For example, “Marunong akong mag-type.’ Filipinos really do talk like this, and doing this will be helpful as you learn modern Tagalog. You can also practice asking questions with these words by interviewing a Filipino speaker. Marunong ako... Alam ko... Lesson 6 jokn) jos0-Bow jApmys 5,421LESSON Puwedeng magtanong? Can | ask a question? In this lesson, you will learn how to ask for and give directions, express “to be able to,” and form questions using ba. You will also become familiar with an important concept in the Tagalog language: verbal focus. Let's start with a vocabulary warm-up. 7A. VOCABULARY WARM-UP Puwedeng magtanong? Can (I) ask a question? malapit near malayo far hinahanap looking for Gaano kalayo? How far? kailangan need sabihin tell, say (command) Walang anuman. It’s nothing. You're welcome. 7B. DIALOGUE Jay is a balikbayan (see Culture Note 2) who is back in the Philippines for vacation. He is staying in Manila for a couple of days before going south to visit his relatives in Cebu. Today he finds himself a bit lost, trying to make his way around the large metropolis. Jay: Magandang hapon po. Puwedeng magtanong? Rosa: Ano po ‘yun? Jay: Mayroon bang malapit na bangko dito?Tagalog . Rosa: Jay: Rosa: Jay: Rosa: Jay: Rosa: Jay: Rosa: Jay: Rosa: Jay: Rosa: Jay: Rosa: Jay: Rosa: Jay: Rosa: Jay: Rosa: Jay: Ah, 00 mayroon. Diyan lang. Deretso, sa kaliwa. Pangalawang kalye. Nasa tabi ng tindahan, tapat ng simbahan. Salamat, Hinahanap ko rin po ‘yung National Museum. Hindi ba malapit lang dito? Medyo malayo. Kailangan ninyong mag-jeep omag_taksi. Hindi ba puwedeng lumakad lang? Hindi, ch, Gaano kalayo? Mga isang oras siguro kung lalakarin mo. Malayo nga. Saan ako puwedeng pumara ng jeep o taksi? Diyan sa tapat ng gasolinahan. Tumawid ka sa kabila. Maraming taksi doon. Sabihin mo lang “Agrifina Circle.” Sige, salamat po. Walang anuman! Good afternoon. Can I ask a question? Yes, what is it? Is there a bank near here? Oh, yes, there is. Just around here. Straight ahead, to your left, on the second street. It’s next to a store, across from a church. Thanks. I'm also looking for the National Museum. Isn't it near here? It’s a bit far. You need to take the jeep or a taxi. Can’t I walk there? Not really, How far is it? Maybe around an hour if you're going to walk it. it is far! Where can i hail a jeep or taxi? Rosa: There, across from the gasoline station. Cross to the other side. There are a lot of taxis there. Just say, ‘Agrifina Circle.” Jay: Okay, thanks! Rosa: You're welcome. Comprehension Practice Answer the following questions based on the dialogue: Jay approaches Rosa, and the first thing he asks her is a) Puwedeng magtanong? . The bank Rosa is referring to is b) Saan ang bangko? —¢) Gaano kalayo? a) tapat ng National Museum b) tapat ng simbahan__c) tapat ng gasolinahan a) sampung minuto Malapit means Walang anuman means 7C. VOCABULARY deretso dito diyan doon gasolinahan hinahanap (root hanap) kaliwa kalye kanan lumakad (root lakad) magtanong (root tanong) malapit malayo pumara (root para) Lesson 7 . Walking to the museum, according to Rosa, will take Jay b)} isang oras ¢) kalahating oras straight here there over there gasoline station looking for, finding left street right to walk to ask a question near far to stop, to hail buouojBou Buapamng juojsanb e yse | ue)78 sa tabi next to sa tapat in front of, across from sabihin (root sabi) to say, to tell taksi taxi tumawid (root tawid) to cross tindahan store 7D. KEY PHRASES The following words and phrases are typically used to ask and give direc- tions: Puwedeng magtanong? Can (I) ask a question? Ano (po) ‘yun? What is it? Alam mo/ninyo kung... ? Do you know where .. Nasaan ang... ? Where is... ? Gaano kalayo/kalapit ang .. How far/near is... ? Malapit lang. It’s near. Malayo. It’s far. Saan ako puwedeng sumakay — Where can I take a bus/taxi? ng bus/taksi? Sumakay ka/kayo ng... Take a... Lumiko ka/kayo .. Turn... Sa kaliwa/sa kanan To the lefi/to the right Nasa kanto ng... It’s on the corner of... Hinahanap ko ang... I'm looking for... Nawawala ako, I'm lost. 7E. CULTURE NOTE 1 Maynila is the Tagalog word for Manila, after its original name of May- Nilad, which was the name of a Muslim settlement at the mouth of the Pasig River, where white water lilies called nilad grew in abundance. Today, Manila is one of the 17 cities and municipalities that comprise the Metro- politan Manila area. Home to nearly 10 million people, it is the seventh largest city in Asia and the 16th worldwide. Manila traffic is legendary— Tagalog during rush hour its streets are congested with cars and buses, and the uniquely Filipino jeepneys. These public utility vehicles originated from American G.I, jeeps and were adopted as a popular means of mass trans- port. They are not only a colorful fixture of the Manila urban landscape but also an enduring symbol of Filipino ingenuity. 7F. GRAMMAR Verbal Focus Verbal focus is very important in the Tagalog language. It indicates the thematic role of the subject of the sentence (subject = the ang-marked noun phrase or ANG pronoun in the sentence). As with aspect, focus is expressed through different affixes, For now, let's study two focuses: actor and theme. If the subject functions as the actor in a sentence, the verb is in actor focus. If the subject functions as the theme, the verb is in theme focus. This is roughly equivalent to ac- tive and passive voices in English grammar, but only up to a certain extent as there are other focuses in the Tagalog language. So far, the verbs that you have encountered in the course are mostly actor focused verbs. Consider these examples: Kumain ako ng hapunan. J ate dinner. Nagbasa ako ng libro. Tread (past) a book. Pumara ako ng taksi. I stopped a taxi. Notice that in these sentences, the subject is ako (1) and it performs the role of actor, and the nouns, “dinner,” “book,” and “taxi” are the themes (hence marked with the marker ng instead of ang). Now observe the same sentences when the focus in each of them is shifted to the theme: Kinain ko ang hapunan. Tate (the) dinner. Binasa ko ang libro. Tread the book. Pinara ko ang taksi. I stopped the taxi. Note the following: ‘Ang has replaced ng as a marker before “dinner,” “book,” and “taxi,” indicat- ing that the noun that follows it is now in focus. Lesson 7 ¢Buouzbow Buapamng juonsanb e ¥se | ue)80, 2. The ANG pronoun ako has changed to the NG pronoun ko, indicating that it is no longer in focus. ‘You may also have observed from the examples above that shifting the fo- cus on the verb may mean a slight but important difference in the meaning of the sentence. For example, if a Tagalog speaker wants to say “I read (past) a book,” he or she will inflect the root word basa “read” with the actor foc affix mag, thus forming magbasa “to read,” which is an actor focused verb: Nagbasa ako ng libro. Tread a book. However, if the Tagalog speaker wants to say “I read the book,” he or she will inflect basa with the theme focus affix -in, thus forming binasa “read,” which is a theme-focused verb: Binasa ko ang libro. Tread the book. This is something to keep in mind about focus in Tagalog: whenever we want to express the idea of a definite theme (for example, ‘I read the book” as opposed to “I read a book"), we are obligated to use a theme-focused verb. This restriction applies to themes only. Actors can be definite even though the verb in the sentence is not in actor