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Chapter 02

The document discusses motion in one dimension and covers topics like position, velocity, acceleration, kinematic equations, freely falling objects, and motion diagrams. It includes conceptual questions and answers as well as objective questions and answers related to these topics of one dimensional motion.

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Chapter 02

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2

Motion in One Dimension

CHAPTER OUTLINE
2.1

Position, Velocity, and Speed

2.2

Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

2.3

Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity

2.4

Acceleration

2.5

Motion Diagrams

2.6

Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration

2.7

Freely Falling Objects

2.8

Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus

* An asterisk indicates a question or problem new to this edition.

ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

OQ2.1

Count spaces (intervals), not dots. Count 5, not 6. The first drop falls at
time zero and the last drop at 5 5 s = 25 s. The average speed is
600 m/25 s = 24 m/s, answer (b).

OQ2.2

The initial velocity of the car is v0 = 0 and the velocity at time t is v. The
constant acceleration is therefore given by
a=

v v v0 v 0 v
=
=
=
t
t0
t
t

and the average velocity of the car is

( v + v0 ) = ( v + 0 ) = v
2

The distance traveled in time t is x = vt = vt/2. In the special case

where a = 0 (and hence v = v0 = 0), we see that statements (a), (b), (c),
and (d) are all correct. However, in the general case (a 0, and hence
33
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Motion in One Dimension

v 0) only statements (b) and (c) are true. Statement (e) is not true in
either case.

OQ2.3

The bowling pin has a constant downward acceleration while in flight.

The velocity of the pin is directed upward on the ascending part of its
flight and is directed downward on the descending part of its flight.
Thus, only (d) is a true statement.

OQ2.4

The derivation of the equations of kinematics for an object moving in

one dimension was based on the assumption that the object had a
constant acceleration. Thus, (b) is the correct answer. An object would
have constant velocity if its acceleration were zero, so (a) applies to
cases of zero acceleration only. The speed (magnitude of the velocity)
will increase in time only in cases when the velocity is in the same
direction as the constant acceleration, so (c) is not a correct response.
An object projected straight upward into the air has a constant
downward acceleration, yet its position (altitude) does not always
increase in time (it eventually starts to fall back downward) nor is its
velocity always directed downward (the direction of the constant
acceleration). Thus, neither (d) nor (e) can be correct.

OQ2.5

The maximum height (where v = 0) reached by a freely falling object

shot upward with an initial velocity v0 = +225 m/s is found from
v 2f = vi2 + 2a(y f y i ) = vi2 + 2ay, where we replace a with g, the
downward acceleration due to gravity. Solving for y then gives

(v
y =

2
f

vi2
2a

( 225 m/s )
v02
=
= 2.58 103 m
2
2 ( g ) 2 ( 9.80 m/s )
2

Thus, the projectile will be at the y = 6.20 102 m level twice, once on
the way upward and once coming back down.
The elapsed time when it passes this level coming downward can be
found by using v 2f = vi2 + 2ay again by substituting a = g and solving
for the velocity of the object at height (displacement from original
position) y = +6.20 102 m.

v 2f = vi2 + 2ay

v 2 = ( 225 m/s ) + 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 6.20 102 m )

v = 196 m/s

Chapter 2

The velocity coming down is 196 m/s. Using vf = vi + at, we can solve
for the time the velocity takes to change from +225 m/s to 196 m/s:

vi
a

) = ( 196 m/s 225 m/s) = 43.0 s.

( 9.80 m/s )
2

The correct choice is (e).

OQ2.6

Once the arrow has left the bow, it has a constant downward
acceleration equal to the free-fall acceleration, g. Taking upward as the
positive direction, the elapsed time required for the velocity to change
from an initial value of 15.0 m/s upward (v0 = +15.0 m/s) to a value of
8.00 m/s downward (vf = 8.00 m/s) is given by

t =

v v f v0 8.00 m/s ( +15.0 m/s )

=
=
= 2.35 s
a
g
9.80 m/s 2

Thus, the correct choice is (d).

OQ2.7

(c) The object has an initial positive (northward) velocity and a

negative (southward) acceleration; so, a graph of velocity versus time
slopes down steadily from an original positive velocity. Eventually, the
graph cuts through zero and goes through increasing-magnitudenegative values.

OQ2.8

(b) Using v 2f = vi2 + 2ay, with vi = 12 m/s and y = 40 m:

v 2f = vi2 + 2ay

v 2 = ( 12 m/s ) + 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 40 m )

v = 30 m/s
OQ2.9

With original velocity zero, displacement is proportional to the square

of time in (1/2)at2. Making the time one-third as large makes the
displacement one-ninth as large, answer (c).

OQ2.10

We take downward as the positive direction with y = 0 and t = 0 at the

top of the cliff. The freely falling marble then has v0 = 0 and its
displacement at t = 1.00 s is y = 4.00 m. To find its acceleration, we
use

1
1
2y
y = y 0 + v0t + at 2 ( y y 0 ) = y = at 2 a = 2
2
2
t
2 ( 4.00 m )
2
a=
2 = 8.00 m/s
(1.00 s )

Motion in One Dimension

The displacement of the marble (from its initial position) at t = 2.00 s is
found from

1 2
at
2
1
2
y = ( 8.00 m/s 2 ) ( 2.00 s ) = 16.0 m.
2
y =

The distance the marble has fallen in the 1.00 s interval from t = 1.00 s
to t = 2.00 s is then
y = 16.0 m 4.0 m = 12.0 m.
and the answer is (c).
OQ2.11

In a position vs. time graph, the velocity of the object at any point in
time is the slope of the line tangent to the graph at that instant in time.
The speed of the particle at this point in time is simply the magnitude
(or absolute value) of the velocity at this instant in time. The
displacement occurring during a time interval is equal to the difference
in x coordinates at the final and initial times of the interval,
x = xf xi.
The average velocity during a time interval is the slope of the straight
line connecting the points on the curve corresponding to the initial and
final times of the interval,

v = x t
Thus, we see how the quantities in choices (a), (e), (c), and (d) can all
be obtained from the graph. Only the acceleration, choice (b), cannot be
obtained from the position vs. time graph.
OQ2.12

We take downward as the positive direction with y = 0 and t = 0 at the

top of the cliff. The freely falling pebble then has v0 = 0 and a = g =
+9.8 m/s2. The displacement of the pebble at t = 1.0 s is given: y1 =
4.9 m. The displacement of the pebble at t = 3.0 s is found from
y 3 = v0t +

1 2
1
2
at = 0 + ( 9.8 m/s 2 ) ( 3.0 s ) = 44 m
2
2

The distance fallen in the 2.0-s interval from t = 1.0 s to t = 3.0 s is then

y = y3 y1 = 44 m 4.9 m = 39 m
and choice (c) is seen to be the correct answer.
OQ2.13

(c) They are the same. After the first ball reaches its apex and falls back
downward past the student, it will have a downward velocity of
magnitude vi. This velocity is the same as the velocity of the second
ball, so after they fall through equal heights their impact speeds will

Chapter 2

also be the same.

OQ2.14

(b) Above. Your ball has zero initial speed and smaller average speed
during the time of flight to the passing point. So your ball must travel a
smaller distance to the passing point than the ball your friend throws.

OQ2.15

Take down as the positive direction. Since the pebble is released from
rest, v 2f = vi2 + 2ay becomes
v 2f = (4 m/s)2 = 02 + 2gh.

Next, when the pebble is thrown with speed 3.0 m/s from the same
height h, we have

v 2f = ( 3 m/s ) + 2gh = ( 3 m/s ) + ( 4 m/s ) v f = 5 m/s

and the answer is (b). Note that we have used the result from the first
equation above and replaced 2gh with (4 m/s)2 in the second equation.
OQ2.16

Once the ball has left the throwers hand, it is a freely falling body with
a constant, nonzero, acceleration of a = g. Since the acceleration of the
ball is not zero at any point on its trajectory, choices (a) through (d) are
all false and the correct response is (e).

OQ2.17

(a) Its speed is zero at points B and D where the ball is reversing its
direction of motion. Its speed is the same at A, C, and E because these
points are at the same height. The assembled answer is A = C = E > B =
D.
(b) The acceleration has a very large positive (upward) value at D. At
all the other points it is 9.8 m/s2. The answer is D > A = B = C = E.

OQ2.18

(i) (b) shows equal spacing, meaning constant nonzero velocity and
constant zero acceleration. (ii) (c) shows positive acceleration
throughout. (iii) (a) shows negative (leftward) acceleration in the first
four images.

ANSWERS TO CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS

CQ2.1

The net displacement must be zero. The object could have moved
away from its starting point and back again, but it is at its initial
position again at the end of the time interval.

CQ2.2

Tramping hard on the brake at zero speed on a level road, you do not
feel pushed around inside the car. The forces of rolling resistance and
air resistance have dropped to zero as the car coasted to a stop, so the
cars acceleration is zero at this moment and afterward.
Tramping hard on the brake at zero speed on an uphill slope, you feel

Motion in One Dimension

thrown backward against your seat. Before, during, and after the zerospeed moment, the car is moving with a downhill acceleration if you
do not tramp on the brake.

CQ2.3

Yes. If a car is travelling eastward and slowing down, its acceleration is

opposite to the direction of travel: its acceleration is westward.

CQ2.4

Yes. Acceleration is the time rate of change of the velocity of a particle.

If the velocity of a particle is zero at a given moment, and if the particle
is not accelerating, the velocity will remain zero; if the particle is
accelerating, the velocity will change from zerothe particle will begin
to move. Velocity and acceleration are independent of each other.

CQ2.5

Yes. Acceleration is the time rate of change of the velocity of a particle.

If the velocity of a particle is nonzero at a given moment, and the
particle is not accelerating, the velocity will remain the same; if the
particle is accelerating, the velocity will change. The velocity of a
particle at a given moment and how the velocity is changing at that
moment are independent of each other.

CQ2.6

Assuming no air resistance: (a) The ball reverses direction at its

maximum altitude. For an object traveling along a straight line, its
velocity is zero at the point of reversal. (b) Its acceleration is that of
gravity: 9.80 m/s2 (9.80 m/s2, downward). (c) The velocity is
5.00 m/s2. (d) The acceleration of the ball remains 9.80 m/s2 as long
as it does not touch anything. Its acceleration changes when the ball
encounters the ground.

CQ2.7

(a) No. Constant acceleration only: the derivation of the equations

assumes that d2x/dt2 is constant. (b) Yes. Zero is a constant.

CQ2.8

Yes. If the speed of the object varies at all over the interval, the
instantaneous velocity will sometimes be greater than the average
velocity and will sometimes be less.

CQ2.9

No: Car A might have greater acceleration than B, but they might both
have zero acceleration, or otherwise equal accelerations; or the driver
of B might have tramped hard on the gas pedal in the recent past to
give car B greater acceleration just then.

Chapter 2

SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS

Section 2.1
P2.1

Position, Velocity, and Speed

The average velocity is the slope, not necessarily of the graph line
itself, but of a secant line cutting across the graph between specified
points. The slope of the graph line itself is the instantaneous velocity,
found, for example, in Problem 6 part (b). On this graph, we can tell
positions to two significant figures:
(a)

x = 0 at t = 0 and x = 10 m at t = 2 s:
vx,avg =

(b)

P2.2

x = 5.0 m at t = 4 s:
vx,avg =

x 5.0m 0
=
= 1.2m/s
t
4s 0

(c)

vx,avg =

x 5.0m 10m
=
= 2.5m/s
t
4s 2s

(d)

vx,avg =

x 5.0m 5.0m
=
= 3.3m/s
t
7s 4s

(e)

vx,avg = x = 0.0m0.0m = 0m/s

t
8s0s

We assume that you are approximately 2 m tall and that the nerve
impulse travels at uniform speed. The elapsed time is then
t =

P2.3

x 10m 0
=
= 5.0m/s
t
2s 0

x
2m
=
= 2 102 s = 0.02 s
v
100 m/s

Speed is positive whenever motion occurs, so the average speed must

be positive. For the velocity, we take as positive for motion to the right
and negative for motion to the left, so its average value can be positive,
negative, or zero.
(a)

The average speed during any time interval is equal to the total
distance of travel divided by the total time:

average speed =

total distance dAB + dBA

=
total time
tAB + tBA

But dAB = dBA , tAB = d v AB , and tBA = d vBA

average speed =

2 ( vAB ) ( vBA )
d+d
=
( d/vAB ) + ( d/vBA ) vAB + vBA

Motion in One Dimension

and

(5.00m/s)(3.00 m/s)
average speed = 2
= 3.75 m/s
5.00m/s + 3.00m/s
(b)

The average velocity during any time interval equals total

displacement divided by elapsed time.

vx,avg =

Since the walker returns to the starting point, x = 0 and

vx,avg = 0 .
P2.4

*P2.5

We substitute for t in x = 10t2, then use the definition of average

velocity:
t (s)

2.00

2.10

3.00

x (m)

40.0

44.1

90.0

(a)

vavg =

x 90.0 m 40.0 m 50.0 m

=
=
= 50.0 m/s
t
1.00 s
1.00 s

(b)

vavg =

x 44.1 m 40.0 m 4.10 m

=
=
= 41.0 m/s
t
0.100 s
0.100 s

We read the data from the table provided, assume three significant
figures of precision for all the numbers, and use Equation 2.2 for the
definition of average velocity.
(a)

vx,avg =

x 2.30 m 0 m
=
= 2.30 m s
t
1.00 s

(b)

vx,avg =

x 57.5 m 9.20 m
=
= 16.1 m s
t
3.00 s

(c)

vx,avg =

x 57.5 m 0 m
=
= 11.5 m s
t
5.00 s

Chapter 2

Section 2.2
P2.6

(a)

Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

At any time, t, the position is given by x = (3.00 m/s2)t2.
Thus, at ti = 3.00 s: xi = (3.00 m/s2)(3.00 s)2 = 27.0 m .

