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Z Transform

The document discusses the z-transform, which transforms a discrete-time signal from the time domain to the complex z-domain. It defines the z-transform, region of convergence, and provides examples of z-transforms of common sequences. Properties of the z-transform such as linearity, differentiation, and time shifting are described. Convolution is also introduced as a way to relate the input and output of linear time-invariant systems using impulse response.

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Sharis Moreno
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394 views

Z Transform

The document discusses the z-transform, which transforms a discrete-time signal from the time domain to the complex z-domain. It defines the z-transform, region of convergence, and provides examples of z-transforms of common sequences. Properties of the z-transform such as linearity, differentiation, and time shifting are described. Convolution is also introduced as a way to relate the input and output of linear time-invariant systems using impulse response.

Uploaded by

Sharis Moreno
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Z-TRANSFORM

- Given a finite length signal x[n] , the z-transform is defined as

where the sequence support interval is [0, N], and zis any
complex number.
This transformation produces a new representation of x[n] denoted X(z)
Returning to the original sequence (inverse z-transform) x[n] requires finding the
coefficient associated with the nth power of z
Formally transforming from the time/sequence/n-domain to the z-domain is
represented as

A sequence and its z-transform are said to form a z-transform pair and are denoted

In the sequence or n-domain the independent variable is n


In the z-domain the independent variable is z.

REGION OF CONVERGENCE
- The region of convergence, known as the ROC, is important understand because it
defines the region where the z-transform exists. The z-transform of a sequence is
defined as

the ROC for the given x[n] , is defined as the range of z for which the z-transform
converges . Since the z-transform is a power series, it converges when x[n]z is
absolutely summable. Stated differently.

CASE 1: DELAY
w[n] =

[nno ]

w(z)

[nno ]z n=z no

n=

excludes: z=0 for no > 0


z = for no < 0

[ nn 0 ] z

CASE 2: CAUSAL EXPONENTIAL

x [ n ]=u [n ]
x [ n ] z

x ( z )=

n=

= ( z )
1

n=0


n=0

1
1z

provided that|z| < 1

;|z|>
If |z|

1, x(z) does not converge

1 z
Therefore,

;| z|>
1

CASE 3: ANTI-CAUSAL EXPONENTIAL

y [ n ] =u [n1]
y [ n ] z

y [ z ]=
n=

1 z

u [ n1 ]

z
1

;z
EXAMPLES 1:
*Combined two terms:

( 14 ) u [n ]( 12 ) u[n1]
1
z
case 2: ( )u [ n ]
,| z|> 1/ 4
4
1
z

1 g [ n ]=

case 3:

( 12 )u [n1 ] zz 1 ,|z|< 12
2

t he of is :

g (z)=

1
4

1
1
, <| z|<
1 4
2
z
2

3
2 z3 z
4

1
1
z
z
4
2

( )( )

EXAMPLES 2:
n

x [ n ]=u [ n ] +

( )

3
u [n]
4

To use transform pairs, rewrite:

3 n
x [ n ]=u [ n ] + [ n ]
u[n1]
4

()

Solution :

( a) u [ n]

z
,|z|>1
z1

( b ) [ n ] 1
n

( )

(c )

3
u [n1 ]
4

z
z+

3
4

,|z|<

3
4

equations ab are incompatble , x ( z ) does not exist !

Basic Z - Transform Table


No
.
1

x (n ), n 0
x (n )

z-transform

X ( z)

x (n) zn
n=0

(n)

au(n)

az
z1

nu(n)

z
2
( z1)

n2 u(n)

z ( z +1)
3
( z1)

an u(n)

z
za

ena u(n)

z
a
( ze )

nan u(n)

az
2
( za)

sin( an) u(n)

zsin( a)
z 2 zcos ( a ) +1
2

10

cos(an)u( n)

z [ zcos ( a)]
z 2 zcos ( a ) +1
2

11

[asin ( b)]z
z [2 acos ( b ) ] z +a 2

a sin(bn) u(n)

12

an cos (bn)u( n)

z [ zacos ( b)]
z [ 2 acos ( b ) ] z +a2
2

13

ean sin(bn) u( n)

14

an

[e sin ( b)] z
2
a
2a
z [ 2 e cos ( b ) ] z+ e
a

z [ ze cos ( b)]
2
a
2a
z [ 2 e cos ( b ) ] z+ e

sin(bn) u( n)

Properties of Z Transform
1. Linearity

Z [ a x 1 ( n )+ b x 2 ( n ) ]=aZ [ x 1 ( n ) ]+ bZ [ x 2 ( n ) ]
a and b are arbitrary constants
Example 1:
Find the z-transform of
Solution 1:
Using z-transform table:

Z [ au ( n ) ] =

x ( n )=u ( n )( 0.5 )n u ( n ) .

z
z1

; #3

Z [ ( 0.5 )n u ( n ) ]=
Therefore,

X ( z )=

z
z0.5

; #6

z
z

z 1 z0.5

Example 2:

x ( n )=10 sin ( 0.25 n)u ( n )e0.1 n u ( n ) .

