MATHEMATICS (51)

4. To develop the necessary skills to work with

modern technological devices such as calculators
and computers.

Aims:
1. To acquire knowledge and understanding of the
terms, symbols, concepts, principles, processes,
proofs, etc. of mathematics.

5. To develop drawing skills, skills of reading tables,

charts and graphs.

2. To develop an understanding of mathematical

concepts and their application to further studies in
mathematics and science.

6. To develop an interest in mathematics.

3. To develop skills to apply mathematical

knowledge to solve real life problems.

CLASS IX
There will be one paper of two and a half hours
duration carrying 80 marks and Internal Assessment
of 20 marks.

(ii) Compound Interest

Compound Interest as a repeated Simple
Interest computation with a growing
Principal. Use of formula -

The paper will be divided into two sections, Section I

(40 marks), Section II (40 marks).

A = P (1 +

Section I: will consist of compulsory short answer

questions.

r n
) . Finding CI from the
100

relation CI = A-P. Simple direct problems

based on above formulae.

Section II: Candidates will be required to answer

four out of seven questions.

3. Algebra
(i) Expansions

The solution of a question may require the knowledge

of more than one branch of the syllabus.

(a b)2

1. Pure Arithmetic

(a b)3

Irrational Numbers

(x a)(x b)

(a) Rational, irrational numbers as real

numbers, their place in the number system.
Surds and rationalization of surds.

(ii) Factorisation
a2 b2

(b) Irrational numbers as non-repeating, nonterminating decimals.

a3 b3
ax2 + bx + c, by splitting the middle term.

(c) Classical definition of a rational number p/q,

p, q Z, q 0.

(iii) Changing the subject of a formula.

Hence, define irrational numbers as what

cannot be expressed as above.

(d) Simplifying an expression by rationalising

the denominator.

Concept that each formula is a perfect

equation with variables.

Concept of expressing one variable in

terms, of another various operators on
terms transposing the terms squaring or
taking square root etc.
(iv) Linear Equations and Simultaneous (linear)
Equations

2. Commercial Mathematics
(i) Profit and Loss
The meaning of Marked price, selling price and
discount, thus giving an idea of profit and loss on
day to day dealings. Simple problems related to
Profit and Loss and Discount, including inverse
working.

73

Solving algebraically (by elimination as

well as substitution) and graphically.

Constructions of triangles involving 30, 45,

60, 75, 90, 120, 135 angles.

Solving simple problems based on these by

framing appropriate formulae.
(v)

Indices/ Exponents
Handling positive, fractional, negative and
zero indices.

(iii) Mid Point Theorem and its converse,

intercept theorem

equal

(a) Proof and simple applications of mid point

theorem and its converse.

Simplification of expressions involving

various exponents

(b) Equal intercept theorem: proof and simple

application.

a m a n = a m + n , a m a n = a m n , (a m ) n = a mn

(iv) Similarity, conditions of similar triangles.

etc use of laws of exponents.

(a) As a size transformation.

(vi) Logarithms
(a) Logarithmic form vis--vis exponential
form: interchanging.

(b) Comparison with congruency, keyword

being proportionality.

(b) Laws of Logarithms and its use

(c) Three conditions: SSS, SAS, AA. Simple

applications (proof not included).

Expansion of expression with the help of

laws of logarithm

(d) Applications of Basic Proportionality

Theorem.

eg. y =

(v) Pythagoras Theorem

log y = 4 log a + 3 log b 3 log c etc. .

Proof and Simple applications of Pythagoras

Theorem and its converse.

4. Geometry

(vi) Rectilinear Figures

(i) Triangles, Relation between sides and

angles of triangles. Types of triangles,
Congruent triangles.
(a)

Congruency: four cases: SSS, SAS,

AAS, RHS. Illustration through
cutouts. Simple applications.

(b)

Problems based on:

Rectilinear figures or polygons, Different

kinds of polygons and its names interior and
exterior angles and their relations. Types of
regular polygons parallelograms, conditions
of parallelograms, Rhombus, Rectangles.
Proof and use of theorems on parallelogram.
(a) Sum of interior angles of a polygon.
(b) Sum of exterior angles of a polygon.
(c) Regular polygons.
(d) Parallelogram:

Angles opposite equal sides are

equal and converse.
If two sides of a triangle are
unequal, then the greater angle
is opposite the greater side and
converse.

Sum of any two sides of a

triangle is greater than the third
side.

