present even in closed traverses observed using instruments and methods of high precision. In all probability a curvoy~ @d closed traverse would not satisfy the geometric requ: ments of a closed polygon. Until adjustments are made these cbserved quantities 1t will always be expected t. the traverse will not mathematically close. = When a closed traverse is plotted on paper the survey must close on the starting point. The closure must be effected not only graphically but also mathematically. For a closed traverse, this simply means that the algebraic sum of the north and south latitudes should be zero, and the Algebraic. sum of the east and west departures should also be zero. However, this condition is true only in theory. Tt is ‘seldom true in practice because of the inherent erzors in the measurements of the angles and distances. it will always be expected that -the last colrse will not end exact~ lyon the starting statign. Although it closes physically in the field, it will not close mathematically or when plotted on paper. The difference between the north and south latitudes, designated here as C,, is called the closure in latitudes. Tt’ indicates how mich the traverse computations fail to Close. ina north-south direction. Also, the difference between ‘the east and west departures, designated here as Cy, is referred to as the closure in departure and it iRaicates how far the closure misses in an east-west ai- rection, The values of C, and Cp assume the sign which is obtained by adding algebraically all laticudes and ali departures respectively. The lipear error of closure (LEC) is usually a short Line of unknown Length and direction connecting the 1 fangs final stations-of the traverse, Tis approximately fetermined by plotting the traverse to scale, or more exactly by computing the hypothenuse of a right triangle Whose sides are the closure in latitudes and the closure in Gepartures, respectively. ‘This quantity reflects the al- Gebraic sim of all the accumulated errors of measurenent both in angles and distances when running the traverse. The Jength of the linear error of closure and the angle that this line makes with the meridian is determined by the following equations vec + YEE one tomo = = linear error of closure closure in latitude or the algebraic eum of north and south latitudes closure. in departure or the algebraic sum of the east and west departures bearing angle of the side of error BOCs Hes If the linear error of closure is excessive, it indi- cates that a mistake has been’conmitted during the field measurement or in plotting and computing the traverse data. The first step then would be to check ail the calculations to make sure that the mistake is not in the calculations themselves. The field work should either be checked or repeated if after a recomputation the error of closure still does not come within the expected limits. The linear error of closure does not indicate the precision of the measurements until it is compared with the total length of the traverse. A convenient and more useful measure of precision is defined by the ratio of the linear error of closure to the perimeter or total length of the traverse. This is usually expressed as a fraction whose numerator is unity and the denominator rounded off to the nearest multiple of 100, as 1/5000. Such a fraction states that the error of the survey is one part in 5000 parts, thus = Le rp = LEC where: RP = relative precision LEC = linear error of closure D = total length or perimeter of the traverse. M1 terms in the above equation, except RP, should be expressed in the same unit of linear measure. 