Materials Science (C)

By
Linda (Lin) Wozniewski
[email protected]

Safety

Students must wear:

Closed shoes
All skin from neck to toes covered
Lab coat or lab apron
Indirect vent or unvented chemical splash proof
goggles.
All skin from neck to wrists covered
Long hair (shoulder length or longer) must be tied
back.
Visorgogs now permitted

What Students May Bring

One non-image capable calculator per

student.
Five 8.5 X 11 sheets of paper, two sided
containing information in any form from any
source per team
A writing instrument

What Supervisors Will Supply

Everything the student will need

This may include:

Glassware
Reagents
Balances
Hot plates
Thermometers
Probes
Magnets
Stirrers
Models
Toothpicks and marshmallows

What is Materials Science?

Take the paperclip we have given you

Bend it so that the inner part is 180 from the
outer part
Does it break?
Bend it back.
Does it break?
How many times does it take till it breaks?
You have just done Materials Science

Properties

Why did the paper clip

break?
Why didnt all of the
paper clips break on
the same number of
bends?
What is the difference
between how these
materials behave?
What about these?

What are properties of materials?

Density
Deformation under load
Stiffness
Fatigue
Surface area to volume
Crystal structure
Thermodynamics

What causes these differences?

BONDING !

Materials Science

Materials Science - a relatively new interdisciplinary field

It merges Metallurgy, Ceramics, Polymers, & Composits
It merges Chemistry, Physics, and Geology
Materials Science takes advantage of the fact that we
can not make pure crystals of anything & the interesting
effects of the impurities.
Materials Science is a field where many of our students
will find lucrative employment in the future.
Materials Science also incorporates the fascinating area
of nano-technology

Main Focus

Material Performance and Atomic Structure

50%
Intermolecular Forces and Surface Chemistry
50%
How to prepare Students
Experiment ideas
Resources

Classification of Pure Substances

Types of Solids

Materials Characteristics

Materials Characteristics

Density

Metals

Metals: low electronegativity metal cationic atoms in

a sea of delocalized electrons. Metallic bonds from
electrostatic interaction - different from ionic bonds.
Conducts electrons on the delocalaized valence
level sea of electrons
malleable/ductile, hard, tough, can be brittle.

Iron

Ceramics

Covalent and ionic bonding of inorganic non-metals. electrons are

localized in bonds - poor conductors, brittle and very thermally stable.
The crystal structure of bulk ceramic compounds is determined by the
amount and type of bonds. The percentage of ionic bonds can be
estimated by using electronegativity determinations. Resistance to
shear and high-energy slip is extremely high.
Atoms are bonded more strongly than metals: fewer ways for atoms to
move or slip in relation to each other. Ductility of ceramic compounds is
very low and are brittle. Fracture stresses that initiate a crack build up
before there is any plastic deformation and, once started, a crack will
grow spontaneously.
Alumina
Al2O3
http://mst-online.nsu.edu/mst/ceramics/ceramics3.htm

Semiconductors
Metalloid in composition (w/ exception).
Covalently bonded. More elastic than
ceramics.
Characterized by the presence of a band gap
where electrons can become delocalized
within the framework.
Germanium

Polymers
Macromolecules containing carbon
covalently bonded with itself and with
elements of low atomic number
Molecular chains have long linear structures
and are held together through (weak)
intermolecular (van der Waals) bonds. Low
melting temp.

Materials Properties

Optical properties (Quantum Dots, LEDs)

Magnetic properties (ferrofluids)
Electronic Properties ( semiconductors)
Thermal and Mechanical Properities (plastics,
metals, ceramics)

Materials Performance

Stress Vs. Strain relationship

Youngs Modulus

E = /= (F/Ao)/(L/Lo)
Where
E = Youngs Modulus
= Stress
= Strain
F = Force
Ao= Initial cross section of material
L = Change in length of material
Lo = Initial length of material

Linear DeformationStress & Strain

Stress - force applied
over a given area.
Units of lbs/in2 or
Gigapascals

Strain - Deformation of
material as a change in
dimension from initial.
*Unitless

Stress, Strain, & Youngs Modulus

Youngs Modulus
- a measure of material stiffness
- E = /
= F/A
l/L

Hookes Law: F = kx
spring constant: k =
F/x

Yield Strength
Rubber
Glass
Polymers

True Elastic
Behavior vs.
Elastic Region
Vable, M. Mechanics of Materials: Mechanical properties of Materials. Sept. 2011

Nano World

The size regime of the

nano world is 1 million
times smaller than a
millimeter.