(b)

At tf = 3.00 s + t: : xf = (3.00 m/s2)(3.00 s + t )2, or

x f = 27.0 m + ( 18.0 m/s ) t + ( 3.00 m/s 2 ) ( t )

(c)

The instantaneous velocity at t = 3.00 s is:

(18.0 m/s ) t + ( 3.00 m/s 2 ) ( t )

x
lim
= lim
t0 t
t0
t
= lim ( 18.0 m/s ) + ( 3.00 m/s 2 ) ( t ) = 18.0 m/s
2

P2.7

For average velocity, we find the slope of a

secant line running across the graph between
the 1.5-s and 4-s points. Then for
instantaneous velocities we think of slopes of
tangent lines, which means the slope of the
graph itself at a point.
We place two points on the curve: Point A, at
t = 1.5 s, and Point B, at t = 4.0 s, and read the
corresponding values of x.
(a)

ANS. FIG. P2.7

At ti = 1.5 s, xi = 8.0 m (Point A)

At tf = 4.0 s, xf = 2.0 m (Point B)

vavg =

x f xi
t f ti

=
(b)

( 2.0 8.0 ) m
( 4.0 1.5 ) s

6.0 m
= 2.4 m/s
2.5 s

The slope of the tangent line can be found from points C and D.
(tC = 1.0 s, xC = 9.5 m) and (tD = 3.5 s, xD = 0),

v 3.8 m/s
The negative sign shows that the direction of vx is along the
negative x direction.
(c)

The velocity will be zero when the slope of the tangent line is
zero. This occurs for the point on the graph where x has its
minimum value. This is at t 4.0 s .

42
P2.8

Motion in One Dimension

We use the definition of average velocity.
(a)

v1,x,ave =

( x )1 L 0
=
= +L /t1
t1
( t )1

(b)

v2,x,ave =

( x )2 0 L
=
= L /t2
t2
( t )2

(c)

To find the average velocity for the round trip, we add the
displacement and time for each of the two halves of the swim:

vx,ave,total =

( x )total ( x )1 + ( x )2 +L L
0
=
=
=
= 0
t1 + t2
t1 + t2 t1 + t2
( t )total

(d) The average speed of the round trip is the total distance the
athlete travels divided by the total time for the trip:

vave,trip =
=
P2.9

totaldistancetraveled ( x )1 + ( x )2
=
t1 + t2
( t )total
+L + L
2L
=
t1 + t2
t1 + t2

The instantaneous velocity is found by

evaluating the slope of the x t curve at the
indicated time. To find the slope, we choose
two points for each of the times below.
(a)

( 5 0) m =
(1 0) s

(b)

( 5 10) m =
( 4 2) s

(c)

( 5 5) m =
v=
(5 s 4 s)

(d)

5 m/s
2.5 m/s
ANS. FIG. P2.9

0 ( 5 m )
= +5 m/s
(8 s 7 s)

Chapter 2

Section 2.3
P2.10

Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity

The plates spread apart distance d of 2.9 103 mi in the time interval
t at the rate of 25 mm/year. Converting units:
3
1609 m 10 mm
3
2.9

10
mi
(
) 1 mi 1 m = 4.7 109 mm

Use d = vt, and solve for t:

d
v
9
4.7 10 mm
t =
= 1.9 108 years
25 mm/year

d = vt t =

P2.11

(a)

The tortoise crawls through a distance D before the rabbit

resumes the race. When the rabbit resumes the race, the rabbit
must run through 200 m at 8.00 m/s while the tortoise crawls
through the distance (1 000 m D) at 0.200 m/s. Each takes the
same time interval to finish the race:

200 m 1000 m D
t =
=
8.00 m/s 0.200 m/s
Solving,

( 0.200 m/s )( 200 m ) = ( 8.00 m/s )( 1000 m D)

1000 m D =

( 0.200 m/s )( 200 m )

8.00 m/s
D = 995 m

So, the tortoise is 1 000 m D = 5.00 m from the finish line when
the rabbit resumes running.
(b)

P2.12

Both begin the race at the same time: t = 0. The rabbit reaches the
800-m position at time t = 800 m/(8.00 m/s) = 100 s. The tortoise
has crawled through 995 m when t = 995 m/(0.200 m/s) = 4 975 s.
The rabbit has waited for the time interval t = 4 975 s 100 s =
4875 s .

The trip has two parts: first the car travels at constant speed v1 for
distance d, then it travels at constant speed v2 for distance d. The first
part takes the time interval t1 = d/v1, and the second part takes the
time interval t2 = d/v2.
(a)

By definition, the average velocity for the entire trip is

vavg = x / t, where x = x1 + x2 = 2d, and

Motion in One Dimension

t = t1 + t2 = d / v1 + d / v2 . Putting these together, we have

2v1v2
2d
d x + x2
vavg = = 1
=
=

t t1 + t2 d/v1 + d/v2 v1 + v2

We know vavg = 30 mi/h and v1 = 60 mi/h.

Solving for v2 gives

v1 vavg
.
2v1 vavg

( v1 + v2 ) vavg = 2v1v2 v2 =

( 30 mi/h ) ( 60 mi/h )
v2 =
= 20 mi/h
2
60
mi/h

30
mi/h
(
)
(
)

(b)

The average velocity for this trip is vavg = x / t, where

x = x1 + x2 = d + ( d ) = 0; so, vavg = 0 .
(c)

The average speed for this trip is vavg = d / t, where d = d1 + d2 =

d + d = 2d and t = t1 + t2 = d / v1 + d / v2 ; so, the average speed
is the same as in part (a): vavg = 30 mi/h.

*2.13

(a)

The total time for the trip is ttotal = t1 + 22.0 min = t1 + 0.367 h,
where t1 is the time spent traveling at v1 = 89.5 km/h. Thus, the
distance traveled is x = v1t1 = vavgttotal , which gives

( 89.5 km/h ) t1 = (77.8 km/h )(t1 + 0.367 h )

= ( 77.8 km/h ) t1 + 28.5 km
or

( 89.5 km/h 77.8 km/h ) t1 = 28.5 km

from which, t1= 2.44 h, for a total time of

ttotal = t1 + 0.367 h = 2.81 h

(b)

The distance traveled during the trip is x = v1t1 = vavgttotal , giving

x = vavgttotal = ( 77.8 km/h ) ( 2.81 h ) = 219 km

Chapter 2

Section 2.4
P2.14

Acceleration

The balls motion is entirely in the horizontal direction. We choose the

positive direction to be the outward direction, perpendicular to the
wall. With outward positive, vi = 25.0 m/s and v f = 22.0 m/s. We use
Equation 2.13 for one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration,

v f = vi + at, and solve for the acceleration to obtain

P2.15

(a)

v 22.0 m/s ( 25.0 m/s )

=
= 1.34 10 4 m/s 2
t
3.50 103 s

Acceleration is the slope of the graph of v versus t.

For 0 < t < 5.00 s, a = 0.
For 15.0 s < t < 20.0 s, a = 0.
For 5.0 s < t < 15.0 s, a =
a=

v f vi
t f ti

8.00 m/s ( 8.00 m/s )

= 1.60 m/s 2
15.0 s 5.00 s

We can plot a(t) as shown in ANS. FIG. P2.15 below.

ANS. FIG. P2.15

For (b) and (c) we use a =
(b)

t f ti

For 5.00 s < t < 15.0 s, ti = 5.00 s, vi = 8.00 m/s, tf = 15.0 s, and
vf = 8.00 m/s:

a=
(c)

v f vi

v f vi
t f ti

8.00 m/s ( 8.00 m/s )

= 1.60 m/s 2
15.0 s 5.00 s

We use ti = 0, vi = 8.00 m/s, tf = 20.0 s, and vf = 8.00 m/s:

v f vi
t f ti

8.00 m/s ( 8.00 m/s )

= 0.800 m/s 2
20.0 s 0

46
P2.16

Motion in One Dimension

The acceleration is zero whenever the marble is on a horizontal
section. The acceleration has a constant positive value when the
marble is rolling on the 20-to-40-cm section and has a constant
negative value when it is rolling on the second sloping section.
The position graph is a straight sloping line whenever the speed is
constant and a section of a parabola when the speed changes.

Chapter 2
P2.17

(a)

In the interval ti = 0 s and tf = 6.00 s, the motorcyclists velocity

changes from vi = 0 to vf = 8.00 m/s. Then,

a=
(b)

v v f vi 8.0 m/s 0
=
=
= 1.3 m/s 2
t t f ti
6.0 s 0

Maximum positive acceleration occurs when the slope of the

velocity-time curve is greatest, at t = 3 s, and is equal to the slope
of the graph, approximately (6 m/s 2 m/s)/(4 s 2 s) =

2 m/s 2 .
(c)

The acceleration a = 0 when the slope of the velocity-time graph is

zero, which occurs at t = 6 s , and also for t > 10 s .

(d) Maximum negative acceleration occurs when the velocity-time

graph has its maximum negative slope, at t = 8 s, and is equal to
the slope of the graph, approximately 1.5 m/s 2 .
*P2.18

(a)

The graph is shown in ANS. FIG. P2.18 below.

ANS. FIG. P2.18

(b)

(c)

At t = 5.0 s, the slope is v

58 m
23 m s .
2.5 s

At t = 4.0 s, the slope is v

54 m
18 m s .
3s

At t = 3.0 s, the slope is v

49 m
14 m s .
3.4 s

At t = 2.0 s, the slope is v

36 m
9.0 m s .
4.0 s

v 23 m s

4.6 m s 2
t
5.0 s

Motion in One Dimension

(d) The initial velocity of the car was zero .

P2.19

(a)

The area under a graph of a vs. t is equal to the change in velocity,

v. We can use Figure P2.19 to find the change in velocity during
specific time intervals.
The area under the curve for the time interval 0 to 10 s has the
shape of a rectangle. Its area is
v = (2 m/s2)(10 s) = 20 m/s

The particle starts from rest, v0 = 0, so its velocity at the end of the
10-s time interval is
v = v0 + v = 0 + 20 m/s = 20 m/s
Between t = 10 s and t = 15 s, the area is zero: v = 0 m/s.
Between t = 15 s and t = 20 s, the area is a rectangle: v =
(3 m/s2)(5 s) = 15 m/s.
So, between t = 0 s and t = 20 s, the total area is v = (20 m/s) +
(0 m/s) + (15 m/s) = 5 m/s, and the velocity at t = 20 s is
5 m/s.
(b)

We can use the information we derived in part (a) to construct a

graph of x vs. t; the area under such a graph is equal to the
displacement, x, of the particle.
From (a), we have these points (t, v) = (0 s, 0 m/s), (10 s, 20 m/s),
(15 s, 20 m/s), and (20 s, 5 m/s). The graph appears below.