36-4. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEKS. 1. LATITUDES AND DEPARTURES. Given in the tabulation below are notes for an open traverse. Datermine the latitude and departurs of each Course and tabulate observed and computed values accordingly. ‘COURSE [DISTANCE] BEARING DISTANCE | BEARING aa | 980.30m| naetio'e (831.22 m| N 50°00 ec | 39548 | sso%ss'e 340.05 | 5 25°0s'e co__| 462.70 | sar'so'e 275.86 | due cost Solution. @) Determining Latitudes: Lar = dos & Latgy = 550.30 Cos 28°10' = +485.13m Latye = 395.48 Cos 69°35' = ~ 137.96 Lates * 462.70.Cos 27°50' = ~ 409.17 Lat ge = 631.22 Cos 50°00' = +405.74 Lats = 340.05 Gos 25°05' = - 307.98 Latyy = 275.86 Cos 90°00" 0.00 b) Determining Departures: Dep = dSin © REBATES e399,550.30 Sin 28°10' = +259.76m Debye = 252.38 Sin 213°00' = -137.46 = 395.48 Sin 69°35' = +370.64 as Begae 70'din 7°80" = 218,04 ©) Determining the Precision of the Measurements. = 631.22 Sin 50°00' = + 483.54 D = dep + dae + deg * don? Gop * dyg Deg; = 340.05 Sin 25°08' = + 144.16 + 233.10 + 242.05 + 191.80 + 234.46 + 270.65 + 252.38 Depy, = 275.86 Sin 90°00' = +275.86 1,424.14m —(porimeter or total length of the traverse) ¢) Tabulated Solution. ENL = Late * Lateg + Latgy= 20.04 + 179.95 + 209.98 +409.97m (summation of north tatitudes) DEPARTURE counse | orsrance| eeanina 2 SL + Lotg, + Loty + Lays ]2B Rata 00 “'21i.66 3a | 660.30m| neerio'%e 259.76 # = 410.90m' . ceummoston af south lorlvuaes) be | sosa0" | cescsere 370.68 SED = Depa t DePse + Depey= 196.89 + 241.22 + 65.50 eo | 48270 | ser'so'e 216.04 = +503.31m taummation of pe | 63122 | nso%o0'e 403.54 departures) er | 34005 | s25‘os'e 144.16 EWD = DeP49 + Dopgy + DePyq"=104.31 - 260.34 137.46 ro | 275.06 | oveeos | — 275.66 1 = 502.11 m" (summation of west departures) Yn the above calculations, north latitudes and east departures are @ "IML + ESL = +409.97 + (-410.90) fered plus; South latitudes’ and wast departures minus. = =0.93m (total esrrection in ictitude) ERROR OF CLOSURE. Given in the accompanying tabulation are the & * FED + FWD = +503.31 +(-502.11) ved data for a closed traverse obtained trom o transit= tape surve = +1.20m (Goto! correction in depocture) mine the following quantities atitude and departure of wach coreg jar error of closure, bearing of the sige of error, and the precision of “qs els Wess: Measurements. Tabulate observed and computed’ values according to LEC = NC)? + (65)? = Ni-0.937 + (1,207 the usual format = 152m Winear error ot closure) RENE T [AENOTH] rai @ ple 200 7 1.20.25 une | Lenern frrowsonr Line | Leno Prownonn ce O33 oo = 1.290323 Gy [tel ob af ter © = 52713! Utneretore, the bearing of the side of error 134 283.10q| 12230" | de | 234,400) 335735" % tree ie Moz r3'07 2q2.05"| estis' | er | 270.68"| i20s"08! pet ee 152 191.80 | 20'00' | Fa _| 252.88 | aratoo! See eee oe t soutien TEESE *Y Ghq — (wrecision of the mecaurements) @) Determining Course Latitudes. | Lot = d Cos ig} tabulated solution: Lotg, = 233.10 Cos 122°30' = -125.24m e Lotye = 242.05 Cos 85°15! = + 20.04 [ tenor [AZIMUTH LATITUDE DEPART be . tine FRownon URE Latzg * 191.50Cos 20°00! = +179.95 w e an “5 #e =W Lote * 234.46 Cos333°35' = +209.98 ‘ae | 238.10m) 1aetso" 125.26 | 19688 Lotyy = 270.65 Cos 254°08' = - 74.00 ac | 24203'| astist | 20.04 24122 Llotyy * 252,38 C08213°00' « =211.68 a see ee 85:80 333 3 04.31 4) Determining Course Departures. Dep = ¢ Sin ao & 25405! 