Of all straight lines that can be

drawn to a given line from a
point
outside
it,
the
perpendicular is the shortest.

Proofs not required.

(ii) Constructions (using ruler and compasses)

74

Both pairs of opposite sides equal

(without proof).
Both pairs of opposite angles equal.
One pair of opposite sides equal and
parallel (without proof).
Diagonals bisect each other and
bisect the parallelogram.
Rhombus as a special parallelogram
whose diagonals meet at right angles.
In a rectangle, diagonals are equal, in
a square they are equal and meet at
right angles.

(e) Quadrilaterals

6. Mensuration
Area and perimeter of a triangle and a
quadrilateral. Area and circumference of a circle.
Surface area and volume of Cube, Cuboids and
Cylinder.

Construction of quadrilaterals (including

parallelograms and rhombus) and regular
hexagon using ruler and a pair of compasses
only.
(f) Proof and use
parallelograms:

of

area

theorems

on

(a) Area and perimeter of triangle (including

Herons
formula),
square,
rhombus,
rectangle, parallelogram and trapezium.

Parallelograms on the same base and

between the same parallels are equal in
area.

(b) (i) Circle: Area and circumference

(ii) Simple direct problems involving inner
and outer dimensions and cost.

The area of a triangle is half that of a

parallelogram on the same base and
between the same parallels.

(c) Surface area and volume of 3-D solids: cube,

cuboid and cylinder including problems of
type involving:

Triangles between the same base and

between the same parallels are equal in
area (without proof).

Triangles with equal areas on the same

bases have equal corresponding altitudes.

Note: Proofs of the theorems given above

are to be taught unless specified otherwise.

Different internal and external

dimensions of the solid.
Cost.
Concept of volume being equal to area of
cross-section x height.
Open/closed cubes/cuboids/cylinders.

5. Statistics
7. Trigonometry

Introduction, collection of data, presentation of

data, Graphical representation of data, Mean,
Median of ungrouped data.

(a) Trigonometric Ratios: sine, cosine, tangent of

an angle and their reciprocals.
(b) Trigonometric ratios of standard angles- 0,
30, 45, 60, 90 degrees. Evaluation of an
expression involving these ratios.

(i) Understanding and recognition of raw,

arrayed and grouped data.
(ii) Tabulation of raw data using tally-marks.

(c) Simple 2-D problems

right-angled triangle.

(iii) Understanding and recognition of discrete

and continuous variables.

involving

(d) Concept of sine and cosine

complementary
with
simple,
application.

(iv) Mean, median of ungrouped data

(v) Class intervals, class boundaries and limits,
frequency, frequency table, class size for
grouped data.

one
being
direct

8. Co-ordinate Geometry
Cartesian System, Plotting a point in the plane for
given coordinates.

(vi) Grouped frequency distributions: the need to

and how to convert discontinuous intervals to
continuous intervals.

(a) Dependent and independent variables.

(b) Ordered pairs, co-ordinates of points and
plotting them in the Cartesian Plane.

(vii)Drawing a histogram and frequency polygon.

(viii) Understanding of how a histogram differs
from a bar chart.

(c) Graphs of x=0, y=0, x=a, y=a, x=y, y= mx+c

including identification and conceptual
understanding of slope and y-intercept.
(d) Recognition of graphs based on the above.

75

CLASS X
There will be one paper of two and a half hours
duration carrying 80 marks and Internal Assessment
of 20 marks.

SI = P

(iv) Shares and Dividends

The paper will be divided into two sections, Section I

(40 marks), Section II (40 marks).

(a) Face/Nominal Value, Market Value,

Dividend, Rate of Dividend, Premium.

Section I: Will consist of compulsory short answer

questions.

(b) Formulae

Section II: Candidates will be required to answer

four out of seven questions.

1. Commercial Mathematics
(i) Compound Interest
(a) Compound interest as a repeated Simple
Interest computation with a growing
Principal. Use of this in computing
Amount over a period of 2 or 3-years.

Return = (Income / Investment) 100.

Note: Brokerage and fractional shares
not included

(i) Linear Inequations

Linear Inequations in one unknown for x N,
W, Z, R. Solving

(b) Use of formula A = P (1+ r /100) .

Finding CI from the relation CI = A P.
Interest compounded
included.

Income = number of shares rate of

dividend FV.

2. Algebra

half-yearly

Using the formula to find one quantity

given different combinations of A, P,
r, n, CI and SI; difference between CI
and SI type included.