The displacements are:

0 to 10 s (area of triangle): x = (1/2)(20 m/s)(10 s) = 100 m
10 to 15 s (area of rectangle): x = (20 m/s)(5 s) = 100 m
15 to 20 s (area of triangle and rectangle):
x = (1/2)[(20 5) m/s](5 s) + (5 m/s)(5 s)

= 37.5 m + 25 m = 62.5 m
Total displacement over the first 20.0 s:
x = 100 m + 100 m + 62.5 m = 262.5 m = 263m
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Chapter 2
P2.20

(a)

The average velocity is the change in position divided by the

length of the time interval. We plug in to the given equation.
At t = 2.00 s, x = [3.00(2.00)2 2.00(2.00) + 3.00] m = 11.0 m.
At t = 3.00 s, x = [3.00(3.00)2 2.00(3.00) + 3.00] m = 24.0 m
so
vavg =

(b)

x 24.0 m 11.0 m
=
= 13.0 m/s
t
3.00 s 2.00 s

At all times the instantaneous velocity is

d
3.00t 2 2.00t + 3.00 ) = ( 6.00t 2.00 ) m/s
(
dt

At t = 2.00 s, v = [6.00(2.00) 2.00] m/s = 10.0 m/s .

At t = 3.00 s, v = [6.00(3.00) 2.00] m/s = 16.0 m/s .
(c)

aavg =

v 16.0 m/s 10.0 m/s

=
= 6.00 m/s 2
t
3.00 s 2.00 s

d
(6.00t 2.00) = 6.00 m/s 2 . This includes both
dt
t = 2.00 s and t = 3.00 s.

(d) At all times a =

(e)
P2.21

From (b), v = (6.00t 2.00) = 0 t = (2.00)/(6.00) = 0.333 s.

To find position we simply evaluate the given expression. To find

velocity we differentiate it. To find acceleration we take a second
derivative.
With the position given by x = 2.00 + 3.00t t2, we can use the rules for
differentiation to write expressions for the velocity and acceleration as
functions of time:

vx =

dx d
dv d
= ( 2 + 3t t 2 ) = 3 2t and ax =
= (3 2t) = 2
dt dt
dt dt

Now we can evaluate x, v, and a at t = 3.00 s.

(a)

x = (2.00 + 9.00 9.00) m = 2.00 m

(b)

v = (3.00 6.00) m/s = 3.00 m/s

(c)

a = 2.00 m/s 2

Motion in One Dimension

Section 2.5
P2.22

Motion Diagrams

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

(f)

One way of phrasing the answer: The spacing of the successive

positions would change with less regularity.
Another way: The object would move with some combination of
the kinds of motion shown in (a) through (e). Within one
drawing, the acceleration vectors would vary in magnitude and
direction.

P2.23

(a)

The motion is fast at first but slowing until the speed is constant.
We assume the acceleration is constant as the object slows.

Chapter 2
(b)

The motion is constant in speed.

(c)

The motion is speeding up, and we suppose the acceleration is

constant.

Section 2.6
*P2.24

Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant

Acceleration

Method One
Suppose the unknown acceleration is constant as a car moving at
vi1 = 35.0 mi h comes to a stop, v f = 0 in x f 1 xi = 40.0 ft. We find its
acceleration from v 2f 1= vi12 + 2a ( x f 1 xi ) :

v 2f 1 vi2

2 ( x f 1 xi )

0 (35.0 mi h)2 5280 ft

2 ( 40.0 ft )
mi

)(
2

1h
3600 s

= 32.9 ft s 2

Now consider a car moving at vi2 = 70.0 mi h and stopping, v f = 0,

with a = 32.9 ft s 2 . From the same equation, its stopping distance is

x f 2 xi =

v 2f 2 vi2
2a

0 ( 70.0 mi/h )2 5280 ft

2 ( 32.9 ft s 2 )
1 mi

)(
2

1h
3600 s

= 160 ft
Method Two
For the process of stopping from the lower speed vi1 we have

v 2f = vi12 + 2a ( x f 1 xi ) , 0 = vi12 + 2ax f 1 , and vi12 = 2ax f 1 . For stopping

Motion in One Dimension

from vi2 = 2vi1 , similarly 0 = vi22 + 2ax f 2 , and vi22 = 2ax f 2 . Dividing
gives
xf2
vi22
; x f 2 = 40 ft 2 2 = 160 ft
=
2
vi1 x f 1

*P2.25

We have vi = 2.00 10 4 m/s, v f = 6.00 106 m/s, and

x f xi = 1.50 102 m.

(a)

x f xi =

1
( v + v f ) t:
2 i

2 ( x f xi )
vi + v f

2 ( 1.50 102 m )
=
2.00 10 4 m s + 6.00 106 m s

= 4.98 109 s
(b)

v 2f = vi2 + 2ax ( x f xi ) :
ax =

v 2f vi2
2(x f xi )

(6.00 106
=

m s ) ( 2.00 10 4 m s )
2(1.50 102 m)
2

= 1.20 1015 m s 2

*P2.26

(a)

Choose the initial point where the pilot reduces the throttle and
the final point where the boat passes the buoy: xi = 0, x f = 100 m,

vxi = 30 m/s, vxf = ?, ax = 3.5 m/s 2 , and t = ?

x f = xi + vxit +

1 2
at :
2 x

100 m = 0 + ( 30 m s ) t +

(1.75

1
( 3.5 m s2 ) t 2
2

m s 2 ) t 2 ( 30 m s ) t + 100 m = 0

We use the quadratic formula:

b b 2 4ac
2a

30 m s 900 m 2 s 2 4 ( 1.75 m s 2 ) ( 100 m )

t=
2 ( 1.75 m s 2 )
=

30 m s 14.1 m s
= 12.6 s or
3.5 m s 2

4.53 s

Chapter 2

The smaller value is the physical answer. If the boat kept moving
with the same acceleration, it would stop and move backward,
then gain speed, and pass the buoy again at 12.6 s.
(b)
P2.27

vxf = vxi + axt = 30 m s ( 3.5 m s 2 ) 4.53 s = 14.1 m s

In parts (a) (c), we use Equation 2.13 to determine the velocity at the
times indicated.
(a)

The time given is 1.00 s after 10:05:00 a.m., so

vf = vi + at = 13.0 m/s + (4.00 m/s2)(1.00 s) = 9.00 m/s

(b)

The time given is 4.00 s after 10:05:00 a.m., so

vf = vi + at = 13.0 m/s + (4.00 m/s2)(4.00 s) = 3.00 m/s

(c)

The time given is 1.00 s before 10:05:00 a.m., so

vf = vi + at = 13.0 m/s + (4.00 m/s2)(1.00 s) = 17.0 m/s

(d)

The graph of velocity versus time is a slanting straight line,

having the value 13.0 m/s at 10:05:00 a.m. on the certain date,
and sloping down by 4.00 m/s for every second thereafter.

(e)

If we also know the velocity at any one instant, then knowing the
value of the constant acceleration tells us the velocity at all other
instants

P2.28

(a)

We use Equation 2.15:

1
1
vi + v f t becomes 40.0 m = ( vi + 2.80 m/s )( 8.50 s ) ,
2
2
which yields vi = 6.61 m/s .
x f xi =

(b)

From Equation 2.13,

a=
P2.29

v f vi
t

2.80 m/s 6.61 m/s

= 0.448 m/s 2
8.50 s

The velocity is always changing; there is always nonzero acceleration

and the problem says it is constant. So we can use one of the set of
equations describing constant-acceleration motion. Take the initial
point to be the moment when xi = 3.00 cm and vxi = 12.0 cm/s. Also, at
t = 2.00 s, xf = 5.00 cm.
Once you have classified the object as a particle moving with constant
acceleration and have the standard set of four equations in front of

Motion in One Dimension

you, how do you choose which equation to use? Make a list of all of
the six symbols in the equations: xi , xf, vxi , vxf, ax, and t. On the list fill in
values as above, showing that xi, xf, vxi, and t are known. Identify ax as
the unknown. Choose an equation involving only one unknown and
the knowns. That is, choose an equation not involving vxf. Thus we
choose the kinematic equation
x f = xi + vxit +

1 2
ax t
2

and solve for ax:

2 x f xi vxit
ax =
t2
We substitute:

ax =

2[ 5.00cm 3.00cm (12.0cm/s)(2.00s)]

(2.00s)2

= 16.0cm/s 2
P2.30

We think of the plane moving with maximum-size backward

acceleration throughout the landing, so the acceleration is constant, the
stopping time a minimum, and the stopping distance as short as it can
be. The negative acceleration of the plane as it lands can be called
deceleration, but it is simpler to use the single general term acceleration
for all rates of velocity change.
(a)

The plane can be modeled as a particle under constant

acceleration, with ax = 5.00 m/s 2 . Given vxi = 100 m/s
and vxf = 0, we use the equation vxf = vxi + axt and solve for t:

t=
(b)

vx f vxi 0 100m/s
=
= 20.0s
ax
5.00m/s 2

Find the required stopping distance and compare this to the

length of the runway. Taking xi to be zero, we get

vxf2 = vxi2 + 2ax x f xi

vx2 f vxi2 0 ( 100m/s )

x = x f xi =
=
= 1 000m
2ax
2 ( 5.00m/s 2 )
2

or
(c)

The stopping distance is greater than the length of the runway;

the plane cannot land .

Chapter 2
P2.31

We assume the acceleration is constant. We choose the initial and final

points 1.40 s apart, bracketing the slowing-down process. Then we
have a straightforward problem about a particle under constant
acceleration. The initial velocity is
1 609 m 1 h
vxi = 632 mi/h = 632 mi/h
= 282 m/s
1 mi 3 600 s

(a)

Taking vx f = vxi + axt with vx f = 0,

ax =

vx f vxi
t

0 282 m/s
= 202 m/s 2
1.40 s

This has a magnitude of approximately 20g.

(b)

From Equation 2.15,

x f xi =
P2.32

1
1
(vxi + vx f )t = (282 m/s + 0)(1.40 s) = 198 m
2
2

As in the algebraic solution to Example 2.8, we let t represent the time

the trooper has been moving. We graph
xcar = 45+ 45t
and

xtrooper = 1.5t2

They intersect at t = 31 s .

ANS. FIG. P2.32

*P2.33

(a)

The time it takes the truck to reach 20.0 m/s is found from
v f = vi + at. Solving for t yields

v f vi
a

20.0 m s 0 m s
= 10.0 s
2.00 m s 2

The total time is thus 10.0 s + 20.0 s + 5.00 s = 35.0 s .

Motion in One Dimension

(b)

The average velocity is the total distance traveled divided by the

total time taken. The distance traveled during the first 10.0 s is
x1 = vt =

0 + 20.0
( 10.0 ) = 100 m
2

With a = 0 for this interval, the distance traveled during the next
20.0 s is

x2 = vi t +

1 2
at = ( 20.0 ) ( 20.0 ) + 0 = 400 m
2

The distance traveled in the last 5.00 s is

x3 = vt =

20.0 + 0
( 5.00 ) = 50.0 m
2

The total distance x = x1 + x2 + x3 = 100 + 400 + 50 = 550 m, and the

x 550
average velocity is given by v = =
= 15.7 m s .
t 35.0
P2.34

We ask whether the constant acceleration of the rhinoceros from rest

over a period of 10.0 s can result in a final velocity of 8.00 m/s and a
displacement of 50.0 m? To check, we solve for the acceleration in two
ways.
1)

ti = 0, vi = 0; t = 10.0 s, vf = 8.00 m/s:

v f = vi + at a =
a=
2)

vf
t

8.00 m/s
= 0.800 m/s 2
10.0 s

ti = 0, xi = 0, vi = 0; t = 10.0 s, xf = 50.0 m:

1 2
1
at x f = at 2
2
2
2x f 2 ( 50.0 m )
2
a= 2 =
2 = 1.00 m/s
t
(10.0 s )
x f = xi + vi t +

The accelerations do not match, therefore the situation is impossible.