focus. For example, we can have Binasa ng bata ang libro “The child read the bool in this sentence, the verb is in theme focus. Nevertheless, the actor noun phrase ng bata (NG + child) can be interpreted as definite (“the child’). ‘The above sentence is an example where the choice of a Tagalog speaker to use one focus over the other has a grammatical basis. In other cases, where there is flexibility, the choice is guided by what the speaker wants to focus ‘on, or emphasize, in a sentence. Not all verb roots are as “versatile” as the verbs used in the sentences above, which are able to take on different affixations according to the focus. So it is important for the Tagalog learner to learn both the flexibility and limita- tions of each verb root. Let's now look at the affixes for theme-focused verbs, starting with the af- fix -in, by using some verb roots that you are already familiar with. (Again, note that not all verb roots we have seen so far can be changed using this affix, meaning that they cannot be expressed with the theme as the focus.) CONTEMPLATED. VERB ROOT “INFINITIVE COMPLETED INCOMPLETE kain kainin Kinain, kakainin kinakain hanap hanapin hinanap hahanapin hinahanap sabi sabihin sinabi sasabjhin sinasabi para parahin pinara paparahin pinapara | Tagalog To form the infinitive form of theme-focused verbs, -in is added to the end of the verb root. If it ends in a vowel, -hin is added. To form the completed aspect, -in is inserted before the first vowel of the root. To form the con- templated aspect, the first syllable of the infinitive form is repeated. The incomplete aspect is formed by repeating the first syllable of the root and inserting -in before the first vowel. Sasabihin niya ang sekreto. He/She will tell the secret. Hahanapin namin ang simbahan. We will look for the church. Pinara ko ang taksi. J stopped the taxi. Some other verbs that can take the -in affix: basa, dalaw, gamit, alis, gising. The other affixes used for theme-focused verbs are -an and i. We will look at these in a later lesson Expressing “to Be Able To” In Tagalog, a distinction is made between ability (being able to do some- thing) and skill (knowing how to do something). To express knowing how to perform a skill, marunong is used. Marunong ako ng Tagalog. T know Tagalog. The words puwede and maari are used to express being able to do some- thing. Puwede is derived from the Spanish verb “poder” (which means “to be able to”) and used more in everyday speech, while the Tagalog maari is used in formal spoken language and written texts. As with other modal verbs, they are used with the infinitive or neutral aspect of any given verb according to any focus. Puwede akong mag-taksi. I can take a taxi. Hindi siya puwedeng pumunta dito. He can’t come here. Puwede silang matulog ngayon, They can sleep now. Maari kayong sumulat. You (pl) may write, Formulating Questions with “Ba” Ba is a Tagalog word used for yes-no questions. It functions in the same way a question mark functions in orthography. It is usually placed after the lesson 7 {6u0un,6ow Buapamng juonsanb e ¥se | ue) 81first word of a sentence. The exception is the pronoun ka and other mono- syllabic pronouns or words like na (already) and pa (still, yet), which will precede ba in the sentence. Take a look at the following examples: Amerikano ba siya? Is he/she American? Mayroon ba ditong bangko? Is there a bank here? Kakain ka ba? Will you eat? Dumalaw na ba sila? Did they already visit? To form a negative question, ba is generally placed after hindi. Whenever the pronoun ka is used, ba is placed after it. Hindi ba siya taga-Maynila? Isn't he/she from Manila? Hindi ba tayo aalis? Aren't we leaving? Hindi ka ba aalis? Aren't you leaving? 7G. READING Katrina is writing an e-mail to her friend Josie, who is about to come to Ma- nila fora visit. Read through her e-mail and see how much you understand. Underline all the theme-focus verbs that use the -in affix. While you're at it, also observe the actor-focus yerbs with the -um- and mag- affixes and compare them with the theme-focus verbs. Look up the meanings of verbs you are not familiar with to increase your vocabulary. Dear Josie, Sa wakas, magbabalikbayan ka na! Oras na nga at ilan taon ka ding hindi umuwi dito, Sasabihin ko sa lahat ng kaibigan natin na darating ka. Matutuwa silang lahat. Dalawin natin sila pagdating mo dito. Alam ko pupunta ka rin sa Baguio. Kung gusto mo sasama ako sa iyo. Gami- tin natin ‘yun van namin para maginhawa ang biyahe. Planuhin mong mabuti ang bakasyon mo dahil tatlong lingo ka lang dito at maraming kang bibisitahin. Dito pa lang sa Maynila, kulang na ang panahon. Sabi- hin mo lang sa akin kung may gusto ka pang gawin dito para maplano natin agad, okay? Sige. Magkita na lang tayo sa isang buwan. Katrina Tagalog Dear Josie, You're coming home at last! It’s about time, as you haven't come home in a few years. I will tell all our friends that you're coming. They will all be glad. Let's visit them when you get here. I know you're going to Baguio. If you want, I'll go with you, Let’s use our van so the trip will be comfortable. Plan your trip well because you'll only be here for three weeks and you have a lot of people to visit. Just here in Manila, you won't have the time. Just tell me if there’s something else you want to do so we can plan it right away, okay? Bye for now. We'll see each other in a month. Katrina 7H. CULTURE NOTE 2 The compound word balikbayan (balik “return” + bayan “country”) is the special name given to a Filipino residing abroad who has returned to the country for a visit. This often sentimental journey back to the native land speaks of the Filipino’s strong homing instinct and is always the cure, al- beit short-lived, for nostalgia-ridden expatriates. They come back in droves, many with their foreign-born offspring, to reconnect their children to their roots. Their homecoming is cause for celebration, and the welcome is al- ways effusive. Many wish to come back for good and spend their retire- ment years in a place they have never stopped calling home In 2003 the Philippine Congress recognized what is behind this phenom- enon and gave balikbayans what many of them longed for. It passed a law allowing former Filipinos and their minor dependents who have become naturalized citizens of other counties to regain their Philippine citizenship. The following website lists some links that are helpful to balikbayans and may interest any student of Filipino culture: balik-bayan.com/index. shtml. EXERCISES ‘A.Choose a word from the list below to complete the dialogue. anuman gasolinahan diyan kalye kaliwa — malapit tabi A. Mayroon bang () na (2)_—_dito? B.00, (3)___lang sa susunod na (4) A.Kanano (5). ? B. Deretso lang po, nasa kanto,sa___—_(6). ng banko. Lesson 7 7 ie is j6uounr6ou Buapamng juoNsonb e se | ue) = 83A. Okey, salamat po. B, Walang__ (7) B. Complete the following verb chart using the -in affix: ‘VERE ROOT ©——=INFINITIVE. COMPLETED «CONTEMPLATED INCOMPLETE gamit (use) sabi (say, tell) “ hanap (look for) dala (bring) puri (praise) C, Translate the following sentences using the verbs from the chart in the previous activity: 1. Lwill bring the book. 2, She praised the child. 3, Did you (plural) say (it) in Tagalog? 4. Lar looking for the street. 5, She is using the bathroom. ANSWER KEY Comprehension Practice . a) Puwedeng magtanong? 