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Appendix B, C Oil Pipe

Bernoulli's theorem states that the total mechanical energy of a flowing fluid remains constant, such that an increase in fluid velocity is associated with a decrease in fluid pressure. The theorem applies to fluids flowing steadily and without viscosity or compressibility. Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, velocity, elevation, and density of a fluid at different points in its flow. Pressure drop and head loss are important concepts in pipe flow analysis, as pressure drop is directly related to pump power requirements. Pressure loss can be expressed as proportional to flow velocity and inversely proportional to pipe diameter. The friction factor relates pressure loss to flow properties and pipe characteristics.

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Appendix B, C Oil Pipe

Bernoulli's theorem states that the total mechanical energy of a flowing fluid remains constant, such that an increase in fluid velocity is associated with a decrease in fluid pressure. The theorem applies to fluids flowing steadily and without viscosity or compressibility. Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, velocity, elevation, and density of a fluid at different points in its flow. Pressure drop and head loss are important concepts in pipe flow analysis, as pressure drop is directly related to pump power requirements. Pressure loss can be expressed as proportional to flow velocity and inversely proportional to pipe diameter. The friction factor relates pressure loss to flow properties and pipe characteristics.

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Appendix B: Bernoulli's Theorem

Bernoullis theorem, in fluid dynamics, relation among the pressure, velocity, and
elevation in a moving fluid, the compressibility and viscosity (internal friction) of
which are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar. First derived
(1738) by the Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli, the theorem states, in
effect, that the total mechanical energy of the flowing fluid, comprising the
energy associated with fluid pressure, the gravitational potential energy of
elevation, and the kinetic energy of fluid motion, remains constant. Bernoullis
theorem implies, therefore, that if the fluid flows horizontally so that no change
in gravitational potential energy occurs, then a decrease in fluid pressure is
associated with an increase in fluid velocity.
In general Bernoulli's Equation is given as:

1 2
P+ V + gh=constant
2
where P is the pressure, is the density,
and

V is the velocity, h

is the elevation,

is the gravitational acceleration.

Appendix C: Pressure Drop and Head Loss


One of the important quantities in the analysis of pipe flow is the pressure drop
P since it is directly related to the power requirements of a pump to maintain
the flow. In laminar flow the pressure drop can be expressed as,

P=P1P2 =

8 L V avg
R

32 L V avg
D2

A pressure drop due to viscous effects represents an irreversible pressure loss,


and it is called pressure loss. In the above equation, the pressure drop is due
entirely to viscous effects and implies that the fluid flows through a pipe of
constant diameter and length at an average velocity.
In practice, it has been established that the pressure loss for all types of fully
developed internal flows as,
2
L V avg
PL =f
D 2

where V avg /2 is the dynamic pressure and

is the Darcy friction factor.

Equating the two equations together and solving for


for fully developed laminar flow in circular pipe,

gives the friction factor

f=

64
64
=
D V avg

This equation shows that the friction factor for laminar flow is a function of
Reynolds Number only and it is independent of the pipe's roughness.

References:
https://www.princeton.edu/~asmits/Bicycle_web/Bernoulli.html
https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/math/MEK4450/h11/undervisningsmate
riale/modul-5/Pipeflow_intro.pdf

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