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07 Intensive Bulgarian 1 PDF

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WrocaABWA MAKERONUAa ____——————— * LESSON A Learning to read Bulgarian Bulgarian is written in the Cyrillic alphabet, the same alphabet in which Russian is writen. The comespondence between letters and sounds in Bulgarian is very close to that of Russian, Dut not identical. Once students who know Russian have adjasted to the minor differences, they will find Bulgarian very easy to read Stdents who are encountering the Cyrillic alphabet forthe first time should not despair ~ it isnot as hard as it looks. Indeed, it will be considerably easier to Tea to reed Bulgarian than it was to learn to read English. One of the reasons for this is that, with very few exceptions, every Bulgarian letter always stands fo the same sound. Furthermore, every sound is always rendered by the same Bulgarian Teter. Once the correspondence between letter and sound is leamed, therefore, one is able to read (and to write) Bulgarian. ‘The few exceptions tothe “one letter ~ one sound” rule wll be detailed in Lesson C. ‘The letters of the Bulgarian alphabet are presented below in four different ‘groups, The full Bulgarian alphabet is given atthe end of Lesson A Letter and sound found in English, letter-sound correspondence as in English Leter sound asin father bet skin, score L small, mix i sll nares [Note that 1 and -x- are pronounced withour the puff of breath that nonmally accompanies them in English, Pronounce "kin" holding your hand in front of your ‘mouths now pronounce “skin”, You will note tht the “K" in “skin” lacks the pu of treath that is present when you say “kin”. All instances of x: (and of --) in Bulgarian should be pronounced in tis second way, without the puff of breath. 3Tetter and sound found in English, letter-sound correspondence not as in English Video, evidence Itiled -r] * sister, center oot [velae -ch-]** * found in many European languages ag in Scottish loch or German Bach ‘The sounds represented by -p- and -x- exist in English only as an imitation of the native pronunciation of certain European speakers. These sounds are quite ‘common, however, expecially in certain inellecwal environments. "The sounds represented by -0- and -y- ae very close to those of English -o- and -u-. The difference is tat the Bulgarian vowel sounds are pronounced without ‘the offlide (the slight “w sound atthe end) that accompanies them in English Pronounce “boat” and "boot very slowly and listen forthe point at which each Yowel plies down into a hint of *w", To pronounce the Bulgarian sound correctly, Top Before the English -o- or -oo- sound moves to the “W” stage. Sound found in English, letter not found in English Lener sound asin £ e shi, sugar ashtray ‘ofa * Bnglish unstressed (a) BesneneeneKET Regence - OU ON Ne MAH EE ORK Me BH KOU Mm: BS SORE NO KORE UN ER ORGOHRGKE FERS AQ a j Cesenekoneuaazonnornensraae QeLearning to write Bulgarian Its best to leam to write Cyrillic by practicing on lined paper. Write the letters ‘double height atthe beginning, so as to leam which ones extend above (or below) the Tine and which ones remain the same height. The handwritten words on the following piges illustrate the formation of capital and lower case Iter at the beginning of & word, End of lower case eters in the middle of a word. The student should be able o guess the meanings of most of these words. Tis advisable to leam (o write Bulgarian leters comectly atthe outset. I is ‘much hander to unleam mistakes once they have become se nto habit “Height of the letters All capital eters extend tothe full height. Of the lower case eters, only 6, and é are writen as high as capital leers (in the scheme as given below, only they ‘Extend above the line) Allobers are writen a the same height (the height of the space ‘between the two middle lines). Pay particular attention fo this in the case of x and they do not reach the same height as their English counterparts. Depth of the letters ‘The eters mp, y, wand mm extend below the line. This wil seem natural for 3 and y, butt must be leamed especially for the others. For mand my the portion that fxtends below the linc is the Toop atthe lower right comer. Diacrities and other distinguishing marks “The breve mark must be writen over the leer in order to distinguish it fom the Jewer a. Indeed, there are two words which consist only ofthe letter. The one ‘which means “her is writen witha grave accent mark (i) in oder to distinguish i from the one which means “and” (w). "The letes ay mand are written with a small hook at the bepinning, which mse ‘be there inorder to distinguish them from other eterscon ———eboarrig, 79Ten — taps ——— racer roo qed vey Lie zLESSON C Learning to pronounce Bulgarian ‘The best way to lear to pronounce Bulgarian corecty is, of course, to listen regularly and carefully to native speakers of Bulgarian (or