74.00 200.36 paris 213%00' 2i tes 137.46 Dope, = 233.10Sin 122°30! = +196.59m i Dene = 242.05 in 8815! = 4241.22 SuMS_ | 1,424.14m) 408.87 |-410.90 |r60a31 [-s02.11 Dees = 191,50Sin_ 20°00! = + 65.50 ‘ (HNL) (5L)_—(ED) wor DoPge * 284.46Sin 33°39! = 104.31 3. ERROR OF CLOSURE. In a given closed traverse the sum ot the Depge = 270.65 Sin 254°08! = -260.34 North latitudes exceeds the sum of the south latitudes by 2.74% and the Ameen Hs ets HN 200M Ts mes,Um of the wost departures exceeds the sum of the east departures by 3.66Mm, Determine the linear error of closure and the bearing of the side of error. Go = FNL + BSL = 42.74 Cp = FED + ZWD = ~3.66m rec = igs toy? + NiaraP > cacoP + 4.57m Ulaeee orior'et closure) ~&o ~(-3.66) | +3.66 . 66 bse te ipeeTalomrera SoS 06S (neretore, the bearing of the >: 8 AND TRAV. *..: COMPUTATIO. 583'1' fn sostivey 37-1. TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT 37-2. ARBITRARY METHOD 37-3. COMPASS RULE 31-4. ADJUSTED LENGTHS AND DIRECTIONS 37-5. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 1. Compass Rute 2. Adjustment of Lengths and Bearings | WEA Ss 403,sum of the south latitudes, latitude subtracted from north latitudes and added to south latitudes. However, exceeds the sum of the north latitudes, the corrections are applied in the opposite manner. A similar procedure is used corrections are corresponding Af the sum of the south latitudes when adjusting the departures. After all corrections have been applied properly to the latitudes and departures of the traverse, it will be expected that a perfect closure will be obtained. 37-4. _posUSTED tieNoTHs AND DIRECTIONS After the latitudes and departures of the courses of Glosea ‘traverse have been sovaajusted, the sbesrings. (or Szimiths) of the courses ang their iengtha should iso be adjusted to correspond to the adjusted latitudes and 4 Dartures. “the” following are the equations used for this purpose = WirF os werP ona tone = De L' = adjusted length of a course Lat' = adjusted latitude of a course Dep’ = adjusted departure of a course @ = adjusted Horizontal angle between the ref- erence meridian and a course In the computations it will be seen that the adjusted angle (a ) seldom differs significantly from the originally ol served angle. The corrected length of each course, however, usually differs rather significantly from the measured length. The adjusted length may be either greater or less than the measured length. 37-5. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS. 4 COMPASS RULE. Given in the, accompanying tabulation are the ob- Fe, bearing of the side of error, and the relative error of clo~ Tabulate values accordingly. ‘COURSE [DISTANCE] BEARING | COURSE | DISTANCE | BEARING ‘aa | 498.05m| Wosvsce | oe | 1,020.a7m ac 50.62 |Nasvoz'e | EF | 1,1 7.26 | seataa'w| co_| a55.45 |serse'e| Fa | ‘660.08 |n55“00'W Solution: a) Computing Latitudes: Lat «Length x Cos & AOE, me Hi eis nin ein b) Computing Departures Dep,,* 495.85 Sin 05° 30' = Dep * 850.62 Sin 46°02! = Dep ,= 855.45 Sin 67°38 = Dep. =1,020.87 Sin 12°28" = "ae Dep = Dep, = 660.08 Sin 55°09! a Lots" Lot, * Lot, = Laty Lat, * Lat, = 495,85 Cos 05°30! = + 493.57 m 850.62 Cos 46°02! = + 590.53 855.45 Cos 67°38! = - 325.53. 