Scribd
Upload
76 views

Objective of Experiment. Equipment Set-Up. Theory of Experiment. Procedure. Results & Calculations. Discussion of The Results. Conclusion

The document describes an experiment to calculate the coefficient of discharge for a venturi meter and orifice meter. It includes: - An introduction describing variable head flow meters and the venturi and orifice meters. - An objective to calculate the coefficient of discharge from experimental data for a venturi and orifice meter. - A description of the experimental setup including a hydraulic bench, venturi meter, orifice meter, manometers, and other equipment. - Procedures to take manometer readings at various flow rates and calculate flow rates using Bernoulli's equation. - Results showing the calculated flow rates from the venturi meter, orifice meter, and a stop

Uploaded by

Ammar Al-Aghbari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
76 views

Objective of Experiment. Equipment Set-Up. Theory of Experiment. Procedure. Results & Calculations. Discussion of The Results. Conclusion

The document describes an experiment to calculate the coefficient of discharge for a venturi meter and orifice meter. It includes: - An introduction describing variable head flow meters and the venturi and orifice meters. - An objective to calculate the coefficient of discharge from experimental data for a venturi and orifice meter. - A description of the experimental setup including a hydraulic bench, venturi meter, orifice meter, manometers, and other equipment. - Procedures to take manometer readings at various flow rates and calculate flow rates using Bernoulli's equation. - Results showing the calculated flow rates from the venturi meter, orifice meter, and a stop

Uploaded by

Ammar Al-Aghbari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Contents

INTRODUCTION.
Objective of experiment.
Equipment set-up.
Theory of experiment.
Procedure.
Results & Calculations.
Discussion of the results.
Conclusion.

Introduction.

The chemical, paper, and minerals processing industries and pollution


control facilities all have various fluid streams entering and leaving
different processes. In order to control these processes and to calculate
mass balances for these processes it is important to be able to
accurately measure the flow rate of these fluids as they move through
pipes, conduits, or channels. There are many different types of
instruments used to measure the flow rates, but the most common flow
measurement instruments are the variable head meters and the variable
area meters. Variable head meters work on the principle that a variation
of the flow rate through a constriction with a constant cross-sectional
area causes a pressure drop suffered by the fluid as it flows through the
constriction. The pressure drop is related to the flow rate, and hence
variations of the pressure drop can be used to measure variations in the
flow rate. The most common examples of variable head meters used in
industry are the venturi meter and the orifice meter.

Objective.

The purpose of this experiment is to calculate the coefficient of


discharge from experimental data for a venturi meter and an orifice
meter.

Description.

The accessory is designed to be positioned on the side channels of the


hydraulics bench top channel. The Venturi meter, variable area meter
and the orifice plate are installed in a series configuration to permit
direct comparison. Flow through the test section is regulated using a flow
control valve . This together with the bench control valve permits
variation of the system static pressure. Pressure tappings in the circuit
are connected to an eight-bank manometer which incorporates an air
inlet/outlet valve in the top manifold with facilities to connect a hand
pump. This enables the levels in the manometer bank to be adjusted to a
convenient level to suit the system static pressure. The pressure

tappings for the manometers are arranged to give a set of readings


around the flow meters in the system.

Equipment
1- Hydraulic
bench
A - Bench valve
B - Flow Control valve
C - Centrifugal pump
D - Venturi meter
E - Rotameter
F - Orifice meter
G - 8 bank manometer
H - Sump tank
I - Air bleed screw
J - volumetric tank

2- Stopwatch .

3- Flowmeters demonstration apparatus

Theory Of Experiment.

Assumptions:
Steady flow.
Incompressible flow.
Frictionless flow.
Flow along a streamline.
Application of the Bernoulli equation yields the following result which
applies for both the Venturi meter and the orifice plate.
1
m v2
2

Kinetic energy

And Gravitational potential energy m g z


Also Flow energy

Where

h : head difference determined from the manometer readings for the


appropriate meter
2
g
: is the acceleration due to gravity, in ( m/s )
c d : is the discharge coefficient for the meter, as given below,
A 1 is the area of the test pipe upstream of the meter, in
A 2 is the throat area of the meter, in

m2 .

F . E+ K . E+ P . E=constant

m 1
+ m v 2+m g z=constant
2

..

( mg )

P
v2
+ + z=constant
.g 2g

So the Bernoulli's equation become :

m2

P1 v 12
P
v2
+ +z 1= 2 + 2 + z 2
.g 2g
.g 2 g

OR it can be written as:

Where

h=piezometric head=

v 12
v 22
+h = +h
2 g 1 2g 2
P
+z
.g

FOR the venturi meter and orifice plate , the Bernoulli's equation
reduced to:
Q=C d A2

()

2 gh
2
A
1 2
A1

Where :
Flow rate

Q1=Q2= A 1 V 1= A 2 V 2

( m3 /s )

Using of a discharge coefficient, c d , is necessary because of the


simplifying assumptions made when applying the Bernoulli equations.
Values of this coefficient are determined by experiment; the assumed
values used in the software are:For the Venturi meter c d = 0.98
For the orifice plate c d = 0.63

Procedure - Equipment Set Up


1- Place the flowmeter test rig on the bench and ensure that it is level
(necessary for accurate readings from the manometers).
2- Connect the inlet pipe to the bench supply and the outlet pipe into the
volumetric tank, then secure the end of the pipe to prevent it moving
about.
3- Start the pump and open the bench valve and the test rig flow control
valve, to flush the system.

