Political Justice
Political Justice
by Otto Kirchheimer
Princeton University Press
Beginning with the succinct observation that Every political regime has
its foes or in due time creates them, Professor Otto Kirchheimer of
Columbia University and the New School for Social Research has written
a learned treatise on what he calls political justicethe manipulation of
the modern states legal machinery by power holders, and, conversely,
by power challengers. The question of what is and what is not political
may present a pitfall, but Kirchheimer very sensibly labels as political
that which dominant groups and individuals conceive to relate in a
particularly intensive way to the interests of the community. Such a
definition allows for shifting conceptions of what is politically significant:
to Henry VIII his spouses failure to inform him of her premarital loss of
virginity was treasonable; to the Nazis Jewishness was a crime justifying
the imposition of brutal political sanctions. One could, of course,
describe all justice as political, since without the authority of a public
(political) order no legal system would be possible. But Kirchheimers
focus is on a reasonably distinct segment of justice: the use of statutes,
courts, judges, public prosecutors, lawyers, juries, and defendants (also,
perforce, part of the political-legal machinery) to affect power relations.
The theme is broad, but Kirchheimer stays close to his concern with the
forms, motivations, and ends that characterize the relationship between
politics and law in the modern state. Yet his notion of political justice is
necessarily so encompassingtouching on famous treason trials,
political defamation suits, legal repression of political organizations,
asylum and clemencyand the frame of reference so wide-rangingthe
United States; the Soviet Union; the Weimar, Nazi, and post-World War II
German regimes; and the periodically changing French systemsthat
the book seems almost encyclopedic. Some may conclude that it is
indeed essentially a reference work. Yet, throughout, runs the connecting
link of Kirchheimers conviction: that political justice, which frequently
turns into the epitome of injustice, is an imperative which states cannot
escape. No one can put down Kirchheimers large-scale study without
party and the Communist party, both weak and numerically small, the
West German Federal Republic responded to a number of factors and
served a number of ends: it reacted to the bitter experience of the past
with anti-democratic groups; it enhanced its world image as a new
nation which rejects Nazism and takes a no-nonsense attitude toward
anti-democratic forces; and (in outlawing the CP) it aligned its domestic
policy with its hard foreign policy line toward Moscow. Similarly, the
United States governments policy toward the Communist party in its
midst (a policy which, in practice, if not in form, aims to destroy the
party) is heavily influenced by the desire of our political leaders to
demonstrate their vigilance in guarding America against the threat of
Communism. I would suggest, too, that this reaction ties in with the felt
need of the American people to lash out at their tormentors in one of the
few tangible ways short of war that seems open to them.
For his part, Kirchheimer here favors a policy of toleration as
harmonizing with democratic theory; he argues that legal repression
against weak anti-democratic groups damages the ligaments of
democratic institutions. The discussion significantly underlines
Kirchheimers general observation that permanent repression of hostile
mass organizations is inexpedient while repression of tiny minorities is
unnecessary. If this conclusion in itself may seem even trite, it
nevertheless conveys a profound truth: that only by removing the
causes of mass dissatisfaction can a regime attain the luxury of not
needing to suppress hostile minorities. It is a conclusion that one wishes
would sink through to the rulers of a country like South Vietnamand to
the American Congress when it votes on foreign trade and aid bills.
_____________
poltica nacional con su lnea de poltica exterior "dura" hacia Mosc. Del
mismo modo, la poltica del gobierno de Estados Unidos hacia el Partido
Comunista en su seno (una poltica que, en la prctica, si no en la forma,
tiene como objetivo destruir el partido) est fuertemente influenciado
por el deseo de nuestros lderes polticos para demostrar su vigilancia en
la vigilancia de los Estados Unidos contra la amenaza del comunismo. Yo
sugerira, tambin, que esta lazos de reaccin en la necesidad sentida
del pueblo estadounidense para arremeter contra sus torturadores en
una de las pocas maneras tangibles cortos de guerra que parece que se
les ofrecen.
Por su parte, Kirchheimer aqu a favor de una poltica de tolerancia como
la armonizacin con la teora democrtica; argumenta que la represin
legal contra dbiles grupos antidemocrticos daos "los ligamentos de
las instituciones democrticas." La discusin subraya significativamente
la observacin general de Kirchheimer que la represin permanente de
las organizaciones de masas hostiles es inconveniente, mientras la
represin de pequeas minoras es innecesario. Si esta conclusin en s
mismo puede parecer incluso trivial, sin embargo transmite una
profunda verdad: que slo mediante la eliminacin de las causas de la
insatisfaccin de masas puede un rgimen alcanzar el lujo de no tener
que suprimir las minoras hostiles. Es una conclusin que uno desea se
hundiran hasta los gobernantes de un pas como Vietnam y del Sur al
Congreso estadounidense cuando se vota en las facturas de comercio
exterior y de ayuda.
_____________