Find the z-transform of


Solution 2:
Using z-transform table:

Z [ 10 sin ( 0.25 n ) u ( n ) ]=

10 sin ( 0.25 ) z
z 2 zcos ( 0.25 )+1

7.07 z
z 1.414 z +1
2

; #9

e
Z [0.1 nu ( n ) ]=

z
( ze0.1 )

; #7

X ( z )=

2. Differentiation

nx n Z z

7.07 z
z

2
0.1
z 1.414 z+1 (ze )

dX z
dz

Therefore,

ROC R x

where nx[n] is the time domain and -z dX(z)/dx is the z-domain; ROC is the region of
convergence
NOTE: ROC of z-differentiation could also be
Example:

r 2 <|z|<r 1

X z log 1 az 1

We want the inverse z-transform of:


Solution:
Lets differentiate to obtain rational expression:

z a

dX z az 2
dX z
1

z
az 1
1
dz
1 az
dz
1 az 1

differentiate both sides of the equation then apply the differentiation


property of z-transform
Making use of z-transform properties and ROC:

nx n a a

x n 1
3. Time Shift

n 1

n 1

u n 1

an
u n 1
n

k0

z [ kk 0 ] z z

x ( z)
.

With ROC Rx except possibly z=0 or |z| =


where:

k0

= how much shifted in time.

If

k 0 >0 , introduces poles at z=0.

If

k 0 <0 , introduces poled at

In general, ROC is remained unchanged.


Example:
k

Transform the basic z-transform with this function:

1
x [ k ]=
u[k 3]
2

()

Solution:
Step 1.

1 k
1
u [ k 3 ] z
1
2
10.5 z

()

ROC

1
2

Step 2. Add a time shift.

1
2

k3

()

z3
u [ k 3 ] z
1
10.5 z
Step 3. Remove the -3 from the power.
k

1
1
z
u [ k 3 ] z
1
2
2

10.5 z

()
This
to be

()

1
1
1

8 z3 0.5 z2 [ 8 z 2 ( z0.5 ) ]

caused the transformation


multiplied by

1
2

()

4. Convolution
Convolution is a mathematical operation used to express the relation between
input and output of an LTI system. It relates input, output and impulse response of an
LTI system as

y (t )=x ( t )h ( t ) y ( t ) =x ( t )h(t)

Where y (t) = output of LTI


x (t) = input of LTI

h (t) = impulse response of LTI


There are two types of convolutions:
1. Continuous Convolution

y (t )=x ( t )h ( t ) y ( t ) =x ( t )h( t)

x ( ) h (t ) d= x ( ) h ( t ) d

(or)

y (t)= x ( t ) h( ) d

2. Discrete Convolution

y ( n )=x ( n )h ( n ) y ( n )= x ( n )h(n)

x ( k ) h(nk )

k=

(or)

x ( nk ) h(k )

k=

By using convolution, we can find zero state response of the system.


Properties of Convolution
Commutative Property
x1(t)x2(t)=x2(t)x1(t)x1(t)x2(t)=x2(t)x1(t)
Distributive Property
x1(t)[x2(t)+x3(t)]=[x1(t)x2(t)]+[x1(t)x3(t)]x1(t)[x2(t)+x3(t)]=[x1(t)x2(t)]+
[x1(t)x3(t)]
Associative Property
x1(t)[x2(t)x3(t)]=[x1(t)x2(t)]x3(t)x1(t)[x2(t)x3(t)]=[x1(t)x2(t)]x3(t)]

Shifting Property
x1(t)x2(t)=y(t)x1(t)x2(t)=y(t)
x1(t)x2(tt0)=y(tt0)x1(t)x2(tt0)=y(tt0)
x1(tt0)x2(t)=y(tt0)x1(tt0)x2(t)=y(tt0)
x1(tt0)x2(tt1)=y(tt0t1)x1(tt0)x2(tt1)=y(tt0t1)
Convolution with Impulse
x1(t)(t)=x(t)x1(t)(t)=x(t)
x1(t)(tt0)=x(tt0)x1(t)(tt0)=x(tt0)
Convolution of Unit Steps
u(t)u(t)=r(t)u(t)u(t)=r(t)
u(tT1)u(tT2)=r(tT1T2)u(tT1)u(tT2)=r(tT1T2)
u(n)u(n)=[n+1]u(n)u(n)u(n)=[n+1]u(n)

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