Analysis and Optimization of Air-Conditioning System

Of
Ahsanullah University of Science & Technology
A Thesis submitted to the
Department of Mechanical & Production Engineering

AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

By

SAGAR GHOSH [12.01.08.009]

MD. DILWAR HOSSAIN [12.01.08.033]
Under the supervision of

ABHISHEK KUMAR GHOSH

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical & Production Engineering

In partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree

Of
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
MAY 2016
DECLARATION

Except of the contents where specific references have been made of the work of other
investigators, the studies embodied in this thesis is the result of investigation carried out by the
authors under the supervision of, Abhishek Kumar Ghosh, Assistant Professor, Department of
Mechanical & Production Engineering, AUST.
We hereby declare that this project work submitted here has been performed by us and this work
or any part of it has not been submitted elsewhere for any other bachelor degree.

-------------------------Sagar Ghosh
(12.01.08.009)

--------------------------MD. Dilwar Hossain

(12.01.08.033)

APPROVAL
This Thesis entitled Analysis and Optimization of Air-Conditioning System of Ahsanullah
University of Science & Technology prepared and submitted by Sagar Ghosh and MD. Dilwar
2

Hossain in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING has been examined and hereby recommended for approval and
acceptance.

Assistant Prof. Abhishek Kumar Ghosh

Mechanical Engineering Program
Dept. of Mechanical & Production Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science & technology

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere appreciation and gratitude to our supervisor
Assistant Prof. Abhishek Kumar Ghosh for his unending assistance, valuable suggestions, co3

operation and encouragement. The project could not have been prepared in such a manner
without his ultimate advice and direction.
We are highly thankful to Prof. Dr. M H Khan to give us permission to work on this.
We are really also thankful to Engineers and staffs of Ahsanullah University of Science &
technology cooperation during data collection for the thesis work.
We would also like to extend our thanks to the staff members of the department for imparting the
under graduate engineering education thus enabling us to be graduate in time.
Finally, we pray to graceful almighty Allah that our project has been completed successfully and
in time.

ABSTRACT

Now a days, a substantial amount of worlds energy is being consumed by the building sector. In
buildings, energy share of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems is

dominant. Various aspects of HVAC system optimization are analyzed in several studies;
however the optimization of HVAC system configurations is rarely analyzed. Moreover, no
systematic approach is developed for evaluating different HVAC system design alternatives to
decide the optimal configuration for a specific building load demand and climate conditions.
In this thesis we have tried to compare every possible types of air condition, their terms of use,
and performance on a certain condition based on the use of purpose. The chapters are arranged to
have the clear concept about air condition system & types. Basic principle, fundamental concept,
various types of air condition cycles, scope of application, cooling calculation including a
practical survey.
For calculating cooling load we have collected all required data for a certain period of time as
standard. We have discussed all the types of air conditioning system for comparison. Though
there are several methods, we have done our calculation for the cooling load calculation with
CLTD method and other constant factors were taken from ASHRAE fundamentals, 1989. We
have tried to give a comparison between existing air condition system of the university & what
are the effects if we install central air conditioning system in our university.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter One: Introduction...1
1.1: General.2
1.2: Literature Review.....3
1.3: Aim of the Thesis.4

Chapter Two: Air conditioning.........5

2.1: Introduction......6
2.2: Air Conditioning .........6
2.3: Purpose of Air Conditioning ....6
2.4: Applications of Air Conditioning Systems...7
2.5: Thermodynamic Principle of Air Conditioning....7
2.6: Basic Operation of Air Conditioning ...8
2.7: Air Conditioning Process......9
2.8: Benefits of Air Conditioning...10
2.9: Demerits of Air Conditioning......11
2.10: A Final Thought.....11

Chapter Three: Types of Air Conditioners.....12

3.1: Introduction..13
3.2: Discovering an ideal air conditioning system..............13
3.3: Types of air conditioners......14
3.3.1: Window Air Conditioner....15
3.3.2: Through-the-wall Air Conditioners....20
3.3.3: Portable Air Conditioners...21

3.3.4: Ductless Mini-Split System Air Conditioners..24

3.3.5: Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners...28
3.3.6: VRF or VRV Air Conditioning.31
3.3. 7: Central Air Conditioner....33

Chapter Four: Central Air Conditioner & its Components.....35

4.1: Introduction....36
4.2: Central air conditioner........36
4.3: Types of Central Air Conditioners.36
4.4: Central Air Conditioning System...........38
4.5: Important Factors in Choosing Central A/C...40
4.6: Components for Central Air Conditioning.....41
4.7: How it works......42
4.8: Benefits...42
4.9: Chiller.....43
4.10: Classification as per the chiller cycle. 43
4.11: Cooling Tower. 65

4.12: Classification of Cooling Tower by build....................68

4.13: Classification of Cooling Tower by Heat Transfer Methods...................68
4.14: Classification of Cooling Tower by Air Flow Generation Methods....69
4.15: Classification of Cooling Tower by Air-to-Water Flow...73

Chapter Five: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF).. 76

5.1: Introduction................ 77

5.2: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Cooling System.................... 77

5.3: How does VRF work.. 79
5.4: Split, Multi-Split and VRF Operation in a 4 zone Building
(Cooling Mode)... 80
5.5: Types of VRF/VRV System.83
5.6: Market Adoption of VRF Systems ..85
5.7: Advantages of VRF and Multi-Split System....85
5.8: Disadvantages of VRF and Multi-Split System............87
5.9: Economic benefits of VRF system .......88
5.10: Demand response Issues..88
5.11: Best Applications for VRF System..........89