020.87 Cos 12°28! = - 996.99 1,117.26 Cos 83° 44' = - 121.96 660.08 Cos 55°09! = + 377.19 Dep = Length x Sin + 47.53 m 4612.23 + 791,09 + 219.51 1,117.26 Sin 83°44! = -1,1 10.58 = + 541.70 Tabulated Solution. Determining Total Closure in Latitude and Departur =NL« =8L SED =wo fr couPuTeo Lariruoe [eonPuTeD vePARTURE| course |oistance | seanino | +H Ser ee aa | 496,05m| wostso'e | 403.57 47.58 ee S50.8¢ e123 © qo1.09 be Brat e 36: 0.68 fa N55"09'w ‘at70 Sums [5,009.13] ie7036 |-,602.26 (EN) SL)~«GSED)—CaWOD +493.57 + 590.53 + 377.19 +1,461.29m — (eummotion of north lotitu -325.53 - 996.99 ~ 121.96 = 1,444.48m (summation of south lotituaes) +47.53 + 612.23 + 791.09 + 219.51 + 1,670.36m — (aummation of ost departur =1,110.58 - 541.70 =1,652.28m —(aummetion of west ENL + ESL = + 1,461.29 4(- $16.81 m (otal closure in varituce) FED * ZWD = + 1,670.36 +(-1,652.28) +18.08m re in departure) HE Ati OT,= 495.85 + 850.62 + 855.45 + 1,020.87 + 1,117.26 + 660.08 “= 5,C00.13m —Uienath of the traverse) ci ©) Determining Corrections for Latitude: x, » Sk 4 7 ak, . 16.8! 1 5000.13 = 0,00336 = 495.85 x 0.00336 = |.67m 850.62 x'0.00336 = 2.86 855.45 x 0.00336 = 2.88 qq 74020 87 x 0.00336 = 3.43 =, 117.26 x 0.00336 = 3.75 = 660.08 x 0,00336 = 2.22 Solution Check: Sum of Latitude Corrections = C, 1.67 + 2.86 + 2.08 + 3.43 43.75 + 2.22 = 16.81 16.81 = 16.81 (checks) &o f) Determining Corrections for Departure: Be. nF ak, = 0.00362 = 495.85 x 0.00362 = 1. 79m eye = 850.62 x 0.00362 = 3.08 Cog = 855.45 x 0.00362 = 3.09 Cag *4020.87 x 0.00362 = 3.69 =1,117.26 x 0,00362 = 4.04 Cyq = 860.08 x 0.00362 = 2.39 Solution Check: Sum of Departure Corrections * Gy 1,79 + 3,08 + 3.09 + 3.69 + 4.04 + 2.39 = 18.08 18.08 = 18.08 (checks) 9) Adjusting the Latitudes: Adj Lat, = + (493.57 - 1.67) = +491.90m Adj Lat = Computed Lat + q Adj Lat, = + (590.53 - 2,86) = + 587.67 Adj Lot.,= - (325.53 42.88) = - 328.41 AdjLaty,= - (996,99 + 3,43) = -1,000.42 Ad) Laty, = ~ (121.96 +3.75) = ~ 125.71 Adj Latyg* +(377,19.- 2.22) = + 374.97 Note: Since the sum of north latitudes ovceeds the sum of south latitudes, OB tcc latitude corrections are subtracted from the corresponding north latitudes and added to corresponding south latitudes to determine the adjusted la~ ttudes. Solution Check: Algebraic Sum of Adjusted Latitudes = 0.00 #491.90 + 567.67 ~ 328.41 - 1,000.42 -125.71 + 374.97 = 0,00 0,00 = 0.00. ‘tehecks) h) Adjusting the Departures: Ad] Dep * Computed Dep + cy Adj Dop,, * #( 47.53 - 1.79) = + 45.74m Adj Dep, = +(612.23 -3.08) » + 609,15 Ad] Dep,, = +(791.09 ~3.09) = + 788,00 Ad} Deby * +(219.51 ~3.69) * 4215.82 Ad Dep,, * = (,110.58 44.04) = -4114.62 Ad] Dep, * - (541.70 +2.39) = ~ 544.09 Note: Since the sum of east departures exceeds the sum of west depar- tures ,the departure corrections are subtracted from the corresponding east departures ond added to corrasponding west departures 10 deter mine the adjusted departures, Solution Check: Algebraic Sum of Adjusted Departures « 0.00 + 45.74 4609.15 +788.00 + 215.82 -1,114.62 ~ 544.09 = 0.00 9.00 = 0.00 jehecks) P Tabulated Solution, counse | CORRECTION |\0JUSTED LATITUDE [ADJUSTED DEPARTURE] ee | +n =s +E Ww) a8 1.79 | 491,90 “45.74 ec ca7.67 ‘e09.15 co 320.41 | 788.00 be ooo.42 | 215.82 fF 128.71 1,114.62 Fa 374.97 544.09 ‘sums [lear [ri454.64 |-1,464.64 |rijesa7i [1,656.71 (NL FSC = 0.00) (sED+EWD =0.00) J) Determining Linear Error of Closure, Bearing of the Side of Error, and Relative Error of Closure: : tec + Wari? = Me t6.ei® +18,08F © 24.69m inser ‘error of closure) Tan B = -G/-G, = ~(+18.08)/=1+ 16.81) . 