2. b) tapat ng simbahan 3. b) isang oras 4.Malapit means “near.” 5. Walang anuman means “You're welcome.” Exercises A.t.malapit 2. gasolinahan 3, diyan 4. kalye 5. kaliwa 6. tabi 7-anuman 4 Tegelon = an - eet VERB ROOT INFINITIVE 7 COMPLETED. CONTEMPLATED. INCOMPLETE | gamit (use) gamitin ginamit gagamitin ginagamit ‘sabi (say, tell) sabihin sinabi sosabihin singsabi roremeereni hanapin hinanap hahanapin hinahanap dala (bring) datahin dinala dadalahin dinadala | “(dadathin) puri (pratse) purihin pinurl puputinin pinupuri C.1. Dadalhin ko ang libro. 2. Pinuri niya ang bata. 3, Sinabi ba ninyo (iyon) sa Tagalog? 4. Hinahanap ko ang kalye, _ 5. Ginagamit niya ang banyo. INDEPENDENT CHALLENGE: TAGALOG JOURNAL Imagine that you are having people over to your place. Write out the directions in as many Tagalog words as you can, taking particular care of your verb forms. You may use -um- verbs, such as liko, sakay, para, punta, etc,, in the infinitive form to express commands, or the verb puwede in your directions. Make use of words and expressions from this lesson that are related to giving directions. Write the directions in your journal and try to use them in real life if you have the oppor tunity. Have fun! Lesson 7 zbuounjbou Buapamng juonsanb e yse | uey 85,LESSON Nandiyan ba si Mister Panganiban? This lesson focuses on [s Mr. Panganiban there? basic telephone language and how to make re- quests. You will also learn how to express need and ability as well as how to use conjunctions to link phrases in Tagalog. Let's start with a vocabu- lary warm-up! 8A. VOCABULARY WARM-UP nandiyan darating (root dating) makausap (root usap) is there, are there will come, will arrive to be able to speak to, to be able to talk to pakisabi (root sabi) please tell pakitanong (root tanong) please ask 8B, DIALOGUE Jennifer works for a small marketing company in Makati City, where she is in charge of procuring equipment. She calls a computer supplier to inquire about an order she placed last week. Jennifer: Secretary: Jennifer: Secretary: Jennifer: Secretary: Hello? Nandiyan na ba si Mister Panganiban? Wala pa po siya. Ah, ganoon? Ano’ng oras siya darating? Mga alas-nuwebe. Ano po ang kailangan nila? Kasi importante na makausap ko siya tungkol sa order namin noong isang lingo. Gusto ninyong mag-iwan ng message?Jennifer: Oo, sige. Pakisabi sa kaniya na tumawag ang j, Jennifer mane know about h Philcorp. Pakitanong kung kailan darating __ a)an appointment —_b) an order c) a meeting ‘yung order namin. Kung puwede tumawag hoes Kailangan expresses siya dito agad. The prefix paki- is equivalent to in English. Secretary: Sige po. Ano po ang pangalan at numero nila? Jennifer: Jennifer Rivera na taga-Philcorp sa Makati. Alam na niya ang numero dito. Tumawag, din ako kahapon pero hindi ko rin siya 8C. VOCABULARY nakansap/ Okay, sige Salamat; la? Bead HOES He Secretary: Walang anuman. Sige po. darating (root dating) will come, will arrive importante important i b se jennifer: Hello? Is Mister Panganiban there? Kasi ene Secretary: He is not here yet. kung puwede if it can be, if possible Jeriusfere Ts that sop When (what Hire) will he be, mag iwan (root iwan) to leave (something or someone) coming in? nakausap was able to speak with Secretary: Around 9 o’clock. Do you need anything? noong isang buwan. last month fennifer: It’s important that I talk to him about an noong isang lin; last week S ig tinggo j last ; orden we placed last week, noong isang taon last year Secretary: i ? Secretary: Would you like to leave a message? a swag (root tawag) Called! Jennifer: Yes, sure. Please tell him that Philcorp called. : Please ask him when our order will get to our conse ol abou Makati branch. If possible, ask him to call me right away. Secretary: Sure. What’s your name and number? 8D, KEY PHRASES Jennifer: Jennifer Rivera from Philcorp in Makati. Tagalog speakers use the following phrases when talking on the phone: He already knows the number here. I called , yesterday, too, but I wasn’t able to talk to Hello! Hello! him then, either. Okay, goodbye. Thanks. Nandiyan ba si... ? Is... there? Secretary: You're welcome. Bye. Puwedeng makausap si...? Can I talk to... ? Wala pa siya. He/She is not here yet. Comprehension Practice . = 5 Darating siya alas... He/She will be coming/arriving Answer the following questions based on the dialogue: ‘ats. 1, When Jennifer calls the office, the first thing she asks is Puwedeng mag-iwan Can I leave a message? a) Kailan siya darating? b) Nasaan si ©) Nandiyan ba si Mr. ng mesane? ‘Mr. Panganiban? Panganiban? Pwedeng magbilin? Can I leave a message? 2. According to the secretary, Mr, Panganiban is coming in at around 7 - a} alas-nuwebe b) alas-otso c) alas-diyes Pakisabi mo sa kaniya na... Please tell him/her that... 88 Tagalog ; Lesson 8 jupgqiupBund Ja1S|j |S 0g UDAIpUDN 42194} UeqIUeBUed “IW SItawagan ako ..-to call me .. kailangan ko... .Tneed... . +. tatawag ulit ako. .- J’ call again. Pakitanong kung... Please ask if... Pakitanong kung kailan... Please ask when Pakitanong kung saan... Please ask where... Pakitanong kung ano... Please ask what... Pakitanong kung alin... Please ask which... Kung puwede. If he/she can... Ano’ng numero ninyo/nila? - What’s your (polite form) number? 8E. CULTURE NOTE 1 Makati City is the business and financial center of the Philippines, nick- named the “Wall Street of the Philippines” and home to the country's most powerful and affluent. Makati City is one of the 17 cities and municipali- ties comprising the Metro Manila area and easily the most cosmopolitan of them all, with its towering skyscrapers, five-star hotels, upscale shops, and posh residences. Major banks, multinational corporations, embassies, and the Makati Stock Exchange have also made their home in this city. Deemed a useless wasteland dotted with swamps and cogon grass in the Spanish era, it is now considered the country’s premier city and a model of modern urban planning. SF. GRAMMAR More on Expressing Ability: Maka- Affixation We have seen that in Tagalog, the word puwede is used to express ability. However, we have mainly seen it used in its infinitive form: Puwede kang pumunta dito? Can you come here? In Tagalog, ability can also be marked in verbs using affixation. The maka- affixation, used for actorfocused sentences, marks both the ability and the opportunity to carry out the action specified by the verb root, It can also be used to express accidental or involuntary actions over which the actor perceives he or she has no control. Tagalog Taking the root usap (to speak, to talk), we have the following forms according to the maka- affixation: INFINITIVE COMPLETED CONTEMPLATED INCOMPLETE makausap nakausap makakausap nakakausap to beable to speak was.ableto speak will be able to speck _is able to speak The infinitive form cannot stand by itself and must be used with a modal verb, such as puwede (can), gusto (like, want), kailangan (need), etc., or in a negative sentence. Puwede kong makausap si Mr. Henares? Can I speak with Mr. Henares? Gusto kong makausap ang tatay mo, I want to (be able to) speak with your father. Hindi niya makausap si Christy. He/She is not able to speak with Christy. When the maka: affix is used with other aspects, the verbs can stand by themselves. Observe this affixation used in actor-focused sentences with verb roots that you are now familiar with: Nakapunta ka ba sa Manila kahapon? Were you able to go to Manila yesterday? Makakakain ka ba sa