Chapter Six: Cooling Load Analysis..90

6.1: Introduction... 91
6.2: Cooling load analysis..91
6.3: Space Heat Gain.92
6.3.1: Heat gain from external sources..93
6.3.2: Heat gain from Internal sources.100
6.4: The Space Cooling Load...103
6.5: Space heat Extraction rate.....104
6.6: Cooling Coil load..104
6.7: Control and Zoning...105
6.8: Cooling load calculation methods.105
6.9: Heat Balance Method (ASHRAE fundamentals 2001).106
6.10: Radiant Time Series Method (ASHRAE fundamentals 2001)... 109
6.11: CLTD/SCL/CLF Method (ASHRAE fundamentals 1997) ....112

Chapter Seven: Result 116

7.1: Introduction 117
7.2: Cooling load Calculation for Room-8A03..... 118
7.3: Cooling load at different time 123
7.4: Daily cooling load variations. 124
7.5: Contributions of different types of rooms in total cooling load. 125
7.6: Cooling load analysis of a chiller126
7.7: Data of 7th Floor..127
7.8: Optimization for Room 8A03.131
7.9: Cost Analysis between Split A/C and Central A/C.131

Chapter Eight: Conclusion.... 133

8.1: Conclusion.. 134
8.2: Further Recommendation... 135

Appendix 136
References .. 144

LIST OF TABLES

Table No.

Name of the Table

Page No

TABLE 7.1
TABLE 7.2
TABLE 1

Total Cooling Load

Total Cooling Load at Different Time
Climatic conditions for different countries

123
123
137

TABLE 2

Recommended indoor temperature and relative humidity for

137

TABLE 3

summer cooling
Maximum solar heat gain factor (W/m2) for sunlit glass, north

137

TABLE 4

latitudes
Maximum solar heat gain factor (SHGF) for externally shaded

138

TABLE 5

glass (W/m2)
Cooling load temperature differences for calculating cooling

138

TABLE 6

load from sunlit walls

Cooling load factors (CLF) for glass without interior shading,

139

TABLE 7

north latitudes, general

CLTD correction for latitude arid month applied to walls and

139

TABLE 8

roofs, north latitude

Cooling load temperature differences (CLTD) for conduction

140

TABLE 9

through glass
Shading coefficients for single glass and insulating glass

140

TABLE 10

Design values of a

141

TABLE 11

Design values of b

141

TABLE 12

Cooling load factors when lights are on for 8 hours

141

TABLE 13

Thermal properties and code numbers of layers used in wall and

142

TABLE 14

roof descriptions
Sensible Heat Cooling Load Factors for people

143

10

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.

Name of the Figure

Page No.

Figure 2.1

Thermodynamics process of Air Condition

Figure 2.2

Air Conditioning Basic Process

Figure 3.1

Window Air Conditioner

15

Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.7
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.11
Figure 3.12
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2

Operation of window air condition

Through-the-Wall Air Conditioner
Portable Air Conditioner
Portable air conditioner working diagram
Ductless Mini-Split System Air Conditioner
Split System Air Conditioners
Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners
Parts of a PTAC (source LG)
PTAC working flow chart
VRF or VRV Air Conditioning
Central Air Conditioner (HVAC)
Central air conditioning process
Vapor compression chiller cycle

18
20
21
23
24
26
28
29
30
31
33
42
44

Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8

Thermodynamic analysis
Reciprocating vapor absorption chiller
Centrifugal vapor absorption chiller
Screw vapor compression chiller
Scroll vapor compression chiller
Schematic Diagram Showing Basic Absorption Cycle

45
46
47
48
49
50

Figure 4.9
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11

Components
Function of vapor absorption chiller
Direct fired vapor absorption chiller
Indirect fired vapor absorption chiller

52
54
56

Name of the Figure

Page No.

Figure 4.12
Figure 4.13
Figure 4.14
Figure 4.15
Figure 4.16
Figure 4.17
Figure 4.18
Figure 4.19
Figure 4.20
Figure 4.21

Illustration of Single-Effect Absorption Cooling Cycle

Illustration of Double-Effect Absorption Cooling Cycle.
Ammonia water absorption chiller
Single effect vapor absorption chiller
Double effect vapor absorption chiller
Water cooled condenser
Air cooled condenser
Evaporative cooling
Basic function of cooling tower
Natural draft

57
57
58
60
61
62
63
64
65
69

Figure 4.22

Induced draft

70

Figure No.

11

Figure 4.23
Figure 4.24
Figure 4.25
Figure 4.26
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4

Forced draft
Fan assisted natural draft
Cross flow
Parallel flow
VRF operation
Split system
Multi split system
VRF system

71
72
73
74
78
80
80
81

Figure 5.5

Major Components Of A VRF System Including The Range

82

Of Possible Indoor Unit Configurations And A Typical

Figure 5.6
Figure 5.7
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3

Outdoor Unit.
Heat pump VRF
Heat recovery VRF
Sources of heat gain from internal and external sources
The earths revolution around the sun
Position of earth in relations to suns rays at the time of the

83
84
93
94
94

Figure 6.4
Figure 6.5

winter solstice
Latitude angle, hour angle and declination angle
Schematic celestial sphere showing apparent path of sun and

95
96

Figure 6.6

suns declination angle

Absorption, reflection and transmission of solar radiation in

97

Figure 6.7
Figure 6.8

glass
Thermal storage effects in cooling load from lights
Difference between instantaneous heat gain and instantaneous

100
102

Figure 6.9

cooling load
Actual cooling load compared with instantaneous heat gain

103

Figure 7.1
Figure 7.2
Figure 7.3
Figure 7.4

for different types of construction

Drawing of 8A03
Daily Cooling Load Variation
Pie Chart for Cooling Load Distribution at13.00 hr.
Variation of Cooling Load of Different Types of Zone VS

118
124
125
126

Time

12

13