218.08 Teer" + 1.07555047°05! = (Bearing of 9148 of Error « 847°05'W) LEC/D 24,69./5,000.13 = 1/202.52 = say 1/200 (Relative Precision’ 2. ADJUSTMENT OF LENGTHS AND BEARINGS. Given the observed ‘and calculated data in Problem No. |. Determine the adjusted length and adjusted bearing of each course and tabulate values accordingly. Solution @) Determining Adjusted Length of Each Course. L’= Var? + (Dep = VWeasi so + @48,74% = 494.02m = VWw587 67% + 608.15" = €46.42m = VWea28 4? ++ 768.00F = 653.70m of or of = 1C,0004aF (15.82 = 1023.43n uste! ‘apgusr course | “Denar ‘BEARING. ae | 404.0am oe | 1,023.43 ea6.42 er | tyiates 70 | se7*za'e | FA ‘e60.70 TRAVERSING . AND TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS ; S81. 38-2. 38-3. TRANSIT RULE LEAST SQUARES METHOD i CRANDALL HETHOD F ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEUS Te Transit Rute 2. Adjustment of Lengths and Azémthsduce of. C.L. Crandall and is suitable for use when the lien? —aausiranants made are ices, preciee, “chat “dl ugar Poe | Soe ane Rear okra oxen rR Giese ee ee A i a +E Ww Sain tiis nathed ee adits tment; the snguialmisciasuce. (a 28 43.57 | 47.83 | fizst distributed equaliy to the measured angles. The ad~ ec 590.55 612.23 Justed angles are then held fixed and all remaining cor- eo 325.53 |, 791.08 Eections applied on the linear measurements by a weighted be s06.99 | 219.61 least squares procedure. A convenient check is provided er 121.96 hito.8 after the computations if the sum of the separate cor~ (ers 377.19, ‘ba1.70 rections equals the total error but with opposite sign. | S0ms" [5,000.10] [ri461.20 |-1,444.40|+1,670.26 |-1,082,28 pough the Crandall method of adjustment is more a xeliable than ass"rule and the transit rule, it is ed eee gett Ce ee the use of an electronic ) Dotermining Total Closure in Latitude and Departure. calculator or a digital computer. : ENL = 4493.57 + 590.53 + 377.19 4. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS? = 41,461.29 m (summation of north tatitus BSL + - 325.53 = 996.99 - 121.96 ~ 1,444.48 m — (summotion of soutn tatitude +47.83 + 612.23 + 791.09 + 219.51 5) a 4. TRANSIT RULE. Given In the occompenying tabulation ar observed data for a traverse obtained trom a transit ~ tape sur: termine the latitudes and departures of each course and balance inese ED Guantities by employing the transit rule. Tabulate values. accordingly. = +1,670.36 m (summation of east departures) : aT aa =WO = -1,110.58 - 541.70 course | Lenora | AZIMUTH | course | venorn | AZIMUTH 4 =1,652.28 m —(auimmetion of west departures) 7 3730" DE [1,020.67m] 5 FNL YEE = + 461.20 + (-1,404.48) se Seae pe luoeeien closure in tatitude) ie ieee pal peaole @ = 2ED + ZWD = +1,670.36 + (-1,652.28) = +18.08m (etal closure in departure) een ) Determining Corrections tor Latitude: ky = a7 Lar (k, ©) Determining Corrections tor Latitude: K, "7H g, what (ks @) Computing Latitudes: Lat* Length x Cos oc ae reee sik, - 0.00579 * Lat, = 495.85 Cos 05°30! = + 493.57 m 444.48) ~ 2,905.77 Lat,,= 850.62 Cos 46°02" = + 590.53 3 57 x 0.00879 * 2.66 m Lary" 955.45 Cos 112°22! = - 325.53 . 53 x 0.00579 = 3.42 Lat,,* 1,020.87 Cos167°35' = - 996,99 53 x 0.00579 = 1.88 Lat, = 1,117.26 Cos 263744 = - 121.96 98 x 0.00579 = 5.77 Lat,,* 660.08 Cos 30451" = + 377.19 = 121.96 x 0.00579 = 0.70 b} Computing Departures: Dep = Length x Sin +377. 19x 0.00879 = 2.18 Dep,,* 495.85 Sin 05°30! = + 47.53 m Solution Check: Sum of Latitude Corrections = G, Den, = 850,62 Sin 46°02' = +612.23 2.86 + 3.42 + 1.884 5.77+0.70+ 2.18 = 16.81 855.45 Sin 112"22' = + 791.09 16.81 = 16.81 (enecks) *.1,020.87 Sin 167°35' = +219.51 Srna sei boca twee G+ Oeptk, 1,117.26 $in263%4' = -1,110.58 : ee es ee . 18,08 0.08 Bee eae See (e Kp * $7,670.36-'-1,682,00) © 3,322.64 = 0.00544 ¢) Tabulated Solution Z Cap = 47.53 x 0.00844 = 0.26 m Ai4, rea TRS a1,612.23 x 0.00544 = 3.33 791.09 x 0.00544 = 4.31 219.51 x 0,00544 = 1.19 1,110. 