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III 3 HeatTransfer 1 3

The document discusses different modes of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. It provides definitions and equations for quantifying heat transfer by each mode. Key terms related to heat transfer are also defined in the glossary section.

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164 views

III 3 HeatTransfer 1 3

The document discusses different modes of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. It provides definitions and equations for quantifying heat transfer by each mode. Key terms related to heat transfer are also defined in the glossary section.

Uploaded by

SannyBombeoJomoc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PSAE Region IV Agricultural Engineering Board Review Materials

III- 1

Heat Transfer
Arnold R. Elepao
Associate Professor
Agricultural and Bio-Process Division
Institute of Agricultural Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology
University of the Philippines Los Baos

I. Introduction

Heat is a form of energy in transition and the temperature difference is the


driving potential for its propagation.
Physical (natural laws) are statements in terms of concepts that have been
found to be true through many years of experimental observations. A
physical law is called a general law if the application of it is independent of
the medium under consideration. Otherwise it is called a particular law.

II. Heat Conduction

The process of heat transfer by molecular motion, supplemented in some


cases by the flow of free electrons, through a body (solid, liquid, or gaseous)
from a region of high temperature to a region of low temperature.
It is the only mechanism by which heat can flow in opaque solids.
For any given temperature difference, the rate of heat flow by conduction
through different materials of the same length and cross section will vary with
the particular ability of the various materials to conduct heat.
The relative capacity of a material to conduct heat is known as its
conductivity.
In general, solids are better conductors of heat than liquids, and liquids are
better conductors than gases. This is accounted for by the difference in
molecular structure.
The time rate of energy transfer by conduction is quantified macroscopically
by Fouriers law which states that the rate of heat transfer across any plane
normal to the x direction, Qx, is proportional to the wall area, A, and the
temperature gradient in the x direction, dT/dx:
where:

Qx = -kA dT/dx;

dT/dx = T/ L
k = thermal conductivity, W/ m.K
A = cross-sectional area, m2

T = temperature difference, K
L = length, m

III. Heat Convection

Heat transfer by convection occurs when heat moves from one place to
another by means of currents that are set up within some fluid medium.
These currents are known as convection currents and result from the change
in density that is brought about by the expansion of the heated portion of the
fluid.

Heat Transfer

PSAE Region IV Agricultural Engineering Board Review Materials

III- 2

When any portion of a fluid is heated, it expands and its volume per unit of
mass increases. Thus the heated portion becomes lighter, rises to the top,
and is immediately replaced by a cooler, heavier portion of the fluid.
The rate of energy transfer from the surface to the air can be quantified by
the Newtons Law of Cooling;
Qc = hc A (Ts Tf)
where:
hc = heat transfer coefficient, W/ m2.K
A = surface area, m2
Ts = surface temperature, C
Tf = fluid temperature, C

IV. Thermal Radiation

Heat transfer by radiation occurs in the form of a wave motion similar to light
waves wherein the energy is transmitted from one body to another without
the need for intervening matter. Heat energy transmitted by wave motion is
called radiant energy.
Radiation can pass through certain types of substances (transparent and
semitransparent materials) as well as through vacuum.
The amount of radiant energy that will pass through a material depends on
the degree of transparency.
When radiant energy is transferred from a hot body to a cold through some
intervening medium such as air, the temperature of the intervening medium is
unaffected by the passage of the radiant energy. This is because the
molecules of air are relatively few and widely separated that the waves of
radiant energy can easily pass between them so that only a very small part of
the radiant energy is intercepted and absorbed by the molecules of the air.
The amount of radiant energy that is either reflected or absorbed by a
material depends on the nature of the materials surface i.e. its texture and its
color. Materials with a light-colored, highly polished surface such as a mirror,
reflect a maximum of radiant energy. Materials with rough, dull, dark surfaces
will absorb the maximum amount of radiant energy.
The rate at which energy is emitted, Qe, from a surface of are A is quantified
macroscopically by a modified form of the Stefan-Boltzmann Law:
Qe = AT4
where:
= emissivity, a property of the surface that
indicates how
effectively the surface radiates.

= Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.669 x 10-8 W/m2.K4


T = absolute temperature of the surface, K

V. Glossary

Absorptivity of a Surface - ratio of rate at which a given surface absorbs


radiation to the rate of radiation of a black body at the same temperature.
Ambient Temperature - temperature of surrounding medium.
Black Body - hypothetical body capable of absorbing all radiation at the
maximum rate for a given temperature.
Emissivity of a Surface - expressed as the ratio at which the given surface
emits radiation to the rate of radiation of a black body at the same
temperature.
Enthalpy - is a property of state; is the sum of internal energy of a substance
and its pressure - specific volume of product at the given state. It is a
measure of the energy of the air expressed in kJ/kg dry air.

Heat Transfer

PSAE Region IV Agricultural Engineering Board Review Materials

VI.

III- 3

Heat - is the form of energy that provides differences in temperature of


molecular materials.
Heat Balance - is the difference between the heat gained (or generated)
within the building and the entire heat test from the building.
Heat Capacity or Specific Heat - refer to the ratio of the heat capacities of the
material to that of water.
Latent Heat - is the heat for evaporation of a saturated liquid into a saturated
vapor. It is the heat gained or lost without a change in temperature when a
substance passes from one state to another as a solid, liquid, or gas.
Latent Heat of Evaporation - is the change of heat (energy) required to change
unit mass of a substance from a liquid to a gas.
Specific Heat - the heat energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass
of a substance by 1C.
Specific Volume - specific volume is the volume of space occupied by a pound
of dry air at standard atmospheric pressure. Specific volume is expressed in
m/kg dry air.
Temperature - ability of a body to give up or to receive heat.
Thermal Conductivity - the amount of heat transmitted in unit time across unit
area through unit thickness for unit temperature change.

References

Kakac S. & Y. Yener. 1985. Heat Conduction. Second Edition. Hemisphere Publishing
Co.
Oosthuizen P.H. & D. Naylor. 1999. An Introduction to Convection Heat Transfer
Analysis. McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Holman, J.P. 1990. Heat Transfer. Seventh Edition. McGraw-Hill Book Co.

Heat Transfer

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