to tapes of them) and to {imitate them. The following commens are only « guide: the way to succes is constant fd consistent practice. ‘Word accent ‘Word accent in Bulgarian js similar wo that of English in a number of ways. First, the syllable of the word which is accented js pronounced louder and with more ‘emphasis than the other syllables of the word. Second, one eannot predict which Syllable of the word is accented but mast lea it for each word. Thi, the syllable ‘hich is acented Is pronounced clearly as its written, but the syllables which are Tmaccented are often pronounced with less enunciation. As an example, divide the English words “initiation” and “stationary” into their separate syllables: Genie 4-tion sti tionary In “initiation”, the fourth syllable is accented, and in “stationary”, the fist syllable is ‘accented In each case the accented "a" sound is clearer, stonger, and somew! than the other sounds. To pronounce these words comely, ope must know ‘which syllable to accent in each word. Unfortunately, the spelling of English does not provide this information. Bulgarian i similar: one must know the place of accent in order to pronounce the word corecty, and Bulgarian spelling does not provide this information. As a guide to Teaming, therefore, all Bulgarian words in this textbook willbe accented. The student Should memorize the place of accent when leaming each word, and read and speak aloud ‘much as possible so thatthe place of accent will bepin to sound right tothe ear. Another similarity between Bulgarian and English concems unaccented words ‘ad particles. Take a¢ an example the English sentence "TI see you.” Although itis ‘composed of four meaningful chunks, only two bear clear sess (and infest speech, ‘only’ one does). These four chunks are 1 see you“The words marked with a hyphen are writen as separate components and have separate meaning. In terms of accent, owever, they must lean on the neighboring word in order for the sentence to be pronounced correct Bulgarian has « number of small words of this sor, called “clits”. They have ‘no accent oftheir own, and obey strict word order rules, Learning to pruce them in the proper order while sill not ccenting them takes considerable practice. Once fchived, however, its a major step towards the acquisition of a real Bulgarian “accent”. One accentual property of Bulgrian which isnot shared by English isthe fact ‘hat Bulgarian can shift spcent between certain forms of the sume word (such as singular ‘s-plural. Such ehanges of accent must also be leamed with each word. Unstressed vowels Syllables which are not accented are pronounced with less enunciation than those which are; this phenomenon is sometimes called ‘vowel reduction”. The degree and Tanner of this reduction vary in different areas of Bulgaria, but the following description is characteristic of most speakers in the capital area, Sofia. (Throughout ths textbook, Testers witen within brackets represent the sound of a word and not its spelling.) ewer sound when sound when ‘accemed——wnaccenied ° fol bie a fa) bl x isl tir) or sometimes like a mix between fo} and Unsttessed ae, -y- and -e- usually do not change their pronunciation, To ‘ustrate vowel reduction, hee is the spelling, ad the most frequent pronunciation by (meaning) several post office ton [for clothing} “This incomplete comespondence of sound and leuer can give the student some difficulty atthe begining. With attention its relatively easy to get used to.‘Voicing assimilation ‘Most Bulgarian consonants exist in pairs, according to a phenomenon called voicing". The terms (voiced” vs, “unvoiced” are not important to learn, but the relationship is. This is because when certain consonants are pronounced together, the fist wil adjust is degree of voicing to the second, in a process called voicing er “Voicing” refers to a relatively stronger vibration of the vocal cords. ‘To hear ‘voicing in English, hold your hand on your throat and say frst “bin”, then “pin”, ‘The vibration which distinguishes the sound -b- from the sound -p- is called voicing, ‘The Bulgarian consonants for which this distinction is important are the following: iced) unvoiced) ox Toe To rm ‘When a voiced consonant occurs immediately before an unvoiced one, itis pronounced as its unvoiced parner (the one immediately below it in the chart); and ‘when an unvoiced consonant occurs immediately before a voiced one, itis pronounced as its voiced partner (the one immediately above it in the char). When Yoioed consonants occur atthe end of the word, they are pronounced like their ‘unvoiced partners. Here are examples of voicing assimilation in Bulgarian: veritten form spoken form assimilation process ‘ranjexant [Weifekan] | voiced» unvoiced before unvoiced (-3- -c- before --) fonérinan —[fox6siaan] | unvoiced » voiced before voiced (1- > -m- before -6-) pia _[epir] ‘voiced > unvoiced at end of word ("Gramma promactaion] > ‘There