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Land Use Zoning For Disaster Risk Reduction in India: Dr. Anil K Gupta

This document discusses land use zoning for disaster risk reduction in India. It aims to determine hazard-prone areas and develop land use plans to minimize damage from natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, and cyclones. Specifically, it provides information on hazard maps for different regions in India, approaches to land use zoning and protecting areas from different hazards through engineering interventions. It also discusses factors that increase urban vulnerability and how to integrate disaster mitigation into land use planning, including preliminary activities and principles to reduce vulnerability.

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Saranya Godwin
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48 views

Land Use Zoning For Disaster Risk Reduction in India: Dr. Anil K Gupta

This document discusses land use zoning for disaster risk reduction in India. It aims to determine hazard-prone areas and develop land use plans to minimize damage from natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, and cyclones. Specifically, it provides information on hazard maps for different regions in India, approaches to land use zoning and protecting areas from different hazards through engineering interventions. It also discusses factors that increase urban vulnerability and how to integrate disaster mitigation into land use planning, including preliminary activities and principles to reduce vulnerability.

Uploaded by

Saranya Godwin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAND USE ZONING FOR DISASTER RISK

REDUCTION IN INDIA
Dr. Anil K Gupta
National Institute of Disaster Management

Population
Economy

Land

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

Human use of
Land

Industrial
use of Land

Ecosystems
use of Land

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

Vulnerability Profile of India

59%

8%

66%
~15%

12%

Aim and Objectives

Aim is to determine the areas and extend likely to


be affected by the hazards and develop in a fashion to
reduce the losses

Objectives are

To regulate landuse in hazard prone areas

To minimize the damage due to natural hazards like


earthquake, Floods and Cyclone

To restrict indiscriminate development in


Unprotected hazard prone areas.
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

Earthquake Prone Areas


a)

Areas under seismic zone III, IV and V as specified in IS 1893 are based
on intensities VII, VIII , IX or more

b)

In these Zones having soil conditions and water table level are
favourable to liquefaction or settlement under EQ vibrations will be
having higher risk and will be of special consideration.

c)

Hilly areas and where the slopes are unstable higher, with risk of
Landslides and Avalanches

d)

Areas identified as a are marked in the map given in IS 1893 in small


scale and larger scale state wise maps of BMTPC vulnerability atlas

e)

In the special risk areas defined in b and c above have to be


determined specifically for the planning area under consideration
through special studies to be carried out by Geologist and Geotechnical
Engineers.
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

Earthquake hazard

HAZARD MAPS

Source : Vulnerability Atlas of India

Landslide hazard

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

Areas prone to Cyclone


a)

Areas prone to cyclonic storms are along the sea coast


where the wind velocities of 47 m/s or more as
specified in the IS 875 and in vulnerability atlas

b)

The areas which are likely to be affected by rainfall


and storm surges are more risky

c)

Areas under a can be easily identified but the areas


under b have to be identified by survey and collection
of past data on coastal flooding and surges.

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

HAZARD MAPS

Cyclone / wind hazard

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

10

Areas prone to Floods


a)

Flood prone area maps in river plains (unprotected and


protected of bunds) are prepared by the central water
commission and reproduced in the BMTPC atlas in
large scale.

b)

Besides the above the other areas can be flooded


under conditions of heavy intensity rains, inundation in
depression, back flow in drains, inadequate drainage,
failure of protection works etc

c)

Areas under a are marked in the BMTPC atlas but the


areas under b have to be identified by local contour
survey and study of the flood history of the area.
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

11

Flood hazard

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

12

Approach for land use zoning in


Hazard prone areas
Two alternatives can be adopted for dealing with Disaster
Risk prone areas
a)

Leaving the unprotected areas. It is necessary to


specify the land use zoning for various developmental
purposes.

b)

Using protection methods in areas prone to hazards as


a whole or in the construction of building.

c)

It will be appropriate to prioritize, buildings, structures


and infrastructures in terms of the importance from
the point of view of the impact of damage on the
society.
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

13

Prioritisation
Priority 1: Defence installations, industries, public
utilities like hospitals, electricity installations, water
supply, telephone exchange, railway stations,
commercial centers, libraries, other building or
installations with contents of high economic value.