bahay? Will you be able to eat at home? Nakakagising ka ba ng maaga? Are you able to wake up early? To express ability in actor-focused verbs, the ma- affixation is used. Let’s take the verb root sabi (say, tell) affixed according to ma+ | INFINITIVE COMPLETED CONTEMPLATED. INCOMPLETE | masabi nasabi masasabi nasasabi | to be able to was able to will be able to is able to sayftell say/tell say/tell say/tell Nasabi mo ba sa kaniya? Were you able to tell him? Ano na ang nasasabi mo sa Tagalog? What are you able to say in Tagalog? Masasabi mo ba ang gusto mo? Will you be able to say what you want? Lesson 8 {uog|UDBung Ja}sIW 15 0g UOKIpuDN {2194 UeQ\UeBUed “1M S|The infinitive form, as with the maka-set, cannot stand by itself and is only used in the negative or with modal verbs: Hindi ko masabi ang pangalan niya. I can't say his/her name. Dapat masabi mo ang totoo. You must be able to say what's true, Expressing Need Need is expressed in Tagalog with the word kailangan, and it is not in- flected for aspect. It behaves like gusto, which means that the pronoun representing the subject doing the needing is in object/NG form. Kailangan ko I need kailangan mo You need (sing.) | Kailangan niya He/she needs kailangan natin We need (inclusive) Kailangan namin We need (exclusive) Kailangan ninyo You need (pl./sing. formal) Kailangan nila They need Kailangan ko ng telepono, Ineed a phone. (lit., A phone is necessary to me.) Kailangan natin ang telepono. We need the telephone. Notice the item that is required is in subject form. Similarly, if it is the presence of the speaker that is required, then the pronoun will appear in subject or ANG form: Kailangan ako sa bahay. Tam needed at home. Kailangan tayo sa opisina. We are needed at the office. Watch how the pronouns behave in the following examples: Kailangan natin siya. We need him. Kailangan niya tayo. He needs us. Tagalog ; As a modal verb, it is used with the infinitive form of verbs: Kailangan kong mag-aral. I need to study. Kailangan mong magtrabaho. You need to work. Note here that the linker -ng is used to link a NG pronoun to the verb. This is another way that linkers can be used in Tagalog. Command Form with Paki- The prefix paki- is used to turn a verb root into a request and is limited to the NG pronouns mo (you) and ninyo (you, pl.). This is roughly equiva- lent to. adding the word “please” to command forms in English to form a request Pakigawa mo ‘yung report. Please do the report. Pakisabi ninyo sa kaniya na bukas ang meeting. Please tell him that the meeting is tomorrow. Linking Phrases with Conjunctions Let’s look at two ways of linking phrases together in Tagalog. Take the fol- lowing two sentences together: Pakisabi sa kaniya. Please tell him. Kailangan ko siyang makausap. I need to speak with him. To join them together, the linker na is used, equivalent to the English con- junction “that.” Pakisabi sa kaniya na kailangan ko siyang makausap. Please tell him that I need to speak to him. A different conjunction, kung, is needed before question words: Hindi ko alam. I.don’t know. Kailan ka darating. When you will come. Hindi ko alam kung kailan ka darating. I don’t know when you will come. Lesson 8 = a 5 gS = = 5 = s S = s 5 = = 3 5 = s = z 2 s = S s 3 = § 5On Kung as a conjunction is likewise used with other question words such as ano, sino, alin, saan, gaano, etc. When it is not used to complement a sen- tence, kung has the meaning of “if” Kung darating ka bukas, magluluto ako. If you're arriving tomorrow, Pll cook. 8G. READING Read the following e-mail massage written by Delia Malabanan to her coworker Ernie. As you read, make note of the use of kailangan and the affixes and linkers that you have learned from this lesson: Erie, Nakuha ko ‘yung proposal mo kahapon, salamat. Sa palagay ko kai- langan nating baguhin ‘yung venue ng meeting, Hindi makakapunta sa Laguna si Mr. Johnson dahil masyadong malayo at magagahol na siya sa panahon. Alas+res ng hapon ang lipad niya papunta sa Davao. Siguro mas madali kung sa Makati na lang ang meeting. Ano sa palagay mo? Isang tanong pa: makakahanap ka ba ng puwedeng sumalubong sa kaniya sa airport? Kailangan kong malaman agad kung walang puwede para masabi ko sa staff dito. Pakitanong na- man diyan, Sige. Salamat ulit sa tulong mo. P.S. Kung makakagawa ka ng itinerary para sa trip ni Mr. Johnson sa Davao, pakidala mo sa meeting natin bukas. Salamat. Delia Ernie, I got your proposal yesterday, thanks. I think we need to change the meeting’s venue. Mr. Johnson won't be able to go all the way to Laguna because he won't have enough time. His flight to Davao is at 4 p.m. Maybe it’s better to hold the meeting in Makati. What do you think? One more question: Gan you find someone who can pick him up at the airport? I need to know soon if no one can do it so I can tell the staff here. Please ask around. Bye. Thanks again for your help. PS. If you can make up an itinerary for Mr. Johnson’s trip to Davao, please bring it to our meeting tomorrow. Thanks. Delia 8H. CULTURE NOTE 2 Question: What's in a Filipino name? Answer: Layers of cultural diversity. Understandably, Spanish surnames abound as many Filipinos are descen- dants of Spaniards, and, as in any Latin American country, Castilian and Tagalog > 2 even Catalan or Basque last names are not uncommon, Late in the Spanish era, Filipinos were also alphabetically assigned Spanish surnames accord- ing to the towns they lived in to facilitate the collection of taxes. The moni- ker for the Filipino everyman is “Juan De la Cruz,” and the country’s name itself is after Philip Il, who was heir to the Spanish throne when Span- ish colonization began. A significant number of last names are of Chinese origin, orthographically romanized during the colonial period (Tiangco, Cojuangco, Uytengsu). So are there indigenous Filipino names? Yes, thank fully: Acop, Balatbat, Macaraeg, Panganiban, Silayan, to name a few. These names are derived not only from Tagalog but also from other indigenous languages such as Ilocano and Cebuano. Given names are another story. At one time the Catholic calendar was the main source for names, and then, later, Hollywood came into the picture. Today, while there are still Marias and Pedros, Dicks and Janes, modern Fili- pino name choices are more global, although still drawing mostly from the West. A truly indigenous given name (Lakandula, Diwata) is more of a rarity. Indigenous given names, juxtaposed with multicultural surnames, make for many unique combinations. To find out more about Filipino names, inchid- ing a catalog of indigenous names, go to www.bibingka.com/names EXERCISES Choose a word or prefix from the list below to complete the dialogue, You may not need to use every word in the list. na nandiyan sino kailangan kung paki- A:__(1)__ basi Mrs. Kalaw? o : Wala po. Nasa probinsya po. __(2)__po sila? > Kaibigan niya. Si Mrs. Hernandez. Alam mo ba___(3)__kailan siya nasa bahay? B: Bukas pa ho ng umaga. A: Puwedeng magiwan ng message? __(4)__tanong mo kung maka kapunta siya sa parti ko bukas. (5) ko kasi na malaman agad. B: Sige po. Sasabihin ko sa kaniya___(6)__tumawag kayo. 2 : Salamat, ha? Fill in each blank with either na or kung. 1, Alam mo ba importante ito? 2. Sabihin mo sa akin kailan ka babalik. 