58 x 0.00544 = 6.04 2.95 oor Cyq * 541.70 x 0.00844 Solution Check: Sum of Departure Corrections = Cy 0.26 + 3.35 44.31 + 1.19 + 6.04 42.95 = 18.08 18,08 = 18,08 (checks) @) Determining Adjusted Latitudes: Ad/ Lat = Computed Lar * ¢, AdjLaty= + (493.57 ~ 2.86) + + 490.71 AdjLat,, = + (590.53 - 3.42) = + 587.1! Ad) Lat,g® ~ (325.53 + 1.88) = - 327.41 AdjLaty,* ~ (996.99 45.77) = ~ 1,002.76 - Adj Lot, = - (121.96 +0.70) = - 122.66 AdjLat,,* + (377.19 - 2.18) = + 375.01 Note: Since the sum of north latitudes exceeds the sum of south lati - fides ; the latitude corrections are subtracted fram the corresponding jorth latitudes and added to corresponding south latitudes to determing the adjusted fafltudes. ‘Solution Check: Algebrale Sum of Adjusted Lotitudes = 0.00 490.71 + 587.11 ~ 327.41 ~ 1,002.76 - 122.66 + 375.01 = 0.00, 0.00 = 0,00 tenecks) h) Determining Adjusted Departures: Ad/ Dep = Computed Dep t eg ‘Adj Dop,, = +( 47.53-0.26) = + 47.27m Adj Dep,, * #( 612.23- 3.33) = + 608.90 Adj Dep, © +( 791.09-4.31) = + 786.78 Ad) Dep, = + (219.51- 1.19) = + 218.32 ‘Adj Dop,, = ~ (110,58 46.04) = ~1,116,62 ~ $44.65 Adj Dep, = ~ (541,70 +2.95) pact departures and added fo corresponding west departures fo deter~ mine the adjusted departures Solution Check: Algebraic Sum of Adjusted Departures = 0.00 + 47.27 + 608,90 + 786.78 + 218.32 - 1,116.62 - 544.65 = 0.00 0,00 = 0.00 checks) Note: Since the sum of the east departures exceeds the sum of west de- polnires, the departure corrections are subtracted from the corresponding 1) Tabulated Solution. “CORRECTION | ADJUSTED LATITUDE [ADJUSTED DEPARTURE tat_| pep | +8 =8, =W qe | 2.86 | 0.26 | 490.71 ac 3.33 | 6a7.t1 © 431 ser. ve 1,002.76 er 122.66 FA ‘SUMS: course 275.01 1,482.03 |-1a52.68 |+1,661.27 TNL + 3St + 0.00) (HED + #WD = 0.00) ve: Since the olgebrale sum of north and south latitudes and, the alge. Note: since, the elaebrel fee tures ore borh eaual 10 70rd, the Jaltudes ale sum oh as re assumed 10 be adjusted. 2, ADJUSTMENT OF LENGTHS AND AZIMUTHS. Given ihe observed Fa oe eer ‘aate in Problem No. |. Determine the adjusted tenatn end and cis azimuth (reckoned from north) of sach course and tabulate values ‘Gccordingly. Vinari? + (Dep 1a) Determining Adjusted Length of Each Course. / ae soo FG 47.27 = 492,98m LL AG SRT TTF OB.SOF = 945.05m tates eet CST AIFF 706, TAF = 952.19" 1 sIeipoa7eF + 218.32F « 1,026.25m ACTaz ESF IATGERF = 1,123.34 —aivnteg onan SAE STE ODESSASESF = 661.27m _ Cadlusteg lena touree FAD b) Determining Adjusted Azimuth’ of Each Course. Tan 0° ~7a;? (adjusted tenoth fcouree DED es ee 330._and = 5°30! Tan dan FEBOTT * AO:ORES Dt trmthern ot soure AB t 8°80 =. 4608.90 Tan dve * $587.11 +786.78_ . TaN ed SBT ALE + 1.037114 and ye = 46703! Gherstoro, azimuth trom north of couren, BC is = 2.403042 and eg = 67°24" Fea eR ctiqutn trom north of course CO erat se #21032, | Eien Tan ooo “08. 7E * GaQebha asim rom Horn ot snurn Efe 180"- ‘ofertas \e"03") x14116.62 Tan et = 122.66Tan cone» 2544.55. en ey = 95°27! piinitnns Fi nuw- | TRAVERSING ne Seteyfee sau soh eee AND TRAVERSE : jysveo | ADuuSTED AziM ‘ADJUSTED [ADJUSTED AZIM : : course | “ener | “Prom nortH | COURSE | “CenatH wm [ager ce | & pose) ers COMPUTATIONS ; i SST * 4) Sketch of the Adjusted Traverse. Fég. 38-1. GRAPHICAL WETHOD 39-2. RECTANGULAR COORDINATES 39-3. COORDINATE METHOD 39-4. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS 1. Rectangular Coordinates 2. Coordinate Method ‘Let of DED =544.65m To Lesson 39 espana ts