Priority 2 : Public Institutions, Government offices,


universities and other residential areas.

Priority 3: Parks, Play grounds, Wood lands and


gardens.

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

14

Protection of Areas from Earthquake


i.

Areas under a no danger of liquefaction and landslides :all


buildings/infrastructure should be designed as per the relevant
Indian Standards and Byelaws.

ii.

Compaction of soil to desired level for areas liable to


liquefaction.
Could be founded on deep bearing piles going to non liquefiable
layers
For unstable slopes, Terracing and construction of retaining
walls.
Ensuring good drainage so that the slopes saturation shall be
avoided
Any other appropriate engineering Intervention

iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

The protective action given under (ii) to (v) involve huge cost and such sites should be excluded by Land use Planning
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

15

Protection of Areas from Cyclone


i.

should be designed as per the relevant Indian Standards and Byelaws.

ii.

Light utility structures used for electrical transmission and distribution


and towers for communication and chimney stacks of industrial
structures require special design considerations against wind pressure,
suction and uplifts.

iii.

Infrastructures founded on marine clay deposits it is advisable to adopt


under-reamed piled foundations

iv.

Where ever the topsoil become slushy the top layer of 30 cm depth
shall not be considered for providing lateral stability

v.

For unstable slopes, Terracing and construction of retaining walls.

vi.

In storm surge areas it will be preferable to construct community


structures like resistant school building, Cyclone shelters etc.
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

16

LAND USE ZONING FOR FLOOD SAFETY


i.

Every city needs open areas such as parks, play grounds , garden etc. In
one way it will be possible to develop such areas by restricting building
activity in vulnerable areas.

ii.

areas either side of the drains, existing and proposed both in urban and
rural areas should be declared as green belt where no building
construction should be allowed.

iii.

existing developed areas, possibilities of protecting/ relocation/


exchanging the sites of vital installation like electricity substation/power houses, telephone exchange, etc

iv.

the pump station the tube wells meant for drinking water supply should
be raised above the high flood levels.

v.

possibility of removing or bypassing buildings/structures obstructing


existing natural drainage lines should be seriously considered
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

17

Regulation for Land Use Zoning

Installations and Buildings of Priority 1 should be located in such a


fashion that the area is above the levels corresponding to a 100
year flood or the maximum observed flood levels whichever higher.
they should also be above the levels corresponding to a 50 year
rainfall flooding and the likely submersion due to drainage
congestion. Buildings of

Priority 2 should be located outside the 25 year flood or a 10 year


rainfall contour, provided that the buildings if constructed between
the 10 and 25 year contours should have either high plinth level
above 25 year flood mark or constructed on columns or stilts, with
ground area left for the unimportant uses.

Activities of Priority 3 viz. play grounds, gardens and parks etc. can
be located in areas vulnerable to frequent floods
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

18

Urban Risk Factors

Unplanned development pattern and uncontrolled


urban sprawl making it difficult to manage the
megacity even during normal times.

Hazardous industrial plants existing with congested


informal settlements

Informal construction made up of substandard


materials

A built environment susceptible to natural hazards


resulting from unregulated building practices

Historical buildings that are not restored or properly


secured for hazards
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

19

Vulnerability of urban regions to disaster is further


intensified by

physical densification of settlements

high concentration of business investments and


economic assets

convergence of vital networks, along with critical


facilities and transportation

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

20

Factors

Unsafe old structure

Dense development without


adequate escape route

Informal construction made up of


substandard materials

Hazardous land use existing with


congested informal settlements

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

21

Integration of disaster mitigation into land use


planning
The preliminary activities include

Preparatory work (data collection, research and analysis of available


documentation)

Creation of a project team

Coordination with ULB s and field investigation

Formulation of the risk-sensitive land use plan

Advocacy campaigns

Drafting of zoning ordinance


Formulating and implementing building codes customized for a
particular region based on the regions vulnerability
Inter-institutional coordination
Strengthening of local institutions
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

22

Vulnerability Reduction

The vulnerability of a region may be reduced by adopting 2


basic principles:

Increasing the intrinsic disaster fighting potential

Ensuring connectivity to other regions for availing external


help at the earliest in cases of emergency.

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

23

Thank you
[email protected]

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

24

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