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L2 EH2741 Power System Basics

This document provides an outline for a lecture on power system operation and control using the ARISTO simulation software. It introduces key power system concepts like operational states, frequency and voltage control, primary and secondary frequency control, and voltage support using reactive power sources. The lab session will use the Nordic 32 power system model in ARISTO to simulate scenarios examining voltage stability, line protection operation, and frequency control with generator droop and load shedding functions. The goal is for students to gain hands-on experience with the dynamic behavior of power systems through real-time simulation.

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vivekananda
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
151 views

L2 EH2741 Power System Basics

This document provides an outline for a lecture on power system operation and control using the ARISTO simulation software. It introduces key power system concepts like operational states, frequency and voltage control, primary and secondary frequency control, and voltage support using reactive power sources. The lab session will use the Nordic 32 power system model in ARISTO to simulate scenarios examining voltage stability, line protection operation, and frequency control with generator droop and load shedding functions. The goal is for students to gain hands-on experience with the dynamic behavior of power systems through real-time simulation.

Uploaded by

vivekananda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

Lecture #2

Introduction to Power System


Operation and Control
using ARISTO

Davood Babazadeh
2015-09-04

Outline
Power system basics
Operational states
Power system control
Active power and frequency
Reactive power and voltage

Lab session

Course road map

Transport of electric power


Apparent power (Complex power) (S) [VA]
S=VI*=P+jQ
Electric power P [W]
Reactive Power Q [VAR]

Two ways to increase the transported power


Increase current I

Larger conductor cross-section

Increase voltage U

More insulation

Two ways to transport electricity


Alternating current (AC)
Direct current (DC)
4

Power network structure


Transmission system

all major generating stations and main


load centers

voltage levels (typically, 230 kV and


above).

Sub-transmission system

transmits the transmission substations


to the distribution substations.

Large industrial customers

Distribution system

power to the individual customers

between 4.0 kV and 34.5 kV

Operational states
Normal state, all system variables are within the
normal range
Alert state, security level falls below a certain limit
of adequacy because of a disturbance

generation shifting (security dispatch) , Increased reserve

Emergency state, severe disturbance

Restorative

Alert

In Extremis

Emergency

fault clearing, generation tripping, load curtailment

In extremis, cascading outages

Normal

load shedding and controlled system separation

Restorative state, control action is being taken to


reconnect all the facilities and to restore system
load.
6

Operational requirement
Follow the change in the load demands
Supply energy at minimum cost and environmental
impact.
Power quality
Frequency
Voltage
Level of reliability.

Why constant frequency


Frequency fluctuations are harmful to electrical
appliances.
Speed of three phase ac motors proportional to the
frequency. (N=120f/p)
The blades of steam and water turbines are designed
to operate at a particular speed. Frequency variation
leads to speed variation and results in mechanical
vibration

Why constant voltage


Over voltage and under voltage
Electric motors will tend to run on over speed when
they are fed with higher voltages resulting vibration and
mechanical damage.
Over voltage may also cause insulation failure.
For a specified power rating, lower voltage results in
more current and this results in heating problems.
(P=VI)

Control parameters
Active Power and Frequency
Balance of load and generation
Load-Frequency Control

Reactive Power and Voltage


Automatic voltage regulator
capacitors and reactors
Tap-changing transformers

10

Load & generation balance


Match between electric load and generation
Frequency is an indication
Balanced system, 50/60 Hz
Net power surplus , frequency increases

Generation

Load

Net power shortage, frequency decreases

11

Frequency control actions


Generation side Control

Demand side control

Primary Control

Governor

Power System
df
dt

U pri

UFLS

Generator

U Sec
UUFLS
Ptie

AGC/LFC
f

Secondary Control

U CT

Operator

Connection and
Tripping of power

Emergency Control

12

Primary Frequency Control


Generation is controlled by
mechanical output of the prime mover
The speed governor senses the
change in speed (frequency)
Actions taken within 5 30 seconds
by generator droop control

13

Need of primary control reserves


UCTE 3000 MW (Continental Europe)

3000 MW or equivalent of two 1500 MW nuclear plants or


lines trip at the same time

Eastern Interconnection (USA)

3000 MW = largest interconnection

NORDEL (North Europe)

