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Determination of CaCO3 in The Eggshell

This chemistry project determined the percentage of calcium carbonate in eggshells from different locations. Eggshells were boiled, dried, and ground into a powder. The powder reacted with hydrochloric acid, and the remaining acid was titrated with sodium hydroxide. Calculations using the titration results found the brown egg from Malaysia contained 82.25% calcium carbonate, while the white egg from the USA contained 78.83%. This indicates the brown egg shell was stronger, and DDT pesticide damaged the shells of eggs from the USA more seriously.

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234 views33 pages

Determination of CaCO3 in The Eggshell

This chemistry project determined the percentage of calcium carbonate in eggshells from different locations. Eggshells were boiled, dried, and ground into a powder. The powder reacted with hydrochloric acid, and the remaining acid was titrated with sodium hydroxide. Calculations using the titration results found the brown egg from Malaysia contained 82.25% calcium carbonate, while the white egg from the USA contained 78.83%. This indicates the brown egg shell was stronger, and DDT pesticide damaged the shells of eggs from the USA more seriously.

Uploaded by

bushlala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry project

To determine the percentage of


calcium carbonate in eggshell

Content

Introduction
Principle of this experiment
Apparatus and equipments
Experiment procedures
Chemical used
Sample used
Source of errors
Assumption made
Experimental results
Calculations
Conclusion
Sources of references

Introduction
1960's - 1970's USA used a pesticide, DDT extensively
Run-off from DDT entered our waterways and
eventually into many of our wild birdlife.
DDT affected the population by weakening the
eggshells which would break before hatching.
An example of this devastation was the American Bald
Eagle whose population was as low as 400 mating
pairs in the lower 48 states.
DDT has been banned in the USA and the Bald Eagle is
no longer on the endangered species list. One method
of monitoring the strength of the egg is by determining
the percentage of calcium carbonate in the eggshell.
This can be accomplished through an acid/base
titration method.

Principle of the experiment


During this lab, the percentage of CaCO3 in an eggshell is
determined by reacting the eggshell with hydrochloric acid. The
equation for this reaction is:

2HCl (aq) + CaCO3(s) Ca2+ (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) + 2Cl- (aq)

This reaction cannot be used directly titrate with the CaCO3.


Instead, an excess of hydrochloric acid is added to dissolve the
eggshell, and the remaining acid is titrated with NaOH solution
to determine the amount of acid that did not react with the
eggshell. The equation used to determine the amount of leftover
acid is:

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

In order to help the hydrochloric acid dissolve the CaCO3,


ethyl alcohol is added to the eggshell as a wetting agent.
Wetting agents are chemicals that increase the spreading and
penetrating properties of a liquid by lowering its surface
tensionthat is, the tendency of its molecules to adhere to
each other.

Although it is now banned in the United States, the


pesticide DDT has caused significant damage to the
environment and its wildlife. Birds are especially affected
because the DDT weakens the shells of their eggs, which would
break before hatching. This caused certain bird species to
become endangered (i.e. the American bald eagle). One method
of monitoring the strength of the egg is by determining the
percentage of calcium carbonate in the eggshell.

The percentage of calcium carbonate indicate that the


strength of the eggshell and the strength of the eggshell show
how serious the pesticide damaged to the eggshell.

Apparatus and equipments


250.00 cm3 beaker

X4

glass rod

X1

Filter funnel

X1

Wash bottle

X1

Electronic balance

X1

Weighing bottle

X1

250.00cm3 volumetric flask

X2

25.00 cm3 pipette

X2

Conical flasks

X2

Measuring cylinder

X1

Bunsen burner

X2

Heatproof mat

X1

Burette

X2

Wire gaze

X2

Tripod

X2

White tile

X2

Mortar and pestle

X2

Oven

X1

Chemical used

0.1M NaOH
0.2M HCl
Phenolphthalein
Ethanol

Sample used

2 different eggs (1 white & 1 brown)

USA
Malaysia

Procedures
1) The eggs was boiled and cooled
down.
2) The protein membrane was
removed on the inside of the
boiled eggshell.
3) The eggshell was washed with
distilled water

5) The eggshell was then grounded into fine


powder by mortar and pestle.

(white egg)

(brown egg)

6) Dried in an oven for ten minutes.

7)

0.2g of eggshell powder is weighted


accurately by using an electronic balance
and it was transferred to a conical flask.

8) 25.00 cm3 of HCl was pipetted


to dissolve the eggshell
powder and 5 cm3 of ethanol
was also added in order to
help the HCl dissolve the
CaCO3
9) Distilled water was added to
the flask until it reached
about 50cm3. The flask was
swirled gently.

10) The mixture was boiled for about 15


minutes (boiling away CO2) and then
cooled down.

10) Boil !!

15 minutes!!!

Cool down!!