P2.35

Since we dont know the initial and final velocities of the car, we will
need to use two equations simultaneously to find the speed with
which the car strikes the tree. From Equation 2.13, we have
vx f = vxi + axt = vxi + (5.60 m/s 2 )(4.20 s)
vxi = vx f + (5.60 m/s 2 )(4.20 s)

[1]

Chapter 2

and from Equation 2.15,

1
vxi + vxf t
2
1
62.4 m = vxi + vxf ( 4.20 s )
2

x f xi =

[2]

Substituting for vxi in [2] from [1] gives

1
62.4 m = vxf + ( 5.60 m/s 2 ) ( 4.20 s ) + vxf ( 4.20 s )
2
14.9 m/s = vxf +

Thus,
P2.36

(a)

1
( 5.60 m/s2 )( 4.20 s )
2

vxf = 3.10 m/s

Take any two of the standard four equations, such as

vxf = vxi + axt
x f xi =

1
vxi + vxf t
2

Solve one for vxi, and substitute into the other:

vxi = vxf axt
x f xi =

1
vxf axt + vxf t
2

Thus
x f xi = vxf t

1 2
ax t
2

We note that the equation is dimensionally correct. The units are

units of length in each term. Like the standard equation
1
x f xi = vxit + axt 2 , this equation represents that displacement is
2
a quadratic function of time.
(b)

Our newly derived equation gives us for the situation back in

problem 35,

1
2
5.60 m/s 2 ) ( 4.20 s )
(
2
62.4 m 49.4 m
vxf =
= 3.10 m/s
4.20 s

62.4 m = vxf ( 4.20 s )

58
P2.37

Motion in One Dimension

(a)

We choose a coordinate system

with the x axis positive to the right,
in the direction of motion of the
speedboat, as shown on the right.

ANS. FIG. P2.37

(b)

Since the speedboat is increasing its speed, the particle under

constant acceleration model should be used here.

(c)

Since the initial and final velocities are given along with the
displacement of the speedboat, we use
vxf2 = vxi2 + 2ax

(d) Solving for the acceleration of the speedboat gives

a=
(e)

(a)

vxf2 vxi2
2x

(30.0 m/s)2 (20.0 m/s)2

= 1.25 m/s 2
2(200 m)

To find the time interval, we use vf = vi + at, which gives

t=
P2.38

We have vi = 20.0 m/s, vf = 30.0 m/s, and xf xi = x = 200 m:

(f)

vxf2 vxi2

v f vi
a

30.0 m/s 20.0 m/s

= 8.00 s
2
1.25 m/s

Compare the position equation x = 2.00+ 3.00t 4.00t2 to the

general form
x f = xi + vi t +

1 2
at
2

to recognize that xi = 2.00 m, vi = 3.00 m/s, and a = 8.00 m/s2.

The velocity equation, vf = vi + at, is then
vf = 3.00 m/s (8.00 m/s2)t
The particle changes direction when vf = 0, which occurs at
3
t = s. The position at this time is
8
3
x = 2.00 m + ( 3.00 m/s )
8

3
s ( 4.00 m/s 2 )

= 2.56 m

(b)

From x f = xi + vit +

1 2
at , observe that when xf = xi , the time is
2

Chapter 2

2vi
. Thus, when the particle returns to its initial
a
position, the time is

given by t =

2 ( 3.00 m/s ) 3
= s
8.00 m/s 2
4

and the velocity is

3
v f = 3.00 m/s ( 8.00 m/s 2 )
4
P2.39

s = 3.00 m/s

Let the glider enter the photogate with velocity vi and move with
constant acceleration a. For its motion from entry to exit,

1 2
ax t
2
1
= 0 + vi td + atd2 = vd td
2
1
vd = vi + atd
2

x f = xi + vxit +

(a)

The speed halfway through the photogate in space is given by

vhs2 = vi2 + 2a = vi2 + avd td
2
vhs = vi2 + avd td and this is not equal to vd unless a = 0 .

P2.40

(b)

The speed halfway through the photogate in time is given by

t
vht = vi + a d and this is equal to vd as determined above.
2

(a)

Let a stopwatch start from t = 0 as the front end of the glider

passes point A. The average speed of the glider over the interval
between t = 0 and t = 0.628 s is 12.4 cm/(0.628 s) = 19.7 cm/s ,
and this is the instantaneous speed halfway through the time
interval, at t = 0.314 s.

(b)

The average speed of the glider over the time interval between
0.628 + 1.39 = 2.02 s and 0.628 + 1.39 + 0.431 = 2.45 s is
12.4 cm/(0.431 s) = 28.8 cm/s and this is the instantaneous speed
at the instant t = (2.02 + 2.45)/2 = 2.23 s.
Now we know the velocities at two instants, so the acceleration is
found from

[( 28.8 19.7 ) cm/s ] / [( 2.23 0.314) s ] =

4.70 cm/s 2

Motion in One Dimension

(c)

P2.41

(a)

The distance between A and B is not used, but the length of

the glider is used to find the average velocity during a known
time interval.
What we know about the motion of an object is as follows:
a = 4.00 m/s2, vi = 6.00 m/s, and vf = 12.0 m/s.

v 2f = vi2 + 2a x f xi = vi2 + 2ax

(v
x =

2
f

vi2

( 12.0 m/s )2 ( 6.00 m/s )2

= 13.5 m
x =
2
2 ( 4.00 m/s )
(b)

From (a), the acceleration and velocity of the object are in the
same (positive) direction, so the object speeds up. The distance is
13.5 m because the object always travels in the same direction.

(c)

Given a = 4.00 m/s2, vi = 6.00 m/s, and vf = 12.0 m/s. Following

steps similar to those in (a) above, we will find the displacement
to be the same: x = 13.5 m. In this case, the object initially is
moving in the negative direction but its acceleration is in the
positive direction, so the object slows down, reverses direction,
and then speeds up as it travels in the positive direction.

(d) We consider the motion in two parts.

(1)

Calculate the displacement of the object as it slows down:

a = 4.00 m/s2, vi = 6.00 m/s, and vf = 0 m/s.
x =

2
f

vi2

( 0 m/s )2 ( 6.00 m/s )2

= 4.50 m
x =
2 ( 4.00 m/s 2 )

The object travels 4.50 m in the negative direction.

(2)

Calculate the displacement of the object after it has reversed

direction: a = 4.00 m/s2, vi = 0 m/s, vf = 12.0 m/s.

(v
x =

2
f

vi2

Chapter 2

( 12.0 m/s )2 ( 0 m/s )2

= 18.0 m
x =
2
2 ( 4.00 m/s )
The object travels 18.0 m in the positive direction.
Total distance traveled: 4.5 m + 18.0 m = 22.5 m.
P2.42

(a)

For the first car, the speed as a function of time is

v1 = v1i + a1t = 3.50 cm/s + ( 2.40 cm/s 2 ) t

For the second car, the speed is

v2 = v2i + a2t = +5.5 cm/s + 0

Setting the two expressions equal gives

3.50 cm/s + ( 2.40 cm/s 2 ) t = 5.5 cm/s

Solving for t gives
t=

(b)

9.00 cm/s
= 3.75 s
2.40 cm/s 2

The first car then has speed

v1 = v1i + a1t = 3.50 cm/s + ( 2.40 cm/s 2 )( 3.75 s ) = 5.50 cm/s

and this is also the constant speed of the second car.
(c)

For the first car, the position as a function of time is

1
x1 = x1i + v1it + a1t 2
2
= 15.0 cm ( 3.50 cm/s ) t +

1
2.40 cm/s 2 ) t 2
(
2

For the second car, the position is

x2 = 10.0 cm + ( 5.50 cm/s ) t

At the point where the cars pass one another, their positions are
equal:
15.0 cm ( 3.50 cm/s ) t +

1
2.40 cm/s 2 ) t 2
(
2
= 10.0 cm + ( 5.50 cm/s ) t

rearranging gives

(1.20 cm/s ) t ( 9.00 cm/s ) t + 5.00 cm = 0

Motion in One Dimension

We solve this with the quadratic formula. Suppressing units,

9 ( 9 ) 4 ( 1.2 )( 5 ) 9 57
t=
=
= 6.90 s, or 0.604 s
2 ( 1.2 )
2.4
2

(d) At t = 0.604 s, the second and also the first cars position is

x1,2 = 10.0 cm + ( 5.50 cm/s ) (0.604 s) = 13.3 cm

At t = 6.90 s, both are at position

x1,2 = 10.0 cm + ( 5.50 cm/s ) (6.90 s) = 47.9 cm

(e)

The cars are initially moving toward each other, so they soon
arrive at the same position x when their speeds are quite
different, giving one answer to (c) that is not an answer to (a).
The first car slows down in its motion to the left, turns around,
and starts to move toward the right, slowly at first and gaining
speed steadily. At a particular moment its speed will be equal
to the constant rightward speed of the second car, but at this
time the accelerating car is far behind the steadily moving car;
thus, the answer to (a) is not an answer to (c). Eventually the
accelerating car will catch up to the steadily-coasting car, but
passing it at higher speed, and giving another answer to (c)
that is not an answer to (a).

P2.43

(a)

Total displacement = area under the (v, t) curve from t = 0 to 50 s.

Here, distance is the same as displacement because the motion is
in one direction.

1
( 50 m/s ) (15 s ) + ( 50 m/s ) ( 40 15) s
2
1
+ ( 50 m/s ) ( 10 s )
2
x = 1875 m = 1.88 km
x =

(b)

From t = 10 s to t = 40 s, displacement is
x =

1
( 50 m/s + 33 m/s )( 5 s ) + ( 50 m/s )( 25 s ) = 1.46 km
2

Chapter 2
(c)

We compute the acceleration for each of the three segments of the

cars motion:

15 s < t < 40 s:

v ( 50 0 ) m/s
=
= 3.3 m/s 2
t
15 s 0
a2 = 0

40 s t 50 s:

a3 =

0 t 15 s:

a1 =

v ( 0 50 ) m/s
=
= 5.0 m/s 2
t
50 s 40 s

ANS. FIG. P2.43 shows the graph of the acceleration during this
interval.

ANS FIG. P2.43

(d) For segment 0a,
x1 = 0 +

1 2 1
a1t = ( 3.3 m/s 2 ) t 2 or x1 = ( 1.67 m/s 2 ) t 2
2
2

For segment ab,

x2 =

1
(15s )[ 50 m/s 0] + ( 50 m/s )(t 15 s )
2

x2 = ( 50 m/s ) t 375 m

For segment bc,

area under v vs. t 1
2
+ a3 (t 40 s) + (50 m/s)(t 40 s)
2
from
t
=
0
to
40
s

x3 =

1
x3 = 375 m + 1250 m + (5.0 m/s 2 )(t 40 s)2
2
+ (50 m/s)(t 40 s)
which reduces to

x3 = ( 250 m/s ) t ( 2.5 m/s 2 ) t 2 4375 m

2.44

Motion in One Dimension

total displacement 1875 m

=
= 37.5 m/s
total elapsed time
50s

(e)

(a)

Take t = 0 at the time when the player starts to chase his

opponent. At this time, the opponent is a distance
d = ( 12.0 m/s )( 3.00 s ) = 36.0 m in front of the player. At time t > 0,
the displacements of the players from their initial positions are
1
1
xplayer = vi,playert + aplayert 2 = 0 + ( 4.00 m/s 2 ) t 2
2
2

[1]

1
xopponent = vi,opponent t + aopponent t 2 = ( 12.0 m/s ) t + 0
2

[2]

and

When the players are side-by-side, xplayer = xopponent + 36.0 m. [3]

Substituting equations [1] and [2] into equation [3] gives
1
( 4.00 m/s2 ) t 2 = (12.0 m/s ) t + 36.0 m
2

t 2 + ( 6.00 s ) t + ( 18.0 s 2 ) = 0

Applying the quadratic formula to this equation gives

( 6.00 s ) ( 6.00 s ) 4(1) ( 18.0 s 2 )

2(1)

which has solutions of t = 2.20 s and t = +8.20 s. Since the time

must be greater than zero, we must choose t = 8.20 s as the
proper answer.
(b)

Section 2.7
P2.45

1
1
2
xplayer = vi,playert + aplayert 2 = 0 + ( 4.00 m/s 2 )( 8.20 s ) = 134 m
2
2

Freely Falling Objects

This is motion with constant acceleration, in this case the acceleration

of gravity. The equation of position as a function of time is
1
y f = y i + vit + at 2
2

Taking the positve y direction as up, the acceleration is a = (9.80 m/s2,

downward) = g; we also know that yi = 0 and vi = 2.80 m/s. The above
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Chapter 2

equation becomes

y f = vi t

1 2
gt
2

y f = ( 2.80 m/s ) t

P2.46

1
9.80 m/s 2 ) t 2
(
2

(a)

At t = 0.100 s,

yf = 0.231 m

(b)

At t = 0.200 s,

yf = 0.364 m

(c)

At t = 0.300 s,

yf = 0.399 m

(d) At t = 0.500 s,

yf = 0.175 m

We can solve (a) and (b) at the same time by assuming the rock passes
the top of the wall and finding its speed there. If the speed comes out
imaginary, the rock will not reach this elevation.

v 2f = vi2 + 2a y f y i

= ( 7.40 m/s ) 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 3.65 m 1.55 m )

= 13.6 m 2 /s 2
which gives v f = 3.69 m/s.