Units of length

SEM, TEM, AFM Images of CdSe

Quantum Dots

Picture: C.P. Garcia, V. Pellegrini , NEST (INFM), Pisa. Artwork: Lucia Covi
http://mrsec.wisc.edu/Edetc/SlideShow/slides/quantum_dot/QDCdSe.html
http://www.jpk.com/quantum-dots-manipulation.207.en.html?image=adf24cc03b304a4df5c2ff5b4f70f4e9

Surface area to volume ratio

Surface Area
Volume

Consequences of Large Surface

Area to Volume ratio
Gas law: P = nRT
V
As volume decreases, SA increases as does
pressure

Surface Tension

Depends on attractive forces in fluids

Examples

How to Measure

The force to break a known area free

from the liquid is measured

Contact Angle

The relationship between the surface

tension of the liquid and the attraction of
the solid
Important if you want ink to stick to film or
if you dont want water to stick to car or
skis
Measured by finding angle between
surface and tangential line drawn from
drop contact

Surface Tension

Tension on thin glass or Pt plate measured

Equation

l is the wetted perimeter of the plate

2d + 2w

is the contact angle

In practice is rarely measured.

Either literature values are used or complete wetting is
assumed ( = 0)

Crystal Structure

Space Lattice

A lattice is an array of points repeated through

space
A translation from any point through a vector
Rlmn+la+mb+nc, where l, m, & n are integers,
locates an exactly equivalent point. a, b, & c are
known as lattice vectors.

Cubic Crystal Lattices

90

The size and shape of a unit cell is described, in three dimensions, by the lengths of
the three edges (a, b, and c) and the angles between the edges (, , and ).
These quantities are referred to as the lattice parameters of the unit cell.

Simple Cubic

Body Centered Cubic

Body Centered Cubic

Face Centered Cubic

Face Centered Cubic

Characterizing a Crystal

Wave Particle Interaction

Interference in Scattered Waves

X-ray Diffraction in Crystalline Solids

Braggs Law

Diffraction Patterns

Common X-Ray Wavelengths

X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns

Miller Indices
Understanding crystal orientation

http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/miller_indices/printall.php

Viscosity

A measure of resistance of a fluid to deformation or

flow.
Water has a low viscosity. It is thin and flows easily
Honey has a high viscosity. It is thick and does not
flow easily
Viscosity is measured usually in one of two ways:

A given volume is timed to fall through a hole

Balls are timed falling through a given length

Viscosity

Mark a stop and start point on the side of the

tester
Fill the tester over the start line.
Time how long it takes for same amount of
each standard liquid to go from start to stop
Event supervisors will give standard curve if
doing this activity.

Creep Rate

Creep is the movement of material under stress

over time usually at higher temperatures
Creep ends when the material breaks

Fracture Toughness-State &

National

K1

is the fracture toughness

is the applied stress

is the crack length

is a crack length and component

geometry factor that is different for each
specimen and is dimensionless.

Fatigue Limit-State & National

Maximum fluctuating stress a material can

endure for an infinite number of cycles
Determined from a stress/cycles curve
This is what we looked at with the paperclip

Shear Modulus-State & National

Poissons Ratio-State & National

= -trans/axial
Where
= Poissons Ratio
trans = Transverse Strain
axial = Axial Strain
= L/Lo
L = Change in length of
material
Lo = Initial length of material

Resources

For Event Supervisors

For Lesson Plans for classroom use

http://mypage.iu.edu/~lwoz/socrime/index.htm

Miller Indices

http://mypage.iu.edu/~lwoz/socrime/index.htm

http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/miller_indices/printall.php

Stress, Strain, etc.

http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/
Mechanical/Mechanical.htm

Resources Continued

YouTube.

LOTS of nice videos on stress, strain, Youngs

Modulus, etc.

Contact Angles

http://www.csu.edu/chemistryandphysics/csuphys
van/participantactivities/Kondratko.FengertHS.Co
ntactAngleIFTWetting.pdf

Questions?
Thank

you
Time to play!

Workshop Test

Form the Silly Putty into a cone. Put it in the middle

of the petri dish.
Place the petri dish on the on the concentric circles
and center the Silly Putty.
Note where the Silly Putty circle is
Every 5 minutes note what circle the Silly Putty is
on.