Continuous control = 600 MW/0.1 Hz


Frequency response = 1000 MW, if frequency drop to
49,5 49,9 Hz

14

Secondary control reserves


Should reset the primary control reserves
in 5 15 minutes to be ready for next
disturbance
Should correct the frequency deviation
within allowable limit

+/- 0.1 Hz in Nordel


+/- 0.2 Hz in UCTE

15

Supplementary/Secondary Control
Frequency deviation feedback
PI or I controller
Connected to economic dispatch system

16

Under frequency Load Shedding (UFLS)


To prevent extended operation of separated areas
at low frequency, load shedding schemes are
employed.
A typical scheme for USA:
10% load shed when frequency drops to 59.2 Hz
15% additional load shed when frequency drops to 58.8 Hz
20% additional load shed when frequency reaches 58.0 Hz

17

Example

18

Voltage Control
Control of voltage levels is carried out by controlling the
production, absorption, and flow of reactive power
Generating units provide the basic means of voltage
control. synchronous generators
can generate or absorb Q depending on excitation
automatic voltage regulator continuously adjusts excitation
to control armature voltage
primary source of voltage support

19

Voltage Control
Additional means are usually required to control
voltage throughout the system:
sources or sinks of reactive power, such as shunt
capacitors, shunt reactors, synchronous condensers,
and static var compensators (SVCs)
line reactance compensators, such as series capacitors
regulating transformers, such as tap-changing
transformers and boosters

20

Example: Shunt Compensation

a) shunt compensation

b) phasor diagram without


compensation

c) phasor diagram with


compensation

21

Introduction to LAB 1
Using ARISTO

22

Aim of Lab1
To introduce

Basic operational phenomena in a typical power system

Corresponding countermeasures

Real time simulations

Dynamic behaviour of power system

23

What is ARISTO
The ARISTO system is a fast, interactive power system
dynamics simulator for learning and analysis.
The simulator is capable of real-time simulation of large
systems.
Simulation of very large systems is possible with a slower
simulation speed.
The phenomena to be simulated are:
Transient stability.
Long term dynamics.
Voltage stability.

24

System Overview

25

What can be modeled?


Equipment

Load Frequency Control


Turbine & Boiler Control
Generator Excitation Control
Special Protection Systems
Protective Relay Systems
HVDC & SVC

Phenomena
Sub Synchronous Resonance

Frequency Variations
Power Swing

Harmonics
Surge

10 -4

10 -3

10 -2

10 -1

1s

10

10 2

10 3
26

Exercises - Scenarios
Task 1: Voltage Support

Injection / Consumption of reactive power

Task 2: Voltage Collapse in a power system (N-1 Operation)

Operation of Line Distance Protection (LDP) relays

Islanding of power system due to voltage instability

Task 3: Frequency control along with load shedding

Primary Frequency Control (Governor Droop Characteristics)

Secondary Frequency Control (Manual)

Under Frequency Load Shedding

27

Exercises - Model
Simulations are performed with NORDIC 32 test system

28

Nordic 32 system description


Buses
32 Buses
21 PV buses, 10 PQ buses, 1 Slack bus
19 buses 400kV, 11 buses 135kV, 2 buses 220kV
Transmission lines
52 Lines
33 Lines in 400kV, 17 Lines in 135kV
and 2 Lines in 220kV
Loads
21 buses have loads connected to them

Norr
Active Production:
Active Load:

Extern
3778 MW
-1181 MW

1 MW

Active Production:
Active Load:

2301 MW
-2300 MW

2412 MW

SV
Active Production:
Active Load:

340 MW
1753 MW
-1391 MW

Mitt

Active Production:
Active Load:

3429 MW
-6084 MW

Generators
39 Generators
23 Hydro stations, 15 Thermal Stations and 1 Synchronous compensator
21 buses have generators
Shunts
22 buses have shunts connected
3 buses have both shunt reactors and shunt capacitors
11 buses have shunt reactors alone, 8 buses have shunt capacitors alone
29

Exercises - Outcome
Getting started with ARISTO real time simulator
Operation and control of a typical power system
Voltage stability
Operation of Line Distance Protection (LDP) relays
Primary and Secondary Frequency control

30

Question?

31

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