3. Gusto kong malaman__ sino ang dumating kahapon. Lesson 8 dupgyunBudg Ja}SIW JS Dq UDAIPUBN 72194} Ueq|URZUeY “IW SI) 954. Pakisabi sa kaniya___nandito na si Mr. Dizon. LESSON 5, Pakitanong mo sa mga bata__alin dito ang mga libro nila 6. Hindi namin sinabi____ may asawa ka na. C.Fill in each blank with the right form of the verb root in parentheses by Magkano ito? using the maka- affixation to express ability, 1. Hindi ko siya (usap)___—___kahapon, How much is this? 2. Bukas (dalaw) ___ kami sa ospital. 3. Lagi akong (tawag) sa kaniya, In this lesson, you will learn some vocabulary used in shopping, as well as 4.\Gusto kong (hanap)_|_|_ig nga bagong empleyado: how to make comparisons and suggestions. You will also become familiar with other theme-focused verbs, demonstrative pronouns, and adjectives. . Noong isang linggo, tal Sy Noang sang linggo, (punts Let's start with a vocabulary warm-up! ako sa Laguna, 6. Kailangan tayong (balik) ___ngalas-singko. 9A. VOCABULARY WARM-UP ANSWER KEY Comprehension Practice regalo, pasalubong gift 1. ¢) Nandiyan ba si Mr. Panganiban? 2. a) alas-nuwebe 3. b) an order bigyan (root bigay) give 4. Kailangan expresses “need.” 5, The prefix paki- is equivalent to “please” pera money in English. hawakan (root hawak) hold A..nandiyan 2,sino 3.kung 4. paki 5. kailangan 6.na Rea Search B.i.na/kung 2,kung 3.kung 4.na 5. kung 6. na/kung bade eotcnal C1. nakausap 2. makakadalaw 3, nakakatawag 4, makahanap i. 5, nakapunta 6. makabalik sapatos shoes INDEPENDENT CHALLENGE: TAGALOG JOURNAL 9B. DIALOGUE Gigi and Rico, two siblings living in Australia, are about to visit their family in the Philippines. They are at the mall, shopping for pasalubong (gifts for people back home), looking around and talking about what to buy. The Internet is a great resource for learning another language. For this challenge, use an Internet search engine and type in Tagalog verb roots that you know with the affixes that you've learned from this les: son, like maka- or paki-. Doing this should take you to many Internet Gigi: Hahanap pa ako ng regalo para sa Nanay. sites with authentic Tagalog texts, Read the contexts in which your Tulungan mo ako. words appear and try to understand them. Copy whole sentences into cat eit i 2 your journal especielly he ones whose meanings you have been able Bic: Pigyan mo nallangieya siyaiue Dera to figure out. Look up words that you do not understand and don’t Gigi: Oo pero gusto ko ibili rin siya ng forget to jot down new vocabulary in your journal. The possibilities pasalubong. for learning through the Internet are endless. Make good use of it and ico: lye i . ida nito, have fun learning more Tagalog via the Internet! Rico: Iyang mga bag tingnan mo. Ang ganda nito, o, Hawakan mo. 96) Tagalog98 Tagalog Gigi: Rico: Gigi: Rico: Gigi: Rico: Gigi: Rico: Gigi: Rico: Gigi: Rico: Gigi: Rico: Gigi: Rico: Gigi: Rico; Gigi: Ay, 00 nga. Ang lambot ng balat. Magkano ito? Isang daan. Hindi masyadong mahal. Ano sa palagay mo? I-text ko kaya siya para itanong kung kailangan niya ng bag. Bilhin mo na. Sige na nga. Ilagay mo diyan, Ah, sandali. Tingnan din natin itong mga sapatos. Maganda iyang brown pero mas maganda itong itim ... pero ito ba ang size niya? Bakit hindi mo isukat? Hindi ba magkasinglaki ang mga paa ninyo? Oo... Ah, okey ‘to. Tama lang. Halika na. Bayaran na natin. Sandali! Bibilhan ko pa ng pasalubong ang Tatay! Siya ang pinakamahirap bilhan. I still have to look for a gift for mother. Help me. How about just giving her money? Yeah, but I also want to buy her a (souvenir) gift. Look at those bags. This one is nice. Hold it. Oh, yeah. The leather is soft. How much is this? One hundred. It’s not too expensive. What do you think? J probably should send her a text message to ask if she needs a bag. Just buy it. Oh, all right. Put it there. Oh, wait. Let’s look at these shoes too. Those brown ones are nice but these black ones are nicer... but is this her size? Why don’t you try them on? Aren’t your feet the same size? Yeah... Okay, they’re good. Just right. Let’s go and pay now. b 1 . Mahal means Rico: Wait! still have to buy father a gift. He’s the hardest one to shop for. Comprehension Practice Answer the following questions based on the dialogue: . To ask for belp in finding a gift for their mother, Gigi asks Rico a) Tingnan mo b) Ano sa palagay mo? ¢) Tulungan mo ako. ‘The bag she and Rico are looking at costs a) isang dan b) setenta ©) dalawang daan Gigi also wants to look at a) mga libra b) mga sapatos c) mga telepono ‘Magkano means oC. VOCABULARY Ano sa palagay mo? What is your opinion? What do you think? balat skin, leather bayad (root) to pay bili (root) to buy hawak (root) to hold, to touch kaya perhaps lagay (root) to put lambot soft magkasing- equally (prefix) mas more (used in comparisons) masyado too pinaka- most (prefix) sara (root) to shut, to close sukat (root) size (noun), to try on (verb) tama lang just right tulong (root) to help Lesson 9 204 oupyHoW i514) St YNW MoH wee {99100 9D. KEY PHRASES ‘The following are phrases you will commonly hear while shopping in the Philippines: Magkano ito? Ano’ng presyo? Ang mahal naman! Ang mura! Mayroon kayong... ? Mayroong iba? Nasaan ang mga... . +. laruan. + damit .+. fla pangbabae ...na panglalaki ... bestida blusa ++. pang-itaas .. pang-ibaba .+-palda pantalon ...amerikana ...medyas .+- korbata maleta :++alahas vtelo .. kasangkapan sa bahay kasangkapan sa kusina ... pangdekorasyon Puwedeng gumamit ng credit card? Puwedeng isukat? Tagalog How much is this? What's the price? How expensive! How cheap! Do you have . Is there another one? Where are the... ? ++ toys clothes ++. women’s ++.men’s dress «+. blouse ++. tops ++. bottoms ++. Skirt +» pants + Suit ++. Socks tie ... luggage .. jewelry ++. Watch ... housewares ... kitchenware «decorative Can I use a credit card? Can I try it on? Mas gusto ko ito. I like this one more/better. Hindi ko gusto ‘yan. I don’t like that. Puwedeng tumawad? Can I haggle/ask for a better price? OE. CULTURE NOTE 14 Soon after Filipinos discovered wireless technology, they became avid “tex- ters,” making use of the text messaging feature of their cellular phones like no one else in the world, It is estimated that the 12 million cell phone users in the country send 150 million text messages daily, the most by any single nation. Aside from providing a cheap alternative to phone calls, this technology seems to have found favor in a culture where familial bonds and social ties are top priority, Text messaging has indeed become indis- pensable to the modern Filipino lifestyle, as any public scene would attest to, Its use even extends from the mundane to the highly political. On one occasion, masses of people were hastily mobilized through text messages to participate in demonstrations that ultimately removed a president from power. oF, GRAMMAR Demonstrative Pronouns ‘The following are demonstrative pronouns used in Tagalog: SUBJECT/ANG PRONOUN OBJECTING PRONOUN this ito nito that iyan nlyan | thot (over there) lyon niyon To form the plural, ang mga is added before demonstrative subject pro nouns. The i in demonstrative subject pronouns is often dropped in infor mal speech (‘to, ‘yon, ‘yan). Now observe their use in both subject-focused and object-focused sen- tences: Tingnan mo ito (‘to). Look at this. Kumain ka nito. Eat this. Bilhin mo iyan (‘yan). Buy that. Lesson 9 20)! ounyBDW 3514) S| yonW MoHGumawa ka niyan. Make that. To use them as adjectives, the suffix -ng is added: Bilhin mo itong libro. Buy this book, Bumili ka nitong libro. Buy this book. Comparatives