So the rock does reach the top of the wall with v f = 3.69 m/s .
(c)

The rock travels from yi = 3.65 m to yf = 1.55 m. We find the final

speed of the rock thrown down:

v 2f = vi2 + 2a y f y i

= ( 7.40 m/s ) 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 1.55m 3.65 m )

=95.9 m 2 /s 2
which gives v f = 9.79 m/s.
The change in speed of the rock thrown down is

9.79 m/s 7.40 m/s = 2.39 m/s

(d) The magnitude of the speed change of the rock thrown up is
7.40 m/s 3.69 m/s = 3.71 m/s. This does not agree with
2.39 m/s.

Motion in One Dimension

(e)

P2.47

The upward-moving rock spends more time in flight because its

average speed is smaller than the downward-moving rock, so the
rock has more time to change its speed.

The bill starts from rest, vi = 0, and falls with a downward acceleration
of 9.80 m/s2 (due to gravity). For an average human reaction time of
about 0.20 s, we can find the distance the bill will fall:

y f = y i + vi t +
y = 0

1 2
1
at y = vit gt 2
2
2

1
9.80 m/s 2 ) (0.20 s)2 = 0.20 m
(
2

The bill falls about 20 cmthis distance is about twice the distance
between the center of the bill and its top edge, about 8 cm. Thus
David could not respond fast enough to catch the bill.
P2.48

Since the balls motion is entirely vertical, we can use the equations for
free fall to find the initial velocity and maximum height from the
elapsed time. After leaving the bat, the ball is in free fall for t = 3.00 s
and has constant acceleration ay = g = 9.80 m/s2.
(a)

The initial speed of the ball can be found from

v f = vi + at
0 = vi gt vi = gt

vi = ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 3.00 s ) = 29.4 m/s

(b)

Find the vertical displacement y:

y = y f y i =

1
vi + v f t
2

1
( 29.4 m/s + 0) ( 3.00 s )
2
y = 44.1 m
y =

*P2.49

(a)

Consider the upward flight of the arrow.

vyf2 = vyi2 + 2ay ( y f y i )

0 = ( 100 m s ) + 2 ( 9.80 m s 2 ) y
2

y =

10 000 m 2 s 2
= 510 m
19.6 m s 2

Chapter 2
(b)

Consider the whole flight of the arrow.

1
y f = y i + vyit + ay t 2
2
0 = 0 + ( 100 m s ) t +

1
( 9.80 m s2 ) t 2
2

The root t = 0 refers to the starting point. The time of flight is

given by

t=
P2.50

100 m s
= 20.4 s
4.90 m s 2

We are given the height of the helicopter: y = h = 3.00t3.

At t = 2.00 s, y = 3.00(2.00 s)3 = 24.0 m and
vy =

dy
= 9.00t 2 = 36.0 m/s
dt

If the helicopter releases a small mailbag at this time, the mailbag starts
its free fall with velocity 36.0 m/s upward. The equation of motion of
the mailbag is

1 2
at
2
y f = ( 24.0 m ) + ( 36.0 m/s ) t ( 4.90 m/s 2 ) t 2
y f = y i + vi t +

Setting yf = 0, dropping units, and rearranging the equation, we have

4.90t2 36.0t 24.0 = 0
We solve for t using the quadratic formula:

36.0 ( 36.0 ) 4(4.90)( 24.0 )

2(4.90)
2

Since only positive values of t count, we find t = 7.96 s .

P2.51

The equation for the height of the ball as a function of time is

1 2
gt
2
0 = 30 m + ( 8.00 m/s ) t ( 4.90 m/s 2 ) t 2

y f = y i + vi t

Motion in One Dimension

Solving for t,
t=

+8.00

( 8.00)2 4 ( 4.90) ( 30) +8.00 64 + 588

=
2 ( 4.90 )
9.80

t = 1.79 s

*P2.52

The falling ball moves a distance of (15 m h) before they meet, where
h is the height above the ground where they meet. We apply
y f = y i + vi t

1 2
gt
2

to the falling ball to obtain

1
(15.0 m h) = gt 2
2

h = 15.0 m

1 2
gt
2

Applying y f = y i + vit

[1]

1 2
gt to the rising ball gives
2

h = ( 25 m/s ) t

1 2
gt
2

[2]

Combining equations [1] and [2] gives

1
2

( 25 m/s ) t gt 2 = 15.0 m gt 2
or
P2.53

15 m
= 0.60 s
25 m/s

We model the keys as a particle under the constant free-fall

acceleration. Take the first students position to be y i = 0 and the
second students position to be y f = 4.00 m. We are given that the time
of flight of the keys is t = 1.50 s, and ay = 9.80 m/s 2 .
(a)

We choose the equation y f = y i + vyit +

1 2
ay t to connect the data
2

and the unknown.

We solve:

1
y f y i ay t 2
2
vyi =
t

Chapter 2

and substitute:

vyi =
(b)

4.00m

1
( 9.80 m/s2 )(1.50s)2
2
= 10.0m/s
1.50 s

The velocity at any time t > 0 is given by vyf = vyi + ayt.

Therefore, at t = 1.50 s,

vyf = 10.0 m s ( 9.80 m/s 2 )( 1.50 s ) = 4.68 m/s

The negative sign means that the keys are moving downward just
before they are caught.
P2.54

(a)

The keys, moving freely under the influence of gravity (a = g),

undergo a vertical displacement of y = +h in time t. We use
y = vit + 21 at 2 to find the initial velocity as
1
y = vit + at 2 = h
2
1
h = vit gt 2
2
1 2
h + gt
h gt
2
vi =
= +
t
t 2

(b)

We find the velocity of the keys just before they were caught (at
time t) using v = vi + at:

v = vi + at
h gt
v = + gt
t 2
v=
P2.55

h gt

t 2

Both horse and man have constant accelerations: they are g downward
for the man and 0 for the horse. We choose to do part (b) first.
(b)

Consider the vertical motion of the man after leaving the limb
(with vi = 0 at yi = 3.00 m) until reaching the saddle (at yf = 0).
Modeling the man as a particle under constant acceleration, we
find his time of fall from y f = y i + vyit + 21 ay t 2 .
When vi = 0,
t=

2 y f yi
2(0 3.00m)
=
= 0.782s
ay
9.80m/s 2

Motion in One Dimension

(a)

During this time interval, the horse is modeled as a particle under

constant velocity in the horizontal direction.

vxi = vxf = 10.0 m/s

x f xi = vxit = (10.0 m s)(0.782 s) = 7.82 m

and the ranch hand must let go when the horse is 7.82 m from the
tree.
P2.56

(a)

Let t = 0 be the instant the package leaves the helicopter. The

package and the helicopter have a common initial velocity of vi
(choosing upward as positive). The helicopter has zero
acceleration, and the package (in free-fall) has constant
acceleration ay = g.
At times t > 0, the velocity of the package is
v p = vyi + ay t v p = vi gt = ( vi + gt )

so its speed is v p = vi + gt .
(b)

Assume the helicopter is at height H when the package is

released. Setting our clock to t = 0 at the moment the package is
released, the position of the helicopter is

1 2
ay t
2
= H + ( vi ) t

y hel = y i + vyit +
y hel

and the position of the package is

1 2
ay t
2
1
y p = H + ( vi ) t gt 2
2
y p = y i + vyit +

The vertical distance, d, between the helicopter and the package is

y hel y p = H + ( vi ) t H + ( vi ) t gt 2
2

1 2
gt
2

The distance is independent of their common initial speed.

(c)

Now, the package and the helicopter have a common initial

velocity of +vi (choosing upward as positive). The helicopter has
zero acceleration, and the package (in free-fall) has constant

Chapter 2

acceleration ay = g.
At times t > 0, the velocity of the package is

vP = vyi + ay t v p = +vi gt
Therefore, the speed of the package at time t is v p = vi gt .
The position of the helicopter is

1 2
ay t
2
= H + ( +vi ) t

y hel = y i + vyit +
y hel

and the position of the package is

1
y p = y i + vyit + ay t 2
2
1
y p = H + ( +vi ) t gt 2
2

The vertical distance, d, between the helicopter and the package is

y hel y p = H + ( +vi ) t H + ( +vi ) t gt 2

1 2
gt
2

As above, the distance is independent of their common initial

speed.

Section 2.8
P2.57

Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus

This is a derivation problem. We start from basic definitions. We are

given J = dax/dt = constant, so we know that dax = Jdt.
(a)

Integrating from the initial moment when we know the

acceleration to any later moment,
ax

a da = 0 J dt
ix

ax aix = J(t 0)

Therefore, ax = Jt + axi .
From ax = dvx/dt, dvx = ax dt.

Motion in One Dimension

Integration between the same two points tells us the velocity as a
function of time:
t

v dvx = 0 ax dt = 0 (axi + Jt)dt

vx vxi = axit +

1 2
Jt or
2

vx = vxi + axit +

1 2
Jt
2

From vx = dx/dt, dx = vxdt. Integrating a third time gives us x(t):

2
x dx = 0 vx dt = 0 (vxi + axit + 2 Jt ) dt
i

1
1
x xi = vxit + axit 2 + Jt 3
2
6
and x =
(b)

1 3 1 2
Jt + axit + vxit + xi .
6
2

Squaring the acceleration,

ax2 = (Jt + axi )2 = J 2t 2 + axi2 + 2Jaxit

Rearranging,

ax2 = axi2 + 2J Jt 2 + axit

The expression for vx was

vx =

1 2
Jt + axit + vxi
2

(vx vxi ) =

1 2
Jt + axit
2

and by substitution
ax2 = axi2 + 2J(vx vxi )

P2.58

(a) See the x vs. t graph on the top panel of ANS. FIG. P2.58, on the
next page. Choose x = 0 at t = 0.

1
( 8 m/s )( 3 s ) = 12 m.
2
At t = 5 s, x = 12 m + ( 8 m/s )( 2 s ) = 28 m.
1
At t = 7 s, x = 28 m + ( 8 m/s )( 2 s )
2
= 36 m
At t = 3 s, x =

Chapter 2
(b)

See the a vs. t graph at the bottom right.

For 0 < t < 3 s, a =

8 m/s
= 2.67 m/s 2 .
3s

For 3 < t < 5 s, a = 0.

At the points of inflection, t = 3 and 5 s,
the slope of the velocity curve changes
abruptly, so the acceleration is not
defined.
(c)

For 5 s < t < 9 s,

16 m/s
= 4 m/s 2
4s

(d) The average velocity between t = 5 and

7 s is
vavg = (8 m/s +0)/2 = 4 m/s
At t = 6 s, x = 28 m + ( 4 m/s ) ( 1 s ) = 32 m
(e)

ANS. FIG. P2.58

The average velocity between t = 5 and 9 s is

vavg = [(8 m/s) + (8 m/s)]/2 = 0 m/s
At t = 9 s, x = 28 m + (0 m/s)(1 s) = 28 m

P2.59

(a)

To find the acceleration, we differentiate the velocity equation

with respect to time:

dv d
= ( 5.00 107 ) t 2 + ( 3.00 105 ) t
dt dt

a = ( 10.0 107 ) t + 3.00 105

where a is in m/s2 and t is in seconds.

