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Important Formulae

This document provides important formulae related to light, mirrors, lenses, electricity, and current. It defines conventions for sign in mirror and lens equations. It also outlines the relationships between current, potential difference, resistance, power, energy, and other electrical concepts. Key formulae presented include the mirror equation, lens equation, Ohm's law, equations for equivalent resistance in series and parallel, and definitions of power and energy.

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Lavacheeyanna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
63 views

Important Formulae

This document provides important formulae related to light, mirrors, lenses, electricity, and current. It defines conventions for sign in mirror and lens equations. It also outlines the relationships between current, potential difference, resistance, power, energy, and other electrical concepts. Key formulae presented include the mirror equation, lens equation, Ohm's law, equations for equivalent resistance in series and parallel, and definitions of power and energy.

Uploaded by

Lavacheeyanna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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IMPORTANT FORMULAE

LIGHT:
1. For Mirrors the sign conventions are:
u (object distance) is ve (as object is always taken on the left of mirror)
v (image distance) is ve if the image is real (front of the mirror)
v (image distance) is +ve if the image is virtual (behind the mirror)
h (height of the object) is + ve
h`(height of the image) is +ve, if the image is erect (virtual)
h`(height of the image) is -ve, if the image is inverted (real)
The focal length of a concave mirror is taken as ve.
The focal length of a convex mirror is taken as +ve.

1f
f
f
f 1f
f
f
f 1f
f
f
f
f

Mirror formula: v + u = f
.
hf
vf
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
Magnification: m = = @
h
u

2. For Lens the sign conventions are:


u (object distance) is ve (as object is always taken on the left of lens)
v (image distance) is ve if the image is on the same side as that of the object (virtual)
v (image distance) is +ve if the image is real.
h (height of the object) is + ve
h`(height of the image) is +ve, if the image is erect (virtual)
h`(height of the image) is -ve, if the image is inverted (real)
The focal length of a concave lens is taken as ve.
The focal length of a convex lens is taken as +ve.

1f
f
f
f 1f
f
f
f 1f
f
f
f
f

Lens formula: v @ u = f
.
hf
f
f
f
f vf
f
f
f
Magnification: m = =
h u

speed
oflight
in
vacuum
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
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f
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f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
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f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f cf
f
f
= f
3. Refractive index n or =
speed oflight in the medium v

4. Power =

1
(unit = diopter, 1D = 1m-1)
f

EFFECTS OF CURRENT:
1. Electric current (SI unit: ampere, 1A = 1Cs-1)
Q
f
f
f
f
f ne
f
f
f
f
f
f
f

I=

2. Potential difference (SI unit: volt, 1V = 1JC-1)


W
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
V= f
Q
3. Ohms law

VI
V
f
f
f
f
f
f
or, = constant
I
V
f
f
f
f
f
f
or, = R
I
V = IR

4. Resistance
By Ohms law (SI unit of ohm, 1 = 1VA-1)
V
f
f
f
f
f
f

R=

Or,

R l
1fffffff
lfff
f
f
f
f
or, R
A
A
f
2 g
lf
ff
dffffffff
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
2
R =
w here, l = length of the w ire and A = area = r or
A
4
R

5. Resistivity , = R

A
, (SI unit m)
l

6. Equivalent Resistance in Series


V = V1 + V2 + V3

or, IR S = IR 1 + IR 2 + IR 3
b

$ Acc A to ohm. s lawV = IR

IR S = I R 1 + R 2 + R 3

[ RS = R1 + R2 + R3
where, R S = equivalent resistance in series
7. Equivalent resistance in parallel:

I = I1 + I2 + I3
or,

V
V
V
V
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
RP

V
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f

R2

R3

g
1f
1f
1f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f

8. Electric energy (SI unit joule(J))


f

2g

Vf
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
W or E = I Rt =
t = VIt
R
2

9. Power (SI unit watt, 1W = 1J-1)


Workdone
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
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f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f W
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f

Power =

time

Vf
f
f
f
f
$ Acc A to ohm. s lawV = IR or I = f
R

+
+
R1 R2 R3
1f
1f
1f
1f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
[
=
+
+
RP R1 R2 R3
where, R P = equivalent resistance in parallel
RS

=V

R1

t
f 2g
VIt
Vf
2
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
P=
= VI = I R = f
t
R
10.Commercial unit of Energy (kilowatt hour)

1kW=1000W
1h=60X60 =3600s
6
#1kWh=1000X3600Ws =3.6X10 J

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