To express equality in Tagalog, the prefix magkasing- or kasing- is added to the adjective root. Take a look at the following examples: Magkasingganda si Amy at si Rose. Amy and Rose are equally beautiful. Si Amy ay kasingganda ni Rose. Amy is as beautiful as Rose. Ang sapatos ay kasingmahal ng bag. The shoes are as expensive as the bag. Notice that the two nouns compared in the last two sentences have differ- ent markers. When using the kasing- prefix to express equality, the subject is marked with si or ang, and what it is being compared with is marked with ni or ng. Remember, si and ni will be used when comparing people whose names are mentioned, while ang and ng will be used for all other nouns. To express inequality, place the markers kaysa kay (for names of people) or kaysa. sa (for all other nouns) between the nouns that are being compared. The adjective is marked with mas (from the Spanish “mds”; the Tagalog is higit na, but this is rarely used in everyday speech). Mas matangkad si Joel kaysa kay Carlo. Joel is taller than Carlo. Mas malaki ang bahay mo kaysa sa bahay ko. Your house is bigger than mine. Ang semento ay higit na matibay kaysa sa kahoy. Cement is more durable than wood. The superlative (the most) is expressed with the prefix pinaka- attached to the adjective. Pinakamagandang babae siya. She’s the most beautiful woman. Math ang pinakamahirap na klase. Math is the hardest subject. Tagalog Ito ang pinakamahal na kotse. This is the most expensive car. Theme, Beneficiary, and Location-Focused Verbs In Lesson 7, you learned that the verbal affix -in is used in sentences where the focus is on the theme. Other verbal affixes that indicate theme focus are i-and-an, Isara mo ang pinto. Close the door. Tulungan mo si Marie. Help Marie. Aside from a general focus on the theme (the receiver of the action), a Tagalog sentence can also focus on something more specific, such as the beneficiary of the action (for whom or what an action is performed), or the location or direction (where or toward whom or what an action is di- rected), Both the i and -an affixes can be used to mark the beneficiary focus. Consider the following sentences where, in both cases, the focus is on the beneficiary of the action (Anne) of buying (bili). Ibili mo si Anne ng sapatos. Buy Anne shoes. Bilhan mo si Anne ng sapatos, Buy Anne shoes. Note that not all verbs have the flexibility to be used with both affixes with- out a change in meaning, Take the verb root sulat (to write). Used with the i- affix, the focus is on the theme (“number”). Isulat mo ang numero. Write the number, When the affix -an is used, the focus is shifted to the one written to (the beneficiary), not what is written. Sulatan mo si Carol. Write to Carol. Now let's look at the different forms of verbs that use these affixes. ‘The infinitive form of é- affix verbs is formed by placing é- in front of the root. sulat isulat The completed aspect is formed by inserting -in before the first vowel of the infinitive form appearing after the i- (if the verb root starts with a vowel or the consonants h, y, n, or I, the affix is changed to ni- and is placed before the first syllable of the root) sulat isinulat Lesson 9 201) ounyBow ésiyy s| yonw MoH 103104 The contemplated aspect is formed by repeating the first syllable of the infinitive form appearing after the é. sulat isusulat The incomplete aspect is formed by inserting -in before the first vowel of the repeated syllable of the contemplated form (again for verb roots that start with a vowel or the consonants h, y, n, or l, ni-is placed before the first repeated syllable) sulat isinisulat Look at the chart below for more examples of this formation: | VERB ROOT INFINITIVE COMPLETED CONTEMPLATED INCOMPLETE bili ibili ibinill ibibili ibinibili sulat isulat isinulat isusulat isinisulet lagay ilagay inilagay ilalagay inilalagay sara isara isinara isasara isinasara Now let's look at the forms of verbs with the -an affix. VERB ROOT INFINITIVE COMPLETED CONTEMPLATED INCOMPLETE hawak hawakan hinawakan hahawakan hinahawakan dalat dalhan dinalhan dadalhan dinadalhan tulong** ‘tulungan tinulungan ——_tutulungan tinutulungan tingin** tingnan tiningnan titingnan itingnan | bayad** bayaran binayaran babayaran binabayaran *1f the verb root ends in a, the a is dropped and an h is adiled to the affix (han). **These verbs undergo spelling changes when used with these affixes. Numbers above 20 Let's now learn the rest of the numbers in Tagalog. TAGALOG FORM SPANISH FORM 20 dalawampu beynte 21 dalawampu't isa beyntiuno 22 dalawampu't dalawa beyntidos 2. dalawampu't tatlo beyntitres Tagalog 30 tatlumpu treynta 40 apatnapu SSS Carta y 50 limampu singkuwenta 60 animnapu sesenta 70 pitumpu setenta 80 walumpu. otsenta 90 siyamnapu no bent | 100 isang daan siyento 107 isang daan at isa : siyento uno | 102 isang daan at dalawa siyento dos 103 isang daan at tatlo siyento tres 25 isang daan at dalawampu’t lima siyento beyntisinko 400 apat na raan kuwatro siyentos | 600 animnaraan sais siyentos | 900 siyam na raan nuwebe siyentos | 1000 isang libo, isanlibo - mil 1001 isanglibo'tisa mil uno 2010 dalawang libo’tsampu dos mil diyes 1,000,000 isang milyon = Oe Notice the use of the linkers -ng and na before daan/raan, libo, and milyon. 9G. READING The word bilin in Tagalog can mean a request for a favor, an errand, or even an item to buy. Read the following e-mail message written by Andy to his brother Dan, who lives abroad and is about to visit his family in the Philip- pines. Notice how he makes his requests using the affixations that you've learned from this lesson. Subject: Mga bilin Dan, Ito na ‘yung mga bilin ng mga tao dito. Ready? Mahaba itong lis- tahan. ;) Lesson 9 105106 ~ Tagalog Dalhan mo daw si Nanay ng mga kubrekama. Walang bilin ang Ta- tay pero sa palagay ko, ibili mo na lang siya ng shirts na pamasok niya. Magkasinglaki yata kayo ng sukat. Kailangan niya ‘yun, Sa akin naman, sapatos na lang ang ipasalubong mo at saka ibili mo din ako ng digital kamera, kung puwede. Babayaran kita, okay? Mas, mura kasi diyan, Si Jane, ihanap mo daw siya ng Italian cookbook. Sa mga pamangkin mo, mga damit na lang 0 laruan. Mga libro pu- wede din. Mahilig naman silang magbasa. O sige. Excited ang lahat na makita ka! Andy Subject: The gifts Dan, Here’s what people are asking for here. Ready? This is a long list. ;-) Get mom some bed covers. Dad is not asking for anything but just buy him some shirts for work. You have the same size. He needs those. As for me, get me some shoes and a digital camera, if you can. I will pay (for it, okay? Because it’s cheaper there. With regards to Jane, she says look for an Italian cookbook. For your nieces and nephews, clothes or toys. You can buy books too. They are fond of reading. Okay. Everyone is excited to see you! Andy OH. CULTURE NOTE 2 Pasalubongs are an important part of Filipino gift-giving culture. The verb root salubong means “to meet someone” or “to welcome someone.” Pasalu- bongs are gifts that someone who has been on a trip somewhere gets for people back home. A short weekend or even a day trip somewhere would warrant gift-giving of this nature, and small items are bought: souvenirs, food, clothes, whatever may be the specialty of a given place. The longer the time spent away, the more gifts may be expected. Therefore, those mil- lions of Filipinos living abroad preparing for a trip home often go through a ritual of frenzied shopping for gifts for friends and relatives. This can easily translate to finding gifts for several dozens of people. Sometimes roomier boxes are filled in place of cramped suitcases, some of them even sent months in advance. To come home empty-handed would be to break tradition. Filipinos love their pasalubongs but more importantly they love to please their loved ones with gifts. There is a website for people looking to buy pasalubongs online. Check it out and learn more about the gift-giving culture of Filipinos: filgifts.com. EXERCISES A.Choose a word from the list below to complete the dialogue. You may not bw e need to use every word in the list. tatlo mahal daan presyo magkano mura & ce po itong tshirt? B. Dalawang (2) po. A. Ang (3) naman, Walang mas, pits (4 )ien 8 snes B. Ito po, Isang daan Jang. Maganda din ‘yan, A. Okey, Bigyan ninyo ako ng (5) . Write the following numerals in Tagalog numbers: 1.89 2.124 3. 