To find the position, take xi = 0 at t = 0. Then, from v =
t

dx
,
dt

x 0 = v dt = ( 5.00 107 t 2 + 3.00 105 t ) dt

x = 5.00 107

t3
t2
+ 3.00 105
3
2

which gives

x = ( 1.67 107 ) t 3 + ( 1.50 105 ) t 2

Motion in One Dimension

where x is in meters and t is in seconds.
(b)

The bullet escapes when a = 0:

a = ( 10.0 107 ) t + 3.00 105 = 0
3.00 105 s
t=
= 3.00 103 s = 3.00 ms
7
10.0 10

(c)

Evaluate v when t = 3.00 103 s:

v = ( 5.00 107 ) ( 3.00 103 ) + ( 3.00 105 ) ( 3.00 103 )

v = 450 + 900 = 450 m/s

(d) Evaluate x when t = 3.00 103 s:

x = ( 1.67 107 ) ( 3.00 103 ) + ( 1.50 105 ) ( 3.00 103 )

x = 0.450 + 1.35 = 0.900 m

Additional Problems
*P2.60

(a)

Assuming a constant acceleration:

v f vi 42.0 m s
a=
=
= 5.25 m s 2
t
8.00 s

(b)

Taking the origin at the original position of the car,

xf =
(c)

1
1
vi + v f ) t = ( 42.0 m s ) ( 8.00 s ) = 168 m
(
2
2

From v f = vi + at, the velocity 10.0 s after the car starts from rest
is:

v f = 0 + ( 5.25 m s 2 ) ( 10.0 s ) = 52.5 m s

P2.61

(a)

From v 2 = vi2 + 2ay, the insects velocity after straightening its

legs is
v = v02 + 2a ( y )
= 0 + 2 ( 4000 m/s 2 ) ( 2.00 103 m ) = 4.00 m/s

(b)

The time to reach this velocity is

v v0 4.00 m/s 0
=
= 1.00 103 s = 1.00 ms
2
a
4000 m/s

Chapter 2
(c)

The upward displacement of the insect between when its feet

leave the ground and its speed is momentarily zero is
y =

v 2f vi2
2a

0 ( 4.00 m/s )
y =
= 0.816 m
2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 )
2

P2.62

(a)

The velocity is constant between ti = 0 and t = 4 s. Its acceleration

is 0 .

(b)

a = (v9 v4)/(9 s 4 s) = (18 [12]) (m/s)/5 s = 6.0 m/s 2

(c)

a = (v18 v13)/(18 s 13 s) = (0 18) (m/s)/5 s = 3.6 m/s 2

(d) We read from the graph that the speed is zero

at t = 6 s and at 18 s .
(e) and (f) The object moves away from x = 0 into negative coordinates
from t = 0 to t = 6 s, but then comes back again, crosses the origin
and moves farther into positive coordinates until t = 18 s , then
attaining its maximum distance, which is the cumulative distance
under the graph line:

x = ( 12 m/s )( 4 s ) +
+ ( 18 m/s )( 4 s )

1
1
( 12 m/s )( 2 s ) + (18 m/s )( 3 s )
2
2

1
(18 m/s )( 5 s )
2

= 84 m
(g)

We consider the total distance, rather than the resultant

displacement, by counting the contributions computed in part (f)
as all positive:
d = +60 m + 144 m = 204 m

P2.63

We set yi = 0 at the top of the cliff, and find the time interval required
for the first stone to reach the water using the particle under constant
acceleration model:
1
y f = y i + vyit + ay t 2
2

or in quadratic form,
1
ay t 2 vyit + y f y i = 0
2
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Motion in One Dimension

(a)

If we take the direction downward to be negative,

y f = 50.0 m, vyi = 2.00 m s, and ay = 9.80 m s 2

Substituting these values into the equation, we find

(4.90 m s 2 )t 2 + (2.00 m s)t 50.0 m = 0

We now use the quadratic formula. The stone reaches the pool
after it is thrown, so time must be positive and only the positive
root describes the physical situation:

t =

2.00m/s (2.00m/s)2 4 ( 4.90m/s 2 ) (50.0m)

2 ( 4.90m/s 2 )

= 3.00 s
where we have taken the positive root.
(b)

For the second stone, the time of travel is

t = 3.00 s 1.00 s = 2.00 s
1
Since y f = y i + vyit + ay t 2 ,
2

1
y i ay t 2
2
vyi =
t
1
50.0m ( 9.80m/s 2 ) (2.00s)2
2
=
2.00s
f

= 15.3m/s
The negative value indicates the downward direction of the initial
velocity of the second stone.
(c)

For the first stone,

v1 f = v1i + a1t1 = 2.00 m/s + (9.80 m/s 2 )(3.00 s)
v1 f = 31.4 m s

For the second stone,

v2 f = v2i + a2t2 = 15.3 m/s + (9.80 m/s 2 )(2.00 s)
v2 f = 34.8 m/s

Chapter 2
P2.64

(a)

Area A1 is a rectangle. Thus, A1 = hw = vxit.

Area A2 is triangular. Therefore, A2 =

1
1
bh = t ( vx vxi ) .
2
2

The total area under the curve is

A = A1 + A2 = vxit +

( vx vxi ) t
2

and since vx vxi = axt,

1
A = vxit + axt 2
2

(b)

The displacement given by the equation is: x = vxit +

1 2
axt , the
2

same result as above for the total area.

*P2.65

(a)

Take initial and final points at top and bottom of the first incline,
respectively. If the ball starts from rest, vi = 0 , a = 0.500 m/s2, and
xf xi = 9.00 m. Then

v 2f = vi2 + 2a ( x f xi ) = 02 + 2 ( 0.500 m/s 2 ) ( 9.00 m )

v f = 3.00 m/s
(b)

To find the time interval, we use

x f xi = vi t +

1 2
at
2

Plugging in,

9.00 = 0 +

1
0.500 m s 2 ) t 2
(
2

t = 6.00 s
(c)

Take initial and final points at the bottom of the first plane and
the top of the second plane, respectively: vi = 3.00 m/s, vf = 0, and
xf xi = 15.0 m. We use

v 2f = vi2 + 2a ( x f xi )
which gives

v 2f vi2

2 ( x f xi )

0 ( 3.00 m/s )2
= 0.300 m/s 2
2 ( 15.0 m )

Motion in One Dimension

(d) Take the initial point at the bottom of the first plane and the final
point 8.00 m along the second plane:
vi = 3.00 m/s, xf xi = 8.00 m, a = 0.300 m/s2

v 2f = vi2 + 2a ( x f xi ) = ( 3.00 m/s )2 + 2 ( 0.300 m/s 2 ) ( 8.00 m )

= 4.20 m 2 /s 2
v f = 2.05 m/s
*P2.66

Take downward as the positive y direction.

(a)

While the woman was in free fall, y = 144 ft, vi = 0, and we take
a = g = 32.0 ft s 2 . Thus,

y = vit +

1 2
at 144 ft = 0 + ( 16.0 ft s 2 ) t 2
2

giving tfall = 3.00 s. Her velocity just before impact is:

v f = vi + gt = 0 + ( 32.0 ft s 2 ) ( 3.00 s ) = 96.0 ft s

(b)

While crushing the box, vi = 96.0 ft s , v f = 0 , and

y = 18.0 in. = 1.50 ft. Therefore,

0 ( 96.0 ft s )
a=
=
= 3.07 103 ft s 2
2 ( y )
2 ( 1.50 ft )
v 2f vi2

or
(c)

a = 3.07 103 ft s 2 upward = 96.0g.

Time to crush box:

t =
or
P2.67

(a)

y
y
2 ( 1.50 ft )
= v f + vi =
v
0 + 96.0 ft s
2

t = 3.13 102 s

The elevator, moving downward at the constant speed of

5.00 m/s has moved d = vt = ( 5.00 m/s )( 5.00 s ) = 25.0 m below
the position from which the bolt drops. Taking the positive
direction to be downward, the initial position of the bolt to be xB =
0, and setting t = 0 when the bolt drops, the position of the top of
the elevator is
1 2
aE t
2
y E = 25.0 m + ( 5.00 m/s ) t
y E = y Ei + vEit +

Chapter 2

and the position of the bolt is

1
yB = yBi + vBit + aBt 2
2
1
yB = ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) t 2
2

Setting these expressions equal to each other gives

y E = yB
25.0 m + ( 5.00 m/s ) t =

1
( 9.80 m/s2 ) t 2
2

4.90t 2 5.00t 25.0 = 0

The (positive) solution to this is t = 2.83 s .
(b)

Both problems have an object traveling at constant velocity being

overtaken by an object starting from rest traveling in the same
direction at a constant acceleration.

(c)

The top of the elevator travels a total distance

d = (5.00 m/s)(5.00 s + 2.83 s) = 39.1 m
from where the bolt drops to where the bolt strikes the top of
the elevator. Assuming 1 floor 3 m, this distance is about
(39.1 m)(1 floor/3 m) 13 floors.

P2.68

For the collision not to occur, the front of the passenger train must not
have a position that is equal to or greater than the position of the back
of the freight train at any time. We can write expressions of position to
see whether the front of the passenger car (P) meets the back of the
freight car (F) at some time.
Assume at t = 0, the coordinate of the front of the passenger car is
xPi = 0; and the coordinate of the back of the freight car is xFi = 58.5 m.
At later time t, the coordinate of the front of the passenger car is

1 2
aP t
2
1
xP = ( 40.0 m/s ) t + ( 3.00 m/s 2 ) t 2
2
xP = xPi + vPit +

and the coordinate of the back of the freight car is

1 2
aF t
2
xF = 58.5 m + ( 16.0 m/s ) t
xF = xFi + vFit +

Motion in One Dimension

Setting these expression equal to each other gives
xP = xF

( 40.0 m/s ) t +
or

1
( 3.00 m/s2 ) t2 = 58.5 m + (16.0 m/s ) t
2

(1.50) t 2 + ( 24.0) t + 58.5 = 0

after simplifying and suppressing units.

We do not have to solve this equation, we just want to check if a
solution exists; if a solution does exist, then the trains collide. A
solution does exist:

t=
t=

( 24.0 )

( 24.0)2 4 (1.50) ( 58.5)

2 ( 1.50 )

24.0 576 351

24.0 225 24.0 15
t=
=
3.00
3.00
3.00

The situation is impossible since there is a finite time

for which the front of the passenger train and the
back of the freight train are at the same location.
P2.69

(a)

As we see from the graph, from

about 50 s to 50 s Acela is cruising
at a constant positive velocity in the
+x direction. From 50 s to 200 s,
Acela accelerates in the +x direction
reaching a top speed of about
170 mi/h. Around 200 s, the
ANS. FIG. P2.69(a)
engineer applies the brakes, and the
train, still traveling in the +x direction,
slows down and then stops at 350 s. Just after 350 s, Acela
reverses direction (v becomes negative) and steadily gains speed
in the x direction.

(b)

The peak acceleration between 45 and 170 mi/h is given by the

slope of the steepest tangent to the v versus t curve in this
interval. From the tangent line shown, we find

a = slope =

v ( 155 45 ) mi/h
=
t
(100 50) s

= 2.2 ( mi/h )/s = 0.98 m/s 2

Chapter 2
(c)

Let us use the fact that the area

under the v versus t curve equals the
displacement. The trains
displacement between 0 and 200 s is
equal to the area of the gray shaded
region, which we have approximated
with a series of triangles and
rectangles.

ANS. FIG. P2.69(c)

x0200 s = area1 + area2 + area3 + area 4 + area5

( 50 mi/h ) ( 50 s ) + ( 50 mi/h ) ( 50 s )
+ ( 160 mi/h ) ( 100 s )
1
+ ( 50 s ) ( 100 mi/h )
2
1
+ ( 100 s ) ( 170 mi/h 160 mi/h )
2
= 24000 ( mi/h ) ( s )

Now, at the end of our calculation, we can find the displacement

in miles by converting hours to seconds. As 1 h = 3 600 s,

24000 mi
x0200 s =
( s ) = 6.7 mi
3600 s
P2.70

We use the relation v 2f = vi2 + 2a(x f xi ), where vi = 8.00 m/s and

vf = 16.0 m/s.
(a)

The displacement of the first object is x = +20.0 m. Solving the

above equation for the acceleration a, we obtain

v 2f vi2
2x

2
2
16.0 m/s ) ( 8.00 m/s )
(
a=
2 ( 20.0 m )

a = +4.80 m/s 2
(b)

Here, the total distance d = 22.0 m. The initial negative velocity

and final positive velocity indicate that first the object travels
through a negative displacement, slowing down until it reverses
direction (where v = 0), then it returns to, and passes, its starting
point, continuing to speed up until it reaches a speed of 16.0 m/s.
We must consider the motion as comprising three displacements;
the total distance d is the sum of the lengths of these
displacements.

Motion in One Dimension

We split the motion into three displacements in which the
acceleration remains constant throughout. We can find each
displacement using

x =

v 2f vi2
2a

Displacement x1 = d1 for velocity change 8.00 0 m/s:

x1 =

v 2f vi2
2a

0 ( 8.00 m/s ) ( 8 )
=
=
2a
2a
2

82
d1 =
2a

Displacement x2 = +d1 for velocity change 0 +8.00 m/s:

x2 =

v 2f vi2
2a

2
8.00 m/s ) 0 82
82
(
=
=
d2 =

Displacement x3 = +d2 for velocity change +8.00 +16.0 m/s:

x3 =

v 2f vi2

(16.0 m/s )2 ( 8.00 m/s )2 = 162 82

2a
162 82
d3 =
2a

Suppressing units, the total distance is d = d1 + d2 + d3, or

82 162 82 162 + 82
d = d1 + d2 + d3 = 2 +
=
2a
2a
2a
Solving for the acceleration gives
a=

v 2f vi2
2d

(16 m/s )2 + ( 8 m/s )2 = (16 m/s )2 + ( 8 m/s )2

2d
2 ( 22.0 m )

a = 7.27 m/s 2

P2.71

(a)

In order for the trailing athlete to be able to catch the leader, his
speed (v1) must be greater than that of the leading athlete (v2), and
the distance between the leading athlete and the finish line must
be great enough to give the trailing athlete sufficient time to make
up the deficient distance, d.

