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3 Process Variables Part 32

This document provides an overview of methods for estimating physical properties data, with a focus on densities of solids, liquids, gases, and mixtures. It discusses looking up property values in references like Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, estimating using empirical correlations, and measuring experimentally. Specific topics covered include densities of incompressible substances, sources of density data, densities of mixtures assuming volume additivity, the ideal gas equation of state, standard temperature and pressure, ideal gas mixtures and Dalton's law of partial pressures. Sample problems demonstrate applying these concepts to calculate densities, volumes, pressures, and flow rates of gases.

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99 views

3 Process Variables Part 32

This document provides an overview of methods for estimating physical properties data, with a focus on densities of solids, liquids, gases, and mixtures. It discusses looking up property values in references like Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, estimating using empirical correlations, and measuring experimentally. Specific topics covered include densities of incompressible substances, sources of density data, densities of mixtures assuming volume additivity, the ideal gas equation of state, standard temperature and pressure, ideal gas mixtures and Dalton's law of partial pressures. Sample problems demonstrate applying these concepts to calculate densities, volumes, pressures, and flow rates of gases.

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ChE 31

INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

2nd sem. 2013-2014


Prepared by: JACapunitan

PROCESS VARIABLES PART 3

ESTIMATING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA:


DENSITIES OF SOLIDS & LIQUIDS

Methods for Determining Physical Properties

Look it up.
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th ed. RH Perry
& DW Green, Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, ___.
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 79th ed. D
Lide, Ed., Chemical Rubber Company, Boca Raton, FL.
1998.
Estimate it.
Use empirical correlations (Reid, Prausnitz & Poling. The
Properties of Gases and Liquids. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1986.)
Measure it.
Determine properties experimentally using published
methods or techniques.

Incompressible substances

substances whose densities do not significantly


change with changes in pressure and temperature
Solids & liquids

Sources of Densities
REFERENCE

TABLE or PAGE NO.

DETAILS

Felder & Rousseau

Table B.1, Appendix B

Different substances at
a single temp.

Perrys ChE
Handbook, 7th ed.

pp. 2-7 to 2-47; 2-91 to 2120

Different substances

pp. 2-91 to 2-93

Liquid water & mercury


at different temp.

pp. 2-128 to 2-131; pp. 2358 to 2-361

Expressions for density


calculations of many
substances at different
temp.

pp. 2-99 to 2-118

Liquid mixtures or
solutions of a solid in a
liquid

Densities of Mixtures

Can be estimated from component mass fractions xi


Assumption: volume additivity

i 1

xi

For mixtures of liquid species with


similar molecular structures (e.g.
straight-chain hydrocarbons)

xi i
i 1

No general rule; rely on empirical


findings

Sample Problem

Determine the density (g/cm3) of a 50 wt% aqueous solution


of H2SO4 at 20oC, both by (1) looking up a tabulated value
and (2) assuming volume additivity of the solution components.

(a) Referring to Table 2-101, p. 2-107, Perry, 7th ed.

(b) Obtain pure component densities from Perry:


(H2O, 20 oC) = 0.998 g/cm3
(H2SO4, 18 oC) = 1.834 g/cm3 (neglect density change
with temp.)
1 (0.500 / 0.998 0.500 / 1.834) 0.7736cm3 / g

1.29 g / cm3

ESTIMATING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES DATA:


DENSITIES OF IDEAL GASES

EQUATION OF STATE

relates the molar quantity and volume of a gas to temperature and


pressure
The simplest & most widely used Ideal Gas Equation of State

PV nRT
Where:
P = absolute pressure of a gas
V or V = volume or volumetric
flow rate of the gas
n or n = number of moles or
molar flow rate of the gas
R = the gas constant
T = absolute temperature of the
gas

PV nRT
IDEAL GAS EQUATION - derived
from the kinetic theory of gases with
the assumptions that gas molecules:
have negligible volume
exert no forces on each other
collide elastically with the walls of
their container.

IDEAL GAS EQUATION

Does not require a knowledge of the gas species: 1 mol of an ideal gas at
0 oC and 1 atm occupies 22.415 Liters
Gas constant R units:
(pressure x volume)/(mole x temperature)
(energy)/(mole x temperature)

Only an approximation; applicability: T above about 0 oC and P<1atm

Videal RT / P

RULE OF THUMB: Error in the estimated value is less than 1% when:

Videal > 5 L/mol (80 ft3/lb-mole)

Videal > 20 L/mol (320 ft3/lb-mole)

(diatomic gases)
(other gases)

Sample Problem

One hundred grams of nitrogen is stored in a container at


23.0oC and 3.00 psig.
(1) Assuming ideal gas behavior, calculate the container
volume in liters.
(2) Verify that the ideal gas equation of state is a good
approximation for the given conditions.

STANDARD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

Standard cubic meters (SCM) m3


Standard cubic feet (SCF) ft3
Example:
18.2 SCMH 18.2 m3/h at 0oC and 1 atm.

Standard and True Volumetric Flow Rates

The flow rate of a methane stream at 285oF and 1.30 atm is


measured with an orifice meter. The calibration chart for the
meter indicates that the flow rate is 3.95 x 105 SCFH.
Calculate the molar flow rate and the true volumetric flow rate
of the stream.

IDEAL GAS MIXTURES


DALTONS LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURES
PA + PB + = (yA + yB +) P = P
Where: Pi = the pressure that would be exerted
by ni moles of i alone in the same total volume V
at the same temperature T
AMAGATS LAW
vA + vB + = (yA + yB +) V = V
Where: yi = mole fraction of component i in the
gas mixture
vi = volume of pure component i

Sample Problems

An ideal gas mixture at 10 bar absolute and 200oC in a 100m3 tank contains 50 mole% H2 and 50 mole% N2. What is the
partial pressure of H2? What is the pure-component volume of
H2? What would happen to PH2 and VH2 if the temperature
were raised?
An ideal gas mixture at 10 atm absolute contains 50 wt% H2
and 50 wt% N2. Is the partial pressure of H2 less than, equal
tp, or greater than 5 atm?

CLASS DISMISSED

http://www.up.edu.ph/memorandum-no-paep-13-35-help-for-victims-of-typhoon-yolanda/

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