367 4-514 _ 5-709 6.1963 7: 1985 Complete the following thank-you note by changing the yerb root accord- ing to the form indicated in parentheses. Lorna, salamat sa mga padala mo! ‘Yung mga kuwadro (i- verb/lagay, com- pleted) (1), Sk sa sala, Ang ganda at bagay na bagay! Tapos ‘yung padala mong bestida kay Pamela, (i- verb/suot, com: pleted) _(2) niya agad sa party. Salamat din daw, at (an verb/sulat, contemplated) (3) ka daw niya. (-an verb/tingin, contemplated) 4) ko kung makakapunta ako diyan sa isang buwan, (-an verb/dala, contemplated) i oo kita ng mga prutas, At saka (i- verb/sulat, in- finitive) (6) mo din sa akin ang sukatng mga anak mo—gusto ko silang (i. verb/bili, infinitive) (7) ng damit, Okay. Hanggang dito na lang muna. Maraming salamat ulit Lesson 9. 20}! ouDyBoW {S14} si yonuW MOH, 107ANSWER KEY Comprehension Practice a. ¢) Tulungan mo ako. 2. a) isangdaan 3, b) mga sapatos 4. Magkano means “how much.” 5. Mahal means “expensive.” A.1.magkano 2.daan 3, mahal 4. mura 5. tatlo B. 1. walumpu't siyam 2. isang daan at dalawampu't apat 3, tatlong daan. atanimnapu't pito 4. limang daan at labing apat 5. pitong daan at si- yam 6. isang libo siyam na raan at animnapu'ttatlo 7. isang libo siyam na raan at walumpu’t lima C.1.inilagay 2. isinuot 43, susulatan 4. titingnan 5. dadalhan G6. isulat 7. ibili INDEPENDENT CHALLENGE: TAGALOG JOURNAL For your journal, imagine that you have been living in the Philippines and you are about to leave. You are buying pasalubong for your friends. back home, Make a shopping list using words that you've learned in this lesson, Remember that for a lot of gift items, English words are used too. Then imagine that you are in a department store looking for these items and talking to different salespeople. Use the Tagalog phrases that you already know to create an imagined dialogue with these salespeople. Don’t forget to use demonstrative pronouns, adjec- tives, and comparatives, when possible. Log these conversations in your journal, Happy shopping! Tagalog LESSON 10 In this lesson, you will learn how to use the Tagalog expression gusto (to want, to like) and similar verbs in different aspects. You will learn how to modify nouns with adjectives and phrases, You will also become familiar with restaurant expressions and Filipino cuisine in general. Let's start with a vocabulary warm-up. Ano’ng masarap dito? What's good here? 10A, VOCABULARY WARM-UP masarap delicious subukan (root subok) try (infinitive and command form) isda fish tubig water mainit na sabaw hot soup magbabayad (root bayad) will pay panghimagas dessert busog ‘full, satisfied (relating to food) umupo (root upo) to sit 10B. DIALOGUE Sarah is from Zamboanga, a city in the Southern Philippines. She is in Manila attending a conference. For dinner one rainy night, she decides to go to a restaurant specializing in Filipino home-cooked meals. Let's listen in as she talks to the waiter. Sarah: May libreng mesa para sa isa? Waiter: Kahit saan po puwedeng maupo. Ito po ang menu.no Tagalog : Salamat. Ano po ang gusto nila? Sarah: Ano’ng masarap dito? Waiter: Subukan po ninyo ‘yung litson namin. Sarah: Ay, hindi ako kumakain ng baboy. Waiter. Ah, ch, isda po? Sarah: Puwede rin. Ano ‘tong Bicol Express? Waiter: Maanghang po ‘yan na may gata at may baboy din po. Sarah: Ganoon ba? Itong escabecheng lapu-lapu na lang. Tapos gusto ko rin ng mainit na sabaw, Waiter: Bulalo po, mayroon kami. Sarah: Sige, paborito ko ‘yun. Waiter: Ano po ang gusto nilang inumin? Sarah: Tubig lang. At saka dalhan mo rin ako ng kanin. Waiter: Opo, kasama na po ‘yun. Wala na po? Sarah: Sige, manggang hilaw na may bagoong din. ‘Tama na siguro ‘yan. (After the meal) Sarah: Waiter, magbabayad na ako. Waiter: Ayaw na po nila ng panghimagas? Sarah: Hindi na lang. Busog na ako. Waiter: Sige po. Nagustuhan ninyo po ba? Sarah: Oo, masarap pero medyo maalat ‘yung sabaw. Waiter: Ay, sori ma’am. Ito na ho ‘yung chit ninyo. Sarah: Okey, salamat. Sarah: Is there a free table for one? Waiter: Yes, ma’am, you can sit anywhere. Here’s the menu. Sarah: Thanks. Sarah: What’s good here? Waiter: Try our roast pig. Sarah: Oh, 1 don’t eat pork. Waiter: Oh, how about fish? Sarah: That's an idea. What's Bicol Express? Waiter: It’s spicy with coconut milk, and it has pork too. Sarah: Really? I'll just have escabecheng lapu-lapu. Then I also want some hot soup. gop dosospu! 6u,ouy ja1ay pod s,.euM Waiter: What would you like? Waiter: We have bulalo. Sarah: Waiter: What would you like to drink? Sure, that’s my favorite. Sarah: Just water. Bring me some rice, too. Waiter: Yes, it’s included. Anything else? Sarah: Yeah, green mango with bagoong. That should be enough. (After the meal) Sarah: Waiter, I’m going to pay now. Waiter: You don’t want any dessert? Sarah: That's okay. I’m already full. Waiter: Okay. Did you like the food? Sarah: Yes, it was delicious but the soup is a bit salty. Waiter: Oh, sorry... Here's your check. Sarah: Okay, thanks. Comprehension Practice Answer the following questions based on the dialogue: 1. To ask for the waiter's recommendation, Sarah asks a) Ano‘ng gusto ko? —_b) Ano’ng masarap dito? c) Nasaan ang mesa? 2, She asks the waiter about which dish? a) litson b) Bicol Express ) bulalo 3. In the end, what does she decide to eat? a) isda b) baboy c) sabaw Lesson 10 _ jm112) 4. Masarap means 5. Panghimagas means 10C, VOCABULARY baboy pig, pork bagoong shrimp paste bulalo a kind of soup chit check, bill dalhan (root dala) bring (command form) escabecheng lapu-lapu pickled fried grouper fish gata coconut milk hilaw unripe, raw inumin drink kanin rice kasama with, included litson/lechon roast pig maalat salty maanghang spicy magbabayad (root bayad) will pay mangga mango 10D. KEY PHRASES Filipinos use the following phrases in a restaurant setting and to talk about food in general: Ano’ng masarap dito? What’s good here? Gusto ko ng... I would like/I want... +++ luto ...to cook/cooked food ... viand/main dish eaten with rice +. ulam Dalhan mo ako ng... Bring me some... Pakikuha ng... Get me a/an/some ... Tagalog Bigyan mo akong... Give me a/an/some.... ++. asin ++ salt ++. paminta ++. pepper matamis sweet matabang bland malasa flavorful malutong crunchy mainit hot malamig cold Nagustuhan ko... Tliked... Nagustuhan namin ... We liked... karne meat baka cow, beef manok chicken gulay vegetable 10E, CULTURE NOTE 1 Ancient Filipinos celebrated rice in oral lore, with several legends (alamat) each relating a version of its origins. Many rituals and festivals are also held in celebration of this crop, especially in the highland regions. In Tagalog, there are several words for rice: from palay (unhusked rice) to bahaw (left- over rice), not to mention literally a dozen more words that precolonial Filipinos used to describe the rice plant in different stages of growth. Even the root of the verb “to eat” (kain) is closely related to the word for cooked rice (kanin). For the Filipino, there is kanin and everything else eaten with it (wam), The not-so-easily-translatable question “Ano’ng ulam?” might as well be asking what there is to be eaten with rice. Rice is the constant in the Filipino diet and deeply ingrained in the native psyche. 