Algebraically and writing the solution in

set notation form.
Representation of solution on the number
line.

(ii) Quadratic Equations

(a) Quadratic equations in one unknown.
Solving by:

Rate of growth and depreciation.

Note: Paying back in equal installments, being

given rate of interest and installment
amount, not included.

Factorisation.

Formula.

(b) Nature of roots,

Two distinct real roots if b2 4ac > 0
Two equal real roots if b2 4ac = 0
No real roots if b2 4ac < 0

(ii) Sales Tax and Value Added Tax

Computation of tax including problems
involving discounts, list-price, profit, loss,
basic/cost price including inverse cases.

(c) Solving problems.

(iii) Reflection

(iii) Banking

(a) Reflection of a point in a line:

(a) Savings Bank Accounts.

x=0, y =0, x= a, y=a, the origin.

Types of accounts. Idea of savings Bank

Account, computation of interest for a series
of months.
(b) Recurring
computation
formula:

n(n + 1) r

2 12 100

Deposit
of interest

(b) Reflection of a point in the origin.

(c) Invariant points.

Accounts:
using the

(iv) Ratio and Proportion

77

Geometric understanding of c as the

y-intercept/the ordinate of the point
where the line intercepts the y axis/
the point on the line where x=0.

(a) Duplicate,
triplicate,
sub-duplicate,
sub-triplicate, compounded ratios.
(b) Continued proportion, mean proportion
(c) Componendo and dividendo, alternendo
and invertendo properties.

(d) Direct applications.

(v) Factorization

3. Geometry

(a) Factor Theorem.

(i) Symmetry

(b) Remainder Theorem.

(a) Lines of symmetry of an

triangle, equilateral triangle,
square, rectangle, pentagon,
octagon (all regular) and
shaped figure.

(c) Factorising a polynomial completely after

obtaining one factor by factor theorem.
Note: f (x) not to exceed degree 3.
(vi) Matrices

for

addition

and

(c) Null and Identity matrices.

(ii) Similarity

(d) Addition and subtraction of 22 matrices.

Axioms of similarity of triangles. Basic

theorem of proportionality.

(e) Multiplication of a 22 matrix by

a non-zero rational number

a matrix.

isosceles
rhombus,
hexagon,
diamond-

(b) Being given a figure, to draw its lines of

symmetry. Being given part of one of the
figures listed above to draw the rest of the
figure based on the given lines of
symmetry (neat recognizable free hand
sketches acceptable).

(a) Order of a matrix. Row and column

matrices.
(b) Compatibility
multiplication.

Conditions for two lines to be parallel

or perpendicular. Simple applications
of all of the above.

(a) Areas of similar triangles are

proportional to the squares on
corresponding sides.
(b) Direct applications based on the above
including applications to maps and
models.

(vii) Co-ordinate Geometry

Co-ordinates expressed as (x,y) Distance
between two points, section, and Midpoint
formula, Concept of slope, equation of a line,
Various forms of straight lines.

(iii) Loci

(a) Distance formula.

Loci: Definition, meaning, Theorems based

on Loci.

(b) Section and Mid-point formula (Internal

section only, co-ordinates of the centroid
of a triangle included).

(a) The locus of a point equidistant from a

fixed point is a circle with the fixed point
as centre.

(c) Equation of a line:

(b) The locus of a point equidistant from two

interacting lines is the bisector of the
angles between the lines.

Slope intercept form y = mx + c

Two- point form (y-y1) = m(x-x1)

(c) The locus of a point equidistant from two

given points is the perpendicular bisector
of the line joining the points.

Geometric understanding of m as
slope/ gradient/ tan where is the
angle the line makes with the positive
direction of the x axis.

(iv) Circles
(a) Chord Properties:
78

A straight line drawn from the center

of a circle to bisect a chord which is
not a diameter is at right angles to the
chord.

The perpendicular to a chord from

the center bisects the chord (without
proof).

Equal chords are equidistant from the

center.
Chords equidistant from the center
are equal (without proof).
There is one and only one circle that
passes through three given points not
in a straight line.

(b) Arc and chord properties:

The angle that an arc of a circle

subtends at the center is double that
which it subtends at any point on the
remaining part of the circle.

Angles in the same segment of a circle

are equal (without proof).