4- To bleed air from the pressure tapping points and manometers, close
both the bench and test rig valves, open the air bleed screw and
remove the cap from the adjacent air valve.
a) Connect a length of small bore tubing from the air valve to the
volumetric tank.
b) Next, open the bench valve and allow flow through the
manometer tubes to purge them of air. Then tighten air bleed
screw and partly open the test rig flow control valve and partly
close the bench valve.
c) Now open the air bleed screw slightly to allow air to be drawn into
the top of the manometer tubes.
d) Re-tighten the screw when the manometer levels reach a
convenient height.
5- Check that all manometer levels are on scale at the maximum flow rate
(full-scale reading on the variable area meter). These levels can be
adjusted further by using the air bleed screw or the hand pump
supplied.

Results & Calculations

Manometer Readings (mm)

Flow rate
Q
(L/min)

Time
(s)

h1

h2

h3

h4

h5

h6

h7

h8

15

14

13

18

19

18

18

18.5

128

111

118

115

67

67

54

58

54

248

198

228

217

164

167

132

137

10

58

360

258

321

305

242

249

175

198

15

60

First Calculations : For Venturi


Meter

Ideal Conditions In A Venturi Meter

Technical Data
Upstream pipe dia. = 31.75 mm

A 1=7.92104 m 2

Throat dia. = 15 mm
4

A 2=1.7710 m

C d=0.98

h1h2 : find vinturimeter flow rate


Q=C d A2

[ ( ) ]

2 g (h1h2)
A
1 2
A1

1) For 5 litter / min: h1=0.015mh2=0.014 m

[ (
[ (

Q=0 . 98 ( 1 .77104 )

2 ( 9. 81 ) (0 . 1280.111)
1

Q=0 . 98( 1. 77104 )

2 ( 9 . 81 )(.017)

1 .77104
1
7 . 92104

)]

4 2

1. 7710
7 .92104

)]
2

Q=1.028104 m3 /s
Q=6.17 L/min

We will repeat similar procedure with the rest values of flow


rate and we have been found that :
2) For 10 L/min: h1=0. 248 mh 2=0.198 m
Q=10 .556 L/min

3) For 15 L/min : h1=0.360 mh2=0.258 m


Q=15.0763 L/ min

Second Calculations : For Orifice


Plate:
Technical Data : Between points 6
7:

Upstream pipe dia. = 31.75 mm


A 1=7.92104 m2
Throat dia. = 20 mm
A 2=3.14104 m2

C d=0.63

h6 h7 : find orific plate flow rate

Q=C d A2

[ ( ) ]

2 g (h6 h7 )
A
1 2
A1

Orifice

1) For 5 litter / min:


Q=0.63( 3.14104 )

h6 =0 .067 mh7=0. 054 m

[ (

2 ( 9.81 ) (0.0670.054)
3.14104
1
7.92104

)]
2

Q=1.107104 m3 /s
Q=6.641 L /min
We will repeat similar procedure with the rest values of the flow rate
and I have been found that :
2) For 10 L/min:

h1=0. 167 mh 2=0 .132 m

Q=10 .896 L/min

3) for 15 L/min :

h1=0. 249 mh2 =0 .175 m

Q=15.844 L/min

Third Calculations : Of Flow Rate Using The Stop


Watch
This experiment done when the tank was empty and when we have been
saw to the ruler meter near the open & close switch of bench and written
the time of each trail as the table below:
Vol.
(L)

Time
(min)

Q
( L / min )

0.95

5.26

10

1.066667

9.37

15

15

Vol
Where: Q= time L/min

Thus The Summary Of Calculations Illustrated In


Actual Values
Experimental Values
Following: Table
Q Of
Venturi
Meter

Q Of
Orifice
Plate

Flow Rate
Using The
Stop Watch

L/min

L/ min

L/min

6 . 17

6 . 641

5.26

10

10 .556

10 .896

9.37

15

15 .0763

15 .844

15

Variable Area
Meter
Q(Actual) L/min

Discussion Of Results

From the results we get we find that there was a small different between
the flow rate of Variable area meter and those of venturi meter, orifice
plate, and stop watch flow rates.This small different caused because some
errors during doing the experiment from such as :
1. The manometer tubes was not good so they still including air during
experiment which affect the good readings of flow 8 heads of
manometer.
2. The water had used was not pure %100 because it was including some
dirty in it.
3. An error of taking the exact reading.
4. We didn't get the exact values of volume using in calculating flow rate of
stop watch but we assuming them.
5. The atmospheric pressure affect the readings.
6. The humans error .

7. We didn't have enough time to do well in the lab.

Conclusion

The results of this experiment were very good and proofed the correct of the
theoretical calculations. Accurate results can be obtained if the errors are
repairer .These results proofed that the theoretical calculations are true .

You might also like