(b)

During a time interval t the leading athlete will travel a distance

d2 = v2t and the trailing athlete will travel a distance d1 = v1t. Only
when d1 = d2 + d (where d is the initial distance the trailing athlete
was behind the leader) will the trailing athlete have caught the
leader. Requiring that this condition be satisfied gives the elapsed
time required for the second athlete to overtake the first:
d1 = d2 + d

v1t = v2t + d

Chapter 2

giving

v1t v2t = d
(c)

d
( v1 v2 )

In order for the trailing athlete to be able to at least tie for first
place, the initial distance D between the leader and the finish line
must be greater than or equal to the distance the leader can travel
in the time t calculated above (i.e., the time required to overtake
the leader). That is, we must require that

d
D d2 = v2t = v2

( v1 v2 )
P2.72

d2 =

v2 d
v1 v2

Let point 0 be at ground level and point 1 be at the end

of the engine burn. Let point 2 be the highest point the
rocket reaches and point 3 be just before impact. The
data in the table below are found for each phase of the
rockets motion.
v 2f (80.0 m/s)2 = 2(4.00 m/s 2 )(1 000 m)

(0 to 1):

ANS. FIG. P2.72

so vf = 120 m/s. Then, 120 m/s = 80.0 m/s + (4.00 m/s2)t

giving t = 10.0 s.
0 (120 m/s)2 = 2(9.80 m/s2)(yf yi)

(1 to 2)

giving yf yi = 735 m,
0 120 m/s = ( 9.80 m/s2)t
giving t = 12.2 s.
This is the time of maximum height of the rocket.
v 2f 0 = 2(9.80 m/s 2 )(1 735 m) or vf = 184 m/s

(2 to 3)

Then vf = 184 m/s = (9.80 m/s2)t

giving t = 18.8 s.
(a)

ttotal = 10 s + 12.2 s + 18.8 s = 41.0 s

(b)

(c)

vfinal = 184 m/s

total

= 1.73 km

Motion in One Dimension

t
0

Launch

0.0

+4.00

End Thrust

10.0

1 000

120

+4.00

Rise Upwards

22.2

1 735

9.80

Fall to Earth

41.0

184

9.80

P2.73

We have constant-acceleration equations to apply to the two cars

separately.
(a)

Let the times of travel for Kathy and Stan be tK and tS, where
tS = tK + 1.00 s
Both start from rest (vxi,K = vxi,S = 0), so the expressions for the
distances traveled are
xK =

and xS =

1
1
a x,K tK2 = (4.90 m/s 2 )tK2
2
2
1
1
ax,StS2 = (3.50 m s 2 )(tK + 1.00 s)2
2
2

When Kathy overtakes Stan, the two distances will be equal.

Setting xK = xS gives
1
1
(4.90 m s 2 )tK2 = (3.50 m s 2 )(tK + 1.00 s)2
2
2

This we simplify and write in the standard form of a quadratic as

tK2 ( 5.00 tK ) s 2.50 s 2 = 0

b b 2 4ac
We solve using the quadratic formula t =
,
2a
suppressing units, to find
tK =

52 4(1)(2.5) 5 + 35
=
= 5.46 s
2(1)
2

Only the positive root makes sense physically, because the

overtake point must be after the starting point in time.
(b)

Use the equation from part (a) for distance of travel,

xK =

1
1
ax,K tK2 = (4.90 m s 2 )(5.46 s)2 = 73.0 m
2
2

Chapter 2
(c)

Remembering that vxi,K = vxi,S = 0, the final velocities will be:

vxf ,K = ax,K tK = (4.90 m s 2 )(5.46 s) = 26.7 m s

vxf ,S = ax,StS = (3.50 m s 2 )(6.46 s) = 22.6 m s
P2.74

(a)

While in the air, both balls have acceleration a1 = a2 = g (where

upward is taken as positive). Ball 1 (thrown downward) has
initial velocity v01 = v0, while ball 2 (thrown upward) has initial
velocity v02 = v0. Taking y = 0 at ground level, the initial y
coordinate of each ball is y01 = y02 = +h. Applying
1
y = y y i = vit + at 2 to each ball gives their y coordinates at
2
time t as
Ball 1:

y1 h = v0t +

1
( g )t2
2

Ball 2:

y 2 h = +v0t +

1
g ) t 2 or
(
2

y 2 = h + v0t

y 1 = h v0t

1 2
gt
2

At ground level, y = 0. Thus, we equate each of the equations

found above to zero and use the quadratic formula to solve for
the times when each ball reaches the ground. This gives the
following:
Ball 1:

1 2
gt1 gt12 + ( 2v0 ) t1 + ( 2h ) = 0
2

0 = h v0t1

t1 =

2v0

( 2v0 )2 4 ( g )( 2h)
2g

v
v
2h
= 0 0 +
g
g
g

Using only the positive solution gives

v
v
2h
t1 = 0 + 0 +
g
g
g

Ball 2:

0 = h + v 0 t2

and t2 =

( 2v0 )

1 2
gt2 gt22 + ( 2v0 ) t2 + ( 2h ) = 0
2

( 2v0 )2 4 ( g )( 2h)
2g

v
v
2h
=+ 0 0 +
g
g
g

Again, using only the positive solution,

Motion in One Dimension

Thus, the difference in the times of flight of the two balls is
t = t2 t1
2
2

v0
v0
v0
2h
v0
2h
2v0
= + +
+ + =
g
g g
g
g
g
g

(b)

Realizing that the balls are going downward (v < 0) as they near
the ground, we use vf2 = vi2 + 2a( y ) with y = h to find the
velocity of each ball just before it strikes the ground:
Ball 1:

v1 f = v1i2 + 2a1 ( h ) =

( v0 )2 + 2 ( g )( h) =

v02 + 2gh

( +v0 )2 + 2 ( g )( h) =

v02 + 2gh

Ball 2:

v2 f = v2i2 + 2a2 ( h ) =
(c)

While both balls are still in the air, the distance separating them is

1
1

d = y 2 y1 = h + v0t gt 2 h v0t gt 2 = 2v0t

2
2
P2.75

We translate from a pictorial representation through a geometric

model to a mathematical representation by observing that the
distances x and y are always related by x2+ y2 = L2 .
(a)

Differentiating this equation with respect to time, we have

dy
dx
+ 2y
=0
dt
dt

dy
dx
= vB and
= v,
dt
dt
so the differentiated equation becomes
Now the unknown velocity of B is

dy
dx
x
= x = (v) = vB
y dt
dt
y
But
(b)

y
= tan , so
x

1
vB =
v
tan

We assume that starts from zero. At this instant1/tan is infinite,

and the velocity of B is infinitely larger than that of A. As increases,
the velocity of object B decreases, becoming equal to v when = 45.
After that instant, B continues to slow down with non-constant
acceleration, coming to rest as goes to 90.

Chapter 2

P2.76
Time
t (s)

Height
h (m)

h
(m)

t
(s)

v
(m/s)

midpoint
time t (s)

0.00

5.00

0.75

0.25

3.00

0.13

0.25

5.75

0.65

0.25

2.60

0.38

0.50

6.40

0.54

0.25

2.16

0.63

0.75

6.94

0.44

0.25

1.76

0.88

1.00

7.38

0.34

0.25

1.36

1.13

1.25

7.72

0.24

0.25

0.96

1.38

1.50

7.96

0.14

0.25

0.56

1.63

1.75

8.10

0.03

0.25

0.12

1.88

2.00

8.13

0.06

0.25

0.24

2.13

2.25

8.07

0.17

0.25

0.68

2.38

2.50

7.90

0.28

0.25

1.12

2.63

2.75

7.62

0.37

0.25

1.48

2.88

3.00

7.25

0.48

0.25

1.92

3.13

3.25

6.77

0.57

0.25

2.28

3.38

3.50

6.20

0.68

0.25

2.72

3.63

3.75

5.52

0.79

0.25

3.16

3.88

4.00

4.73

0.88

0.25

3.52

4.13

4.25

3.85

0.99

0.25

3.96

4.38

4.50

2.86

1.09

0.25

4.36

4.63

4.75

1.77

1.19

0.25

4.76

4.88

5.00

0.58
TABLE P2.76

Motion in One Dimension

The very convincing fit of a single straight line to the points in the
graph of velocity versus time indicates that the rock does fall with
constant acceleration. The acceleration is the slope of line:

aavg = 1.63 m/s 2 = 1.63 m/s 2 downward

*P2.77

Distance traveled by motorist = (15.0 m/s)t

Distance traveled by policeman =

*P2.78

1
2.00 m/s 2 ) t 2
(
2

(a)

Intercept occurs when 15.0t = t 2 , or t = 15.0 s .

(b)

v ( officer ) = ( 2.00 m s 2 ) t = 30.0 m s

(c)

x ( officer ) =

1
( 2.00 m s2 ) t 2 = 225 m
2

The train accelerates with a1 = 0.100 m/s2 then decelerates with

a2 = 0.500 m/s2. We can write the 1.00-km displacement of the train as

x = 1 000 m =

1
1
a1t12 + v1 f t2 + a2 t22
2
2

with t = t1 + t2. Now, v1 f = a1t1 = a2 t2 ; therefore

1
a t 1 a t
1 000 m = a1t12 + a1t1 1 1 + a2 1 1

2
a2 2 a2

1 000 m =

1
a
a1 1 1 t12
2
a2

1 000 m =

1
0.100 m/s 2 2
( 0.100 m/s2 ) 1
t1
2
0.500 m/s 2

t1 =
t2 =

20 000
s = 129 s
1.20
a1t1 12.9
=
s 26 s
a2
0.500

Chapter 2

Total time = t = t1 + t2 = 129 s + 26 s = 155 s

*P2.79

The average speed of every point on the train as the first car passes Liz
is given by:
x 8.60 m
=
= 5.73 m s
t
1.50 s

The train has this as its instantaneous speed halfway through the 1.50-s
time. Similarly, halfway through the next 1.10 s, the speed of the train
8.60 m
is
= 7.82 m s . The time required for the speed to change from
1.10 s
5.73 m/s to 7.82 m/s is

1
1
( 1.50 s ) + ( 1.10 s ) = 1.30 s
2
2
so the acceleration is: ax =
P2.80

vx 7.82 m s 5.73 m s
=
= 1.60 m s 2
t
1.30 s

Let the ball fall freely for 1.50 m after starting from rest. It strikes at
speed given by

vxf2 = vxi2 + 2a x f xi

vxf2 = 0 + 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 1.50 m )

vxf = 5.42 m/s
If its acceleration were constant, its stopping would be described by

vxf2 = vxi2 + 2ax x f xi

0 = ( 5.42 m/s ) + 2ax ( 102 m )

ax =

29.4 m 2 /s 2
= +1.47 103 m/s 2
2
2.00 10 m

Upward acceleration of this same order of magnitude will continue for

some additional time after the dent is at its maximum depth, to give
the ball the speed with which it rebounds from the pavement. The
balls maximum acceleration will be larger than the average
acceleration we estimate by imagining constant acceleration, but will
still be of order of magnitude 103 m/s 2 .