If a chord and a tangent intersect

externally, then the product of the
lengths of segments of the chord is
equal to the square of the length of
the tangent from the point of contact
to the point of intersection.
If a line touches a circle and from the
point of contact, a chord is drawn, the
angles between the tangent and the
chord are respectively equal to the
angles in the corresponding alternate
segments.

(v) Constructions
(a) Construction of tangents to a circle from
an external point.

Angle in a semi-circle is a right

angle.

(b) Circumscribing and inscribing a circle on

a triangle and a regular hexagon.

If two arcs subtend equal angles at

the center, they are equal, and its
converse.

4. Mensuration
Area and circumference of circle, Area and
volume of solids cone, sphere.

If two chords are equal, they cut off

equal arcs, and its converse (without
proof).

(a) Circle: Area and Circumference. Direct

application problems including Inner and
Outer area..

If two chords intersect internally or

externally then the product of the
lengths of the segments are equal.

(b) Three-dimensional solids - right circular cone

and sphere: Area (total surface and curved
surface) and Volume. Direct application
problems including cost, Inner and Outer
volume and melting and recasting method to
find the volume or surface area of a new
solid. Combination of two solids included.

Opposite angles of a cyclic

quadrilateral are supplementary.
The exterior angle of a cyclic
quadrilateral is equal to the opposite
interior angle (without proof).

Note: Frustum is not included.

(d) Tangent Properties:

From any point outside a circle two

tangents can be drawn and they are
equal in length.

Note: Proofs of the theorems given above

are to be taught unless specified otherwise.

(c) Cyclic Properties:

If two circles touch, the point of

contact lies on the straight line
joining their centers.

Areas of sectors of circles other than quartercircle and semicircle are not included.

The tangent at any point of a circle

and the radius through the point are
perpendicular to each other.

5. Trigonometry
(a) Using Identities to solve/prove
algebraic trigonometric expressions
79

simple

sin2 A + cos2 A = 1
2

1 + tan A = sec A
2

1+cot A = cosec A; 0 A 90

Definition of probability

Simple problems on single events

(tossing of one or two coins, throwing a die
and selecting a student from a group)

(b) Trigonometric ratios of complementary

angles and direct application:

Note: SI units, signs, symbols and abbreviations

sin A = cos(90 - A), cos A = sin(90 A)

(1) Agreed conventions

tan A = cot (90 A), cot A = tan (90- A)

sec A = cosec (90 A), cosec A = sec(90 A)

(a) Units may be written in full or using the

agreed symbols, but no other abbreviation
may be used.

(c) Heights and distances: Solving 2-D problems

involving angles of elevation and depression
using trigonometric tables.

(b) The letter s is never added to symbols to

indicate the plural form.

Note: Cases involving more than two right angled

triangles excluded.

(c) A full stop is not written after symbols for

units unless it occurs at the end of a sentence.
(d) When unit symbols are combined as a
quotient, e.g. metre per second, it is
recommended that they be written as m/s, or
as m s-1.

6. Statistics
Statistics basic concepts, , Histograms and
Ogive, Mean, Median, Mode.
(a) Graphical Representation. Histograms and
ogives.

Finding the mode from the histogram, the

upper quartile, lower Quartile and
median from the ogive.

Calculation of inter Quartile range.

(e) Three decimal signs are in common

international use: the full point, the mid-point
and the comma. Since the full point is
sometimes used for multiplication and the
comma for spacing digits in large numbers, it
is recommended that the mid-point be used
for decimals.

(b) Computation of:

(2) Names and symbols

Measures of Central Tendency: Mean,

median, mode for raw and arrayed data.
Mean*, median class and modal class for
grouped data. (both continuous and
discontinuous).

In general
Implies that
Identically equal to
In set language
Belongs to
is equivalent to
union
universal set
natural (counting)
numbers
integers

* Mean by all 3 methods included:

Direct

Short-cut

: A+

fx
f
fd
where d = x A
f

In measures
Kilometre
Centimetre
Kilogram
Litre
square kilometre
square centimetre
cubic metre
kilometres per hour

Step-deviation:
ft
xA
A+
i where t =
f
i
7. Probability

Random experiments

Sample space

Events
80

is logically equivalent to
is approximately equal to >>

does not belong to

is not equivalent to
intersection
is contained in
the empty set
whole numbers
real numbers

W
R

km
cm
kg
l
km2
cm2
m3
km/h

Metre
Millimetre
Gram
Centilitre
Square meter
Hectare
Cubic centimetre
Metres per second

m
mm
g
cl
m2
ha
cm3
m/s