is a striking non-correspondence between letter and sound in the case of, three different grammatical categories. Ta these instances, sounds that are written as 4 of ate always pronounced as (-s] ot [ifs]. When the vowel is unstessed, the difference is minimal, a8 unstessed -a and -« are usualy pronounced as {-] / (3) fanyway. When the vowel i stressed, however, the difference is very noticeable, ‘This phenomenon occurs in the 1* singular and 3" plural present of verbs, and the definite form of masculine nouns. In the following examples, the apostrophe indicates thatthe preceding consonant is softLason C selling pronunciation meaning F singular Tread = walk they read they wal 3 plural ‘masculine definite inthe coy ay ddaring the day Holiday sgn in dovetown Soi, Inte December 1950 6DIALOGUE Or Bipua 90. Coan 1) Manéxa Slatérop, Awren, Téians u Hagan msrfuar 9a Céus or Bépa. // Maueua: ‘Tprrmane! His-ndexe! Anren: Bile sa xuaé mrysare? FLmvarrsp: 3a Cégus. A nie? ‘Auren: Hi ds maaan a0 Céspus. Kai ce wisnare? Awscrsp: Aa ce xésnam Zynnirep Créfixos. A 74.. Muurena; Keéseant ce Muzéua! Mnaéua Créfixonal Aurea: Orauaé cre? Or Béipua am cre? Smaersp: [Md Hie ewe oF Bépaa. Annes A wie roenéae? ‘xyan: Aa ce nanan oejiam Bémp. Crynéurxa cost, ov AtépuKa. lense, M6 com cryaéur, cso or Asépuna. Kasam ce Jéimnx Boa ‘Auren: Or Auépica su cre? Cryaéums? Muro marrepécno! Muntens: Ea! Onion ajsa? Crisa reaéxme! ewyam: Kaxné ¢ “rexénne”?BASIC GRAMMAR ‘L._ Gender of nouns [Nouns in Bulgarian are either masculine, feminine or neuter. Practically all ‘masculine nouns end in a consonant, and most feminine nouns end in a. This includes most personal names. Here are some examples of masculine and feminine feminine Munda (Créitxosa roendxama crynéurxa “Nouns referring to profession or role are usually masculine, They can refer ‘either to & male person, of to the category in general. The same noun with -Ka aulded refers ony 10 a female person 12, Vocative form of nouns ‘When a person or object is being addressed, a special form, called the ‘vocatve, is wed, The endings are -e for masculine nouns and -o (or -e) for feminine ‘nouns. Here ate examples of the most Trequently used vocative forms, those forthe ‘nouns meaning “Mz”, "Mrs." and “Miss’. Note that the accent changes place in the vocative of rocnoxcé (Tocnéxo). neutral form vocative form Gveaning) rocnomin ——_roruouinre Me round ——_rocudao Mrs. rocnéama —rocnéxcitire Miss 13. Plural of nouns ‘Most masculine nouns, and practically all feminine nouns, form the plural by adding -1, Masculine nouns add this ending directly to the singular form, while feminine nouns replace the singular ending a by the ending -u. For example:Tispat ypox / Lesson 1 singular plural masculine crynéar ——eryxéar-m Feminine cryaérea—eryaéare-n ‘The noun rocuowt shifts stress in the plural (rena), Such sites shifts are very exceptional. 14, Personal pronouns: the verb Following is the conjugation of the verb "be" in the present tense. It is given together withthe personal pronouns. I" person (HS Ga 2 person | tot 3 person | roe ea ' (ingle person / familiar) —% Gingle person / formal, or more than one person) ‘The 3* plural form ea is pronounced [cs]. 15. Present tense of verbs All verbs have six forms inthe present tense. The subject ofthe verb pu tges determines which form isto be used, Here is the present tense conjugation of the) © 4S" verb maryaas “go, ravel". Many other Bulgarian verbs are conjugated according to Because the ending of the verb always specifies the verbs subject, personal pronouns are optional in Bulgarian, The phrases “I am a student” and “I am traveling to Sofia” can be expressed both with and without the pronoun “I’. For exampleTispan ypox / Lesson 1 Tiwrjan 3a Coibus. Tam traveling to Sofia, ‘Aa mrrynane 20 Cédbus. frame] Cryaéi com Tam a student As eum crynéar. same] 16. Questions ‘Questions in Bulgarian, as in English, ae of two types. One type includes a word such as “why?", “who?", and “where?” This type of question requests specific information. ‘The other kind simply asks whether a particular statement is tric oF no, land expects yes or no as an ansWer. In Bulgarian, as in English, each type of ‘question has specific word-order rules associated with it Ifa question word such as “where?” is present, it always comes right before the verb. ‘This i a subject is present, the word order will be different from that of English, For example: 3a mene unfuare? Where are you going? Bile aa xen murynare? {same ‘The word order in a yes-no question changes only ifthe verb is ems In these sentences the verh is placed al the end. Otherwise the Word order stays the same. Al yes-no questions, however, must contain the particle am. Tis particle is placed right Defore a form of the verb cuts and right aftr all ther verb forms. For example: Bie muxfoare és. You are waveling today. Bie _meryoure am auéc? Ave you traveling today? Brie cre eryaéer