10F, GRAMMAR Using Inflection with Theme Focus As we have seen before, to express desire (both “to like” and “to want’) in Tagalog, the word gusto is used. While this word is often uninflected, when it is used to mean “to like,” it is inflected for aspect. In the infinitive form, the prefix ma- and the suffix -an are used, and the vowel * replaced with Lesson 10 | ued aay136 sa isang linggo next week sastre tailor yari ready-made 12D. KEY PHRASES Filipinos use the following phrases to ask for help and to talk about errands: Kailangan ko ang tulong mo/ninyo. I need your help. Mayroon/wala ba ditong...? Is there a.../Is there no... around here? Saan ba puwedeng... ? Where can one... ? ---maghulog ng sulat «mail a letter .. bumili ng... peeve ..magpapalit ng pera . exchange money ..magpalaba ...get laundry done ..magpaplantsa . have clothes ironed magpakuha ng retrato . have a photo taken . magpagupit ++. get a (hair)cut .- Magpamasahe ++ get amassage .. magpagawa ng. . have... made/repaired shave... fixed .++Magpaayos 12E. CULTURE NOTE 1 The Barong Tagalog The traditional Filipino attire for men is the barong tagalog. Part shirt, part outer garment (baro is Tagalog for dress or garment), the barong owes its humble origins to pre-colonial Filipinos, but has since evolved into its modern-day elegant permutations, heavily or sparsely embroidered, natu- ral or dyed. It is traditionally made with a sheer, silky fabric woven from natural ecru fibers from the pineapple plant or raw silk called jusi, Worn loose and untucked, with a white undershirt and dark trousers, the barong makes for ideal tropical weather formal wear. Tagalog 12F, GRAMMAR The Magpa- Verb Affix ‘The magpa-affixation with verbs expresses actions that one allows to be done to, for, or on him- or herself. These verbs, like the maka- set of verbs, are actorfocused verbs and follow the same pattern. The affixation for these verbs, using the verb roots gupit (cut) and gawa (do, make), is as follows: INFINITIVE COMPLETED CONTEMPLATED INCOMPLETE magpagupit nagpagupit magpapagupit hagpapagupit magpagawa nagpagawa magpapagawa nagpapagawa Saan ka nagpagupit? Where did you have your hair cut? Nagpagawa ako ng bahay. Thad a house built. Here are several other examples of actions used with this affixation: magpakasal to get married magpakuha ng retrato to have a picture taken magpatahi to have an article of clothing sewn, tailored magpaayos to have something fixed magpalaba to have clothes washed magpaluto to have something cooked magpagising to have someone wake someone up magpapalit ng pera to have money exchanged magpaturo to have someone teach someone Magpa- is also called the causative affix, as it is used to express actions that ‘auise something to be done or to make something happen to someone else, as in the following examples: magpakain to cause someone to be fed, to feed magpaiyak to make someone cry magpasaya to make someone or something happy magpalungkot to make someone or something sad Lesson 12138 Tagalog - Expressing Obligation Now let's learn how to express obligation or “must’“should,’ and “ought to” in Tagalog, To express this concept, the modal verb dapat is used, which behaves just like the other modal verbs we have learned so far (gusto, pur wede, and kailangan). It is normally followed by a verb in the infinitive form, as in the following examples Dapat pumunta ka sa bangko. You should go to the bank. Dapat mag-aral ako. I should study, Dapat magpapalit tayo ng pera. We should get money exchanged. Modal verbs like dapat may also be used with verbs in other aspects or tenses: Dapat kumain ka kahapon. You should have eaten yesterday. Dapat kumakain ka ngayon. You should be eating now. Markers Na and Pa Na and pa are markers that are used in a sentence to indicate when an action is completed. In general, na means “already” and pa means “yet” or “still.” They are generally placed after the first word in a sentence, except when the subject of the sentence is a pronoun. Kumain na ako. I have already eaten. Natutulog pa siya. She’s still sleeping. Estudyante ka pa. You're still a student. When used with commands, na can be translated to mean “now” and pa, “some more,” indicating the continuation of the action expressed by the verb base, Remember, na and pa will always follow the pronoun, Kumain ka na, Eat now, Matulog ka pa. Sleep some more. Used with the word wala (nothing), na means “no more” or “any more.” Wala na akong problema. I don’t have a problem anymore. Wala na tayong tubig. We don’t have any more water. Wala na kayong pagkain. You (pl,) have no more food. 12G. READING Read the following diary entry of a gir! who is planning her wedding, and make note of the use of magpa- verb forms we have seen in this lesson: Dear Diary: Mahirap din talaga ang magpapakasal. Ito ako, sumasakit ang ulo sa dami ng dapat gawin. Dalawang buwan pa naman bago ang kasal pero kailangan kong makahanap na ng gown. Hindi din ako sigu- rado kung ano ang gusto ko, Mabuti pa si Roel nagpagawa na ng, barong. Gusto ng nanay na magpatahi ako kay Tiya Carmen pero gusto ko sa iba na lang para mas maganda. Saan kaya puwede? Siyempre gusto ko ring magpapayat ng kaunti bage ang kasal. Pro- dlema din pala kung saan ako magpapaayos. Dapat simple lang dahil umaga naman ang kasal, Magpakulot kaya ako 0 magpakulay ng buhok? Baka hindi magustuhan ni Roel. Ewan ko ba. Bahala na. Magpapatulong na lang ako kina Marie at Chona. Dear Diary: It’s really hard to get married. Here 1 am, getting headaches from the many things I have to do, There are still two months to go before the wedding but I do need to find a wedding gown soon. I’m not even sure what I like. At least Roel has had a barong made. Mom wants me to have Aunt Carmen make the gown but I want to have someone else make it so it will be nicer. Where can it be? Of course, I also want to lose some weight before the wedding. Where I should go for hair and makeup is also a dilemma. It should be simple because the wedding is in the morning. Should I have my hair curled or dyed? Roel may not like it, I don’t know. Whatever, Ul just have Marie and Chona help me. 12H. CULTURE NOTE 2 The concept of an extended family in Filipino society transcends bloodlines through what is known as the compadrazgo system. Part of the country’s Catholic colonial legacy, this deeply entrenched tradition allows extend- ing kinship to people outside the family through religious rituals such as baptisms and marriages. A family friend, a business associate, or a mere ac- quaintance may be asked to be a ninong (godfather) or ninang (godmother) of a child or an engaged couple, effectively making this person a co-parent Lesson 12 ** epamnd ups ; ~ >>} ue arom i 39