Youngs Modulus

Form some Play-Doh into a cylinder

Determine the height and radius
Attach a dual force sensor with a round tip to
the calculator. Take out bottom screw.
Zero the sensor on 50N range.
Determine the force of the cylinder resting in an
empty petri dish balanced on top of the sensor
Push down, noting the force
Determine the new height

Youngs Modulus Continued

Stress = Force/Area0

Strain = L/L0

Determine the Force

Determine the initial area of the cylinder
Divide

Determine the difference in the heights

Divide the difference by the original height

Youngs Modulus

Divide Stress by Strain

Contact Angle

Use Pasteur pipette to put drops of water on

slide until large enough drop to measure
contact angle.
Use a protractor and ruler to find the contact
angle.

Surface Tension

Fill petri dish with water.

Measure width of slide
Attach dual force sensor with hook end to calculator
Attach slide suspended from clamp to hook
Zero dual sensor
Determine Force
Determine Force when slide just touches water
Determine how far up water moves on slide

Surface Tension

Determine perimeter of water on slide

Determine force difference
Surface tension is

l is the perimeter
is the contact angle (Assumed to be 0)
F is the difference in the forces

Thickness of a Molecule

Fill the pie plate with water

Sprinkle chalk dust on top
Determine how many drops from the Pasteur
pipette are required to make 1 ml.
Add one drop of soap to the center of the pie plate.
Determine the radius of the circle of soap
Since the soap has a hydrophobic part, it will
spread out 1 molecule thick on top of the water.
Divide the volume of the drop by the area

Face Centered Cube

Put 4 toothpicks (parts) at right angles to each

other around the middle of one marshmallow.
Repeat for 5 more marshmallows
Pick 2 of your toothpicked marshmallows & add
marshmallows to the 8 toothpicks
These are now 2 of the sides of the cube.
The other 4 toothpicked marshmallows are the
insides of the cube.
Put the toothpicks into the edge marshmallows to
form cube

n = 2d(sin)

Questions Continued

Using CuK radiation (=.154 nm),

the 1st order reflection for the spacing
between the {200} planes of gold
occurs at a 2 angle of 44.5

What is the spacing between the {200}

planes?

What is the value of a? a=.406 nm

What is the radius of gold? r=.203 nm

Surface Area/Volume Relationship

Surface Area/Volume Ratio to Side

Relationship

Surface Area to Volume Relationship

30
y = 0.068x1.5
R = 1

20
10

0
0

10

20

30
Volume (cm^3)

40

50

60

Surface Area to Volume

Ratio (1/cm)

Using your Play-Doh, make a 1 cm cube, 2

cm cube, and 3 cm cube.
Determine the surface area of each
Determine the volume of each
Divide the surface area by the volume
What trend do you see?
Surface Area
(cm^2)

8
6
4
2
0

y = 6x -1
R = 1

2
Side (cm)

Creep Rate

Retrieve the Silly Putty

Note the time and the last circle the putty reaches
Measure all of the diameters and match them to
their times
Using your calculator, make a spreadsheet of the
times vs. the diameters.
Subtract the original diameter from each diameter

Creep Rate

Divide the differences in the diameters by the

original diameter and multiply by 100 to get
the percent stress
Plot the time on the x axis vs. the stress on
the y axis.
Determine the slope of the middle range by
defining the area of interest and then finding
the tangent.
The creep rate is the slope

Deflection

Measure the length and diameter of a

straightened paperclip.
Suspend the paperclip across two tall containers
so the paperclip is resting at its two ends. Place
a ruler across the containers too.
Attach a dual range force sensor with a hook to
the calculator
Pull down in the center of the paperclip until the
clip is deflected down a measureable amount.
Note the deflection and the Force difference.

Deflection

The formula for deflection is:

d = (Wl3)/(12r4Y)

Solving for Youngs Modulus (Y) we get:

Y = (WI3)/12r4d)
W = force added
I = length of paperclip
d = deflection
r = radius of paperclip = diameter/2

Viscosity

Take one of the cups with the hole in the bottom.

Place finger over hole and pour a liquid in cup
until liquid is over start line on side of cup
Remove finger and place cup on pipe
Time how long it takes liquid to go from start line
to stop line.
Compare to standard curve to get viscosity.

Miller Indices

Draw a line straight across the first five dots of the 1st
line, repeat for the second line, & 3rd line.
You have just made a lattice structure with a Miller
index of (10)
What index would you have if you drew straight
down several columns 5 dots?
Now go diagonally up from one dot to the next. This
is an index of (11). If you had gone down diagonally,
it would have been (11 ).

Miller Indices, cont

Now pick a dot. Count over two rows & up 1 row.

Connect this dot and the one you started with.
Continue to connect a couple more. This is an
index of (21).
If you went over one and up two, it would be an
index of (12).
If you went over 3 and up one, this would be (31)