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Phase Diagrams

The document summarizes phase diagrams, including eutectoid, peritectoid, and complex diagrams. It specifically discusses the important Fe-C (Fe-Fe3C) phase diagram. Key features of the Fe-C diagram include the peritectic, eutectic, and eutectoid reactions. It also describes the various phases in steel (ferrite, austenite, cementite) and how steels are classified based on their carbon content as hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, or hypereutectoid.

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34 views

Phase Diagrams

The document summarizes phase diagrams, including eutectoid, peritectoid, and complex diagrams. It specifically discusses the important Fe-C (Fe-Fe3C) phase diagram. Key features of the Fe-C diagram include the peritectic, eutectic, and eutectoid reactions. It also describes the various phases in steel (ferrite, austenite, cementite) and how steels are classified based on their carbon content as hypoeutectoid, eutectoid, or hypereutectoid.

Uploaded by

abhishek
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 26

Phase Diagrams

Eutectoid diagram

Eutectoid Diagram
Solid 1 Solid 2 + Solid 3

T(C)

Analogous to eutectic
except that liquid is
replaced by solid 1

TE: Eutectoid Temperature


TE
Example: Fe-C system
Analogously
o Below CE, hypo-eutectoid
alloys
o Above CE, hyper-eutectoid
alloys

a (solid)
a +
C1

a (CE)

CE

wt% B
(C1) + (C2)

C2

Peritectic diagram

Peritectic Diagram
C

1700

Type-II phase
diagram

L
L+

1500

Ag-Pt system

T (C)

Peritectic reaction
L+a

1300

Melting points of
the components
vastly different

L+

1100
A

a+

900

Liquidus, solidus
and solvus

a
F

Ag 10

30

50
%Pt

70

90

Pt

Invariant reaction:
3 phase equilibrium

Peritectoid diagram

Peritectoid Diagram

No liquid phase
T

3 phase equilibrium
Peritectoid reaction
Invariant reaction

Summary of Important terms


Phase boundaries
Liquidus
Solidus
Solvus
Eutectic
Compositions
Temperature
Alloy, Microstructure
, phases

Hypoeutectic alloy
Hypereutectic alloy
Proeutectic phase
Note that the above
terms are valid for
Eutectic system and
Other related systems

Complex Diagrams
Some observations..

Complex diagrams may have some additional features:


Often one could find more than one 3 phase equilibria;
Congruent melting system
Intermetallic compound
Congruent melting system

Complex Diagrams
An alloy typically melts over a range of temperatures.
However, there are special compositions which can melt at
a single temperature like a pure metal. One of these is the
congruent melting composition
and are A-rich and B-rich Solid solutions, respectively:
known as Terminal or primary SS
is also SS of A and B but it forms in the middle of the
diagram: known as Intermediate SS or Intermetallic
phase or Intermetallic compound (very narrow composition
range)

An important phase diagram:


Fe- Fe3C phase diagram

Fe- Fe3C Phase diagram

Some phase diagrams are technologically important and


via these further aspects of the utility of phase diagrams
can be learnt.

The Fe-C (or more precisely the Fe- Fe3C) diagram is an


important one. Cementite is a metastable phase and
strictly speaking should not be included in a phase
diagram. But the decomposition rate of cementite is small
and hence can be thought of as stable enough to be
included in a phase diagram. Hence, we typically consider
the Fe- Fe3C part of the Fe-C phase diagram.
Another technologically important phase diagram is the
Al-Cu system (especially the Al rich end of the phase
diagram) which we will see later.

Important Phases of the diagram


Ferrite (): SS of C in BCC Fe
Soft phase, BCC, 0 K - 910 C (Pure Fe)
C is located at (0, 0, 1/2), 0.19
Size of the C atom: 0.71
Solubility is max. 0.02 wt.% at 725 C

Phases:

Austenite (): SS of C in FCC Fe


Soft phase, FCC, 910 C to 1410 C (Pure Fe)
C is located at (0, 0, 1/2) or (1/2,1/2,1/2);
Void size (0.52 )
Solubility is max. 1.7 wt.% at 1150 C

Delta () ferrite:

BCC, 1410 C to 1535 C


Solubility is max. 0.1 wt.% at 1493 C

Cementite (Fe3C): undergo


melting, fixed composition

congruent

Complex orthorhombic structure


25 at. % C = 6.67 wt.% C
Beyond 6.67 wt.% C all alloys of Fe-C are
Useless
Upto 2 wt.% C: Steels
2-6.67 wt.% C: Cast Iron

Complete Diagram: Fe-Fe3C

Three Important reactions in this diagram:


1. Peritectic Reaction

2.Eutectic Reaction
3.Eutectoid reaction

Fe-Cementite diagram
Three reactions are seen in the Fe rich side: (i) Peritectic, (ii) Eutectic & (iii) Eutectoid.
Peritectic
L+

1493C

Eutectic
L + Fe3C

L+

Eutectoid
a + Fe3C

Acm

A3

T
RT~0.008

723C

Of the three reactions the eutectoid reaction


is technologically important

Steels
Fe

+ Fe3C
A1

a
0.025

1147C

2.06

0.8
0.16

Cast Iron
Wt.% C 4.3

Fe3C

6.67

Classification of steels
Plain Carbon Steels
Mild steels: 0-0.3
Applications: Nails, ship hulls, automobile,
rivets etc.
Medium Carbon Steels: 0.35-0.7
Applications: Rails, Axles, wheels, Chisels
High Carbon steels: 0.8-1.4
Applications: Cutting wheels/tools, Blades,
Razors, saws, scissors

Another way of classification of steels based


on Eutectoid composition (0.8 % C)
C < 0.8% C: Hypoeutectoid steels
C > 0.8% C: Hyper eutectoid steels

C = 0.8% C: Eutectoid steels

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