Scribd
Upload
1K views

Cramer's Rule PDF

The document provides examples and review problems for solving systems of linear equations using various matrix methods, including Gaussian elimination, row echelon form, Cramer's rule, inverse matrices, and determinants calculated by expansion of minors and Gaussian elimination. Sample problems are given to solve systems of linear equations, find parameterizations of solution sets, and calculate inverses and determinants.

Uploaded by

yanix
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1K views

Cramer's Rule PDF

The document provides examples and review problems for solving systems of linear equations using various matrix methods, including Gaussian elimination, row echelon form, Cramer's rule, inverse matrices, and determinants calculated by expansion of minors and Gaussian elimination. Sample problems are given to solve systems of linear equations, find parameterizations of solution sets, and calculate inverses and determinants.

Uploaded by

yanix
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

1

Examples of Cramers Rule

Use Crammers Rule to solve:


3x1 + 4x2 3x3 = 5
3x1 2x2 + 4x3 = 7
3x1 + 2x2 x3 = 3.


In matrix form Ax = b or a1 a2 a3 x = b this is


3 4 3
x1
5
3 2 4 x2 = 7 .
3 2 1
x3
3


b a2 a3

Cramers Rule says that x1 =



5 4 3

7 2 4

3 2 1
x1 =
3 4 3

3 2 4

3 2 1

a1 b a3

, x3 =





3 5 3
3 4





3 7 4
3 2





3 3 1
3 2
, x2 =
, x3 =

3 4 3
3 4





3 2 4
3 2





3 2 1
3 2
|A|

, x2 =

|A|

a1 a2 b
|A|

. So


5
7
3
.
3
4
1

Expanding, we get:








3 4 3
4 3
4 3
2 4







3 2 4 = 3
2 1 3 2 1 + 3 2 4 = 3(6) 3 2 + 3 10 = 6.


3 2 1








5 4 3
4 3
4 3
2 4







7 2 4 = 5


2 1 7 2 1 + 3 2 4 = 5(6) 7 2 + 3 10 = 14.
3 2 1


3 5 3














3 7 4 = 3 7 4 3 5 3 + 3 5 3 = 3(19) 3 (4) + 3 41 = 54.


3 1
3 1
7 4
3 3 1


3 4 5














3 2 7 = 3 2 7 3 4 5 + 3 4 5 = 3(20) 3 2 + 3 38 = 48.


2 3
2 3
2 7
3 2 3
x1 =

14
7
54
48
= , x2 =
= 9, x3 =
= 8.
6
3
6
6

Review for Midterm I

Topics:
1. Solve systems of linear equations using
(a) Gaussian Elimination and back substitution (echelon form)
(b) Gauss-Jordan Elimination (reduced echelon form)
2. For a system of linear equations whose matrix is in row echelon form
(a) Determine how many solutions it has
(b) Describe (parameterize) its solutions if there are infinitely many
3. Do matrix arithmetic including multiplication by constants, addition, multipication
and solving equations
4. Find the inverse of a matrix (especially a 3 3 matrix) using
(a) Row transformations
(b) Cramers Rule, i.e., adjoint formula
5. Use the "inverse formula" X = A1 B for solving a system of linear equations AX = B
6. Calculate determinants using
(a) Expansion by Minors
(b) Gaussian Elimination
7. Use Cramers Rule to solve systems of linear equations, especially 2 2 systems.

Sample Test

Instructions: No calculators; show your work NEATLY.


Comment: Hints for checking will not appear on the real test.
1. [15 points] How many solutions does each of the following linear systems have? Circle
the entries which led to your conclusion.

1 0 0 0 2
0 1 0 0 2

1
0
0
1
0
(a)

0 0 0 1 2

0 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 1
(b) 0 1 3 3
0 0 0 1

1 0 0 1 0 6
0 1 5 1 1 5

(c)
0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0
2. [15 points] Use Cramers rule to solve the following system of linear equations for x.
x 2y = 1
3x + y = 0
[Hint for checking: Also solve for y and plug your answer back into the equations.]
3. [15 points] Parameterize the solutions to the linear system whose matrix is below.
Assume the original variables were x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 .

1 3 0 2 0 11
0 0 1 1 0 1

0 0 0 0 1 4 .

0 0 0 0 0 0
[Hint for checking: Plug your answer back in to the original equations. If there are free
variables, first set them to 0 then to 1.]

4. [15 points] Solve the linear system


11x1 + 16x2 + 10x3 + 6x4
4x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + 2x4
4x1 5x2 3x3 2x4
2x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4

=
=
=
=

84
18
26
16

using the fact that


1
11 16 10 6
1 0
2 2
4 3

0 1 2 2
2
2

4 5 3 2 = 0 1
3
4
2 3
2
1
2 1
4 5

Other methods will result in the loss of points. [Hint for checking: Plug your answer
into the original equation.]


3 2

2
3


0
0 2 0

5. [20 points] Find
. [Hint for checking: Use more than one method
0 2 2 0
3
0
2 4
row transformations and expansion by minors.]

1 0 1
6. [20 points] Find the inverse of 1 1 0 using Gauss-Jordan Elimination. [Hint
5 4 0
for checking: Do matrix multiplication to check that AA1 = I.]

You might also like