Experimental set-up
Burette stand

NaOH

Burette
25.00cm3 of HCl +

stopcock

0.2g if egg shell powder


+ 5.00cm3 of ethanol +
3 drops of
phenolphthalein +

about 20.00cm3 of
distilled water

Conical flask

11) The solution was


then titrated with
standardized
NaOH.
12) Repeat another
sample

Experimental results
The colour change of the solution:

White egg:
Colourless

pink

Brown egg:
Colourless

pink

The titration result of brown egg:


Trial
Final burette reading/cm3

15.20 20.00 18.30 13.10

Initial burette reading/cm3

0.00

Volume of NaOH used/cm3

15.20 20.00 18.30 13.10

Average volume of NaOH used:


(20.00+18.30+13.10)/3=17.13cm3

0.00

0.00

0.00

The titration result of white egg:


Trial
Final burette reading/cm3
Initial burette reading/cm3
Volume of NaOH used/cm3

19.50 19.60 19.80 19.70


0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

19.50 19.60 19.80 19.70

Average volume of NaOH used:


(19.60+19.80+19.70)/3=19.7cm3

Calculations
2HCl (aq) + CaCO3(s) Ca2+ (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l) + 2Cl- (aq)
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

For brown egg:


Number of moles of NaOH used to react with HCl:
(17.13cm3 /1000) X0.1M = 1.713 X 10-3 mol

Since number of moles of NaOH = number of moles of HCl


= 1.713 X 10-3 mol
The initial no of moles of HCl: volume X molarity
= 25/1000 X0.2M = 5X10-3 mol
Number of moles of HCl used to react with CaCO3 :
( 5X10-3 - 1.713 X 10-3) mol =3.287 X10-3 mol

According to the equation, one mole of HCI required to


react with 2 moles of CaCO3,

Number of moles of CaCO3 reacted:


3.287X10- 3 /2
= 1.6435X10-3 mol
The weight of CaCO3:
1.6435X10-3g X100.1
=0.1645g

The % of CaCO3 in eggshell (brown) :


(0.1645/0.2) X100%
= 82.25%

For white egg:


Number of moles of NaOH used to react with HCl:
(19.7/1000)X0.1 = 1.97X10-3mol
Since number of moles of NaOH = number of moles of HCl
= 1.97X10-3mol
The initial moles of HCl: volume X molarity
= 25/1000 X0.2M = 5X10-3 mol
Number of moles of HCl used to react with CaCO3 :
( 5X10-3 - 1.97X10-3) mol =3.03 X10-3 mol

Number of moles of CaCO3 reacted:


3.03 X10-3/2
= 1.515X10-3 mol
The weight of CaCO3:
1.515X10-3g X100.1
=0.15165g

The % of CaCO3 in eggshell (white) :


(0.15165/0.2) X100%
= 78.83%

Summary of Calculations
For Brown egg:
No. of moles of NaOH used to react with HCl/
mol

2.97X 10-3

No. of moles of HCl used to react with NaOH


/mol

2.97X 10-3

Initial moles of HCl / mol

1X10-2

No. of moles of HCl used to react with CaCO3


/mol

7.07 X10-3

No. of mols of CaCO3 reacted/ mol

3.535X10-3

The weight of CaCO3/ g

0.3535

The % of CaCO3in eggshell

70.07%

For white egg:


No. of moles of NaOH used to react with
HCl/ mol

1.97 X 10-3

No. of moles of HCl used to react with


NaOH /mol

1.97 X 10-3

Initial moles of HCl / mol

5X10-3
3.03 X10-3

No. of moles of HCl used to react with


CaCO3 /mol
The weight of CaCO3/ g

1.515X10-3
0.1517

The % of CaCO3in eggshell

75.82%

No. of mols of CaCO3 reacted/ mol

Sources of errors
The eggshell powder did not dissolve
completely
Variation in visual judgement at the end point
Instrumental errors of the electronic balance
The eggshell was not fully dried

Some droplets of solution may still adhere on the beaker and the glass rod which
lead to the reduction in number of moles of excess HCl we should wash our hands
after the experiment

There was vaporization during boiling.

Remarks
During titration, control the stopcock of the burette with your
left hand. Swirl the conical flask with your right hand
Use a conical flask to dissolved the eggshell since colourless
gas bubbles will be evolved. It is to prevent the solution from
jumping out .(CO2 is formed)
When dissolving the eggshell in a conical flask, use a stirrer to
stir the solution well in order to make sure that the eggshell is
totally dissolved
After pouring the solution mixture of eggshell and HCl into a
volumetric flask, remember to rinse the stirrer and the conical
flask with distilled water and pour the washing to the
volumetric flask
After filling up the burette with NaOH, we should remember to
remove the filter funnel on the top of the burette
Bubble in the burette should be removed before the initial
reading of the burette is read
we should swirl the conical flask after each addition. Distilled
water should be added to rinse the NaOH down the flask
Put a white tile under the conical flask for clearer observation

Safety precautions
Dilute NaOH is corrosive
Do not touch chemicals with bare
hands
Safety goggles should be put on during
the experiment
We should wash our hands after the
experiment

Conclusion
By comparing the percentage of two eggs,
brown egg (Malaysia) has a higher
percentage than white egg (USA) indicate
brown egg has a higher strength than white
egg. It also show that eggs from USA have
a more serious problem of using DDT.

Sources of references
http://www.chem.csustan.edu/chem1102/E
gg.htm
www.wikipedia.com

The end!
Thank you for your attention!
ByeBye!

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