Motion in One Dimension

Challenge Problems
P2.81

(a)

From the information in the problem, we model the blue car as a

particle under constant acceleration. The important particle for
this part of the problem is the nose of the car. We use the position
equation from the particle under constant acceleration model to
find the velocity v0 of the particle as it enters the intersection
1
x = x0 + v0t + at 2
2
28.0 m = 0 + v0 ( 3.10 s ) +
v0 = 12.3 m/s

1
2
2.10 m/s 2 )( 3.10 s )
(
2

Now we use the velocity-position equation in the particle under

constant acceleration model to find the displacement of the
particle from the first edge of the intersection when the blue car
stops:
v 2 = v02 + 2a ( x x0 )

v 2 v02 0 ( 12.3 m/s )

=
= 35.9 m
2a
2 ( 2.10 m/s 2 )
2

or
(b)

x x0 = x =

The time interval during which any part of the blue car is in the
intersection is that time interval between the instant at which the
nose enters the intersection and the instant when the tail leaves
the intersection. Thus, the change in position of the nose of the
blue car is 4.52 m + 28.0 m = 32.52 m. We find the time at which
the car is at position x = 32.52 m if it is at x = 0 and moving at
12.3 m/s at t = 0:

1
x = x0 + v0t + at 2
2
32.52 m = 0 + ( 12.3 m/s ) t +

1
( 2.10 m/s2 ) t 2
2

1.05t 2 + 12.3t 32.52 = 0

The solutions to this quadratic equation are t = 4.04 s and 7.66 s.
Our desired solution is the lower of two, so t = 4.04 s , (The later
time corresponds to the blue car stopping and reversing, which it
must do if the acceleration truly remains constant, and arriving
again at the position x = 32.52 m.)
(c)

We again define t = 0 as the time at which the nose of the blue car
enters the intersection. Then at time t = 4.04 s, the tail of the blue

Chapter 2

car leaves the intersection. Therefore, to find the minimum

distance from the intersection for the silver car, its nose must
enter the intersection at t = 4.04 s. We calculate this distance from
the position equation:
x x0 + v0t +

1 2
1
2
at = 0 + 0 + ( 5.60 m/s 2 ) ( 4.04 s ) = 45.8 m
2
2

(d) We use the velocity equation:

v = v0 + at = 0 + ( 5.60 m/s 2 ) ( 4.04 s ) = 22.6 m/s

P2.82

(a)

Starting from rest and accelerating at ab = 13.0 mi/h s, the bicycle

reaches its maximum speed of vb,max = 20.0 mi/h in a time

tb,1 =

vb, max 0
ab

20.0 mi/h
= 1.54 s
13.0 mi/h s

Since the acceleration ac of the car is less than that of the bicycle,
the car cannot catch the bicycle until some time t > tb,1 (that is,
until the bicycle is at its maximum speed and coasting). The total
displacement of the bicycle at time t is
1 2
abtb,1 + vb, max t tb,1
2
1.47 ft/s
=

1 mi/h

xb =

mi/h
1

2
2 13.0 s ( 1.54 s ) + ( 20.0 mi/h ) ( t 1.54 s )

= ( 29.4 ft/s ) t 22.6 ft

The total displacement of the car at this time is

xc =

1 2 1.47 ft/s 1
mi/h 2
2
2
ac t =
9.00

t = ( 6.62 ft/s ) t

1 mi/h 2
2
s

At the time the car catches the bicycle, xc = xb . This gives

(6.62 ft/s ) t
2

= ( 29.4 ft/s ) t 22.6 ft

t 2 ( 4.44 s ) t + 3.42 s 2 = 0

that has only one physically meaningful solution t > tb,1. This
solution gives the total time the bicycle leads the car and is
t = 3.45 s .
(b)

The lead the bicycle has over the car continues to increase as long
as the bicycle is moving faster than the car. This means until the

Motion in One Dimension

car attains a speed of vc = vb,max = 20.0 mi/h. Thus, the elapsed
time when the bicycles lead ceases to increase is

vb, max
ac

20.0 mi/h
= 2.22 s
9.00 mi/h s

At this time, the lead is

( xb xc )max = ( xb xc ) t = 2.22 s

= [( 29.4 ft/s ) ( 2.22 s ) 22.6 ft ]

2
( 6.62 ft/s 2 ) ( 2.22 s )

or
P2.83

( xb xc )max =

10.0 ft

Consider the runners in general. Each completes the race in a total time
interval T. Each runs at constant acceleration a for a time interval t,
1
so each covers a distance (displacement) xa = at 2 where they
2
eventually reach a final speed (velocity) v = at, after which they run
at this constant speed for the remaining time (T t ) until the end of
the race, covering distance xv = v (T t ) = at (T t ). The total
distance (displacement) each covers is the same:

x = xa + xv
1
= at 2 + at (T t )
2
1
= a t 2 + t (T t )
2

x
1 2
t + t (T t )
2

where x = 100 m and T = 10.4 s.

(a)

For Laura (runner 1), t1 = 2.00 s:

a1 = (100 m)/(18.8 s2) = 5.32 m/s 2
For Healan (runner 2), t2 = 3.00 s:
a2 = (100 m)/(26.7 s2) = 3.75 m/s 2

(b)

Laura (runner 1): v1 = a1 t1 = 10.6 m/s

Healan (runner 2): v2 = a2 t2 = 11.2 m/s

Chapter 2
(c)

The 6.00-s mark occurs after either time interval t. From the
reasoning above, each has covered the distance

1
x = a t 2 + t ( t t )
2

where t = 6.00 s.
Laura (runner 1): x1 = 53.19 m
Healan (runner 2): x2 = 50.56 m

So, Laura is ahead by (53.19 m 50.56 m) = 2.63 m.

(d) Laura accelerates at the greater rate, so she will be ahead of
Healen at, and immediately after, the 2.00-s mark. After the 3.00-s
mark, Healan is travelling faster than Laura, so the distance
between them will shrink. In the time interval
from the 2.00-s mark to the 3.00-s mark, the distance between

them will be the greatest.

During that time interval, the distance between them (the position
of Laura relative to Healan) is

1
1
D = x1 x2 = a1 t12 + t1 ( t t1 ) a2t 2
2
2
because Laura has ceased to accelerate but Healan is still
accelerating. Differentiating with respect to time, (and doing
some simplification), we can solve for the time t when D is an
maximum:
dD
= a1t1 a2t = 0
dt

which gives
a1
5.32 m/s 2
t = t1 = ( 2.00 s )
= 2.84 s
3.75 m/s 2
a2

Substituting this time back into the expression for D, we find that
D = 4.47 m, that is, Laura ahead of Healan by 4.47 m.

94
P2.84

Motion in One Dimension

(a)

The factors to consider are as follows. The red bead falls through
a greater distance with a downward acceleration of g. The blue
bead travels a shorter distance, but with acceleration of g sin . A
first guess would be that the blue bead wins, but not by much.
We do note, however, that points A , B , and C are the

A
vertices of a right triangle with
C as the hypotenuse.
(b)

The red bead is a particle under constant acceleration. Taking

downward as the positive direction, we can write
1
y = y 0 + vy 0t + ay t 2
2

1 2
gtR
2

which gives tR =
(c)

2D
.
g

The blue bead is a particle under constant acceleration, with

a = g sin . Taking the direction along L as the positive direction,
we can write
1
y = y 0 + vy 0t + ay t 2
2

1
g sin ) tB2
(
2

which gives tB =

2L
.
g sin

(d) For the two beads to reach point C simultaneously, tR = tB. Then,
2D
=
g

2L
g sin

Squaring both sides and cross-multiplying gives

2gDsin = 2gL
or

sin =

L
.
D

90 , so that the angle between chords
A
A
C and
B is

We note that the angle between chords A C and B C is

Chapter 2

. Then, sin =

L
, and the beads arrive at point C
D

simultaneously.
(e)

P2.85

Once we recognize that the two rods form one side and the
hypotenuse of a right triangle with as its smallest angle, then
the result becomes obvious.

The rock falls a distance d for a time interval t1 and the sound of the
splash travels upward through the same distance d for a time interval
t2 before the man hears it. The total time interval
t = t1 + t2 = 2.40 s.
(a)

Relationship between distance the rock falls and time interval

t1 :
d=

1
gt12
2

Relationship between distance the sound travels and time interval

t2 : d = vs t2 , where vs = 336 m/s.
d = vs t2 =

1
gt12
2

Substituting t1 = t t2 gives

vs t2
2
= ( t t2 )
g

( t2 )2 2 t +

vs
t2 + t 2 = 0
g

( t2 )2 2 2.40 s + 9.80 m/s2 t2 + ( 2.40 s )2 = 0

336 m/s

( t2 )2 (73.37 ) t2 + 5.76 = 0
Solving the quadratic equation gives
t2 = 0.078 6 s d = vs t2 = 26.4 m

(b)

Ignoring the sound travel time,

1
2
d = ( 9.80 m/s 2 ) ( 2.40 s ) = 28.2 m, an error of 6.82% .
2

Motion in One Dimension

ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

P2.2

0.02 s

P2.4

(a) 50.0 m/s; (b) 41.0 m/s

P2.6

(a) 27.0 m; (b) 27.0 m + (18.0 m/s) t + (3.00 m/s2)( t 2 ); (c) 18.0 m/s

P2.8

(a) +L/t1; (b) L/t2; (c) 0; (d) 2L/t1+ t2

P2.10

1.9 108 years

P2.12

(a) 20 mi/h; (b) 0; (c) 30 mi/h

P2.14

1.34 104 m/s2

P2.16

See graphs in P2.16.

P2.18

(a) See ANS. FIG. P2.18; (b) 23 m/s, 18 m/s, 14 m/s, and 9.0 m/s;
(c) 4.6 m/s2; (d) zero

P2.20

(a) 13.0 m/s; (b) 10.0 m/s, 16.0 m/s; (c) 6.00 m/s2; (d) 6.00 m/s2;
(e) 0.333 s

P2.22

(ae) See graphs in P2.22; (f) with less regularity

P2.24

160 ft.

P2.26

4.53 s

P2.28

(a) 6.61 m/s; (b) 0.448 m/s2

P2.30

(a) 20.0 s; (b) No; (c) The plane would overshoot the runway.

P2.32

31 s

P2.34

The accelerations do not match.

P2.36

(a) x f xi = vxf t

P2.38

(a) 2.56 m; (b) 3.00 m/s

P2.40

19.7 cm/s; (b) 4.70 cm/s2; (c) The length of the glider is used to find the
average velocity during a known time interval.

P2.42

(a) 3.75 s; (b) 5.50 cm/s; (c) 0.604 s; (d) 13.3 cm, 47.9 cm; (e) See P2.42
part (e) for full explanation.

P2.44

(a) 8.20 s; (b) 134 m

P2.46

(a and b) The rock does not reach the top of the wall with vf = 3.69 m/s;
(c) 2.39 m/s; (d) does not agree; (e) The average speed of the upwardmoving rock is smaller than the downward moving rock.

P2.48

(a) 29.4 m/s; (b) 44.1 m

1 2
axt ; (b) 3.10 m/s
2

Chapter 2
P2.50

7.96 s

P2.52

0.60 s

P2.54

(a)

P2.56

(a) (vi + gt); (b)

P2.58

(a) See graphs in P2.58; (b) See graph in P2.58; (c) 4 m/s2; (d) 32 m;
(e) 28 m

P2.60

(a) 5.25 m/s2; (b) 168 m; (c) 52.5 m/s

P2.62

(a) 0; (b) 6.0 m/s2; (c) 3.6 m/s2; (d) at t = 6 s and at 18 s;

(e and f) t = 18 s; (g) 204 m

P2.64

(a) A = vxit +

h gt
h gt
+ ; (b)
t 2
t 2
1 2
1
gt ; (c) vi gt ; (d) gt 2
2
2

1 2
axt ; (b) The displacement is the same result for the total
2

area.
P2.66

(a) 96.0 ft/s; (b) 3.07 103 ft s 2 upward ; (c) 3.13 102 s

P2.68

The trains do collide.

P2.70

(a) +4.8 m/s2; (b) 7.27 m/s2

P2.72

(a) 41.0 s; (b) 1.73 km; (c) 184 m/s

P2.74

(a) Ball 1: y1 = h v0t

1 2
1
2v
gt , Ball 2: y 2 = h + v0t gt 2 , 0 ; (b) Ball 1:
2
2
g

v02 + 2gh, Ball 2: v02 + 2gh ; (c) 2v0t

P2.76

(a and b) See TABLE P2.76; (c) 1.63 m/s2 downward and see graph in
P2.76

P2.78

155 s

P2.80

~103 m/s2

P2.82

(a) 3.45 s; (b) 10.0 ft.

P2.84

(a) The red bead falls through a greater distance with a downward
acceleration of g. The blue bead travels a shorter distance, but with
acceleration of g sin . A first guess would be that the blue bead
wins, but not by much. (b)

2D
; (c)
g

2L
; (d) the beads arrive
g sin

at point C simultaneously; (e) Once we recognize that the two rods

form one side and the hypotenuse of a right triangle with as its
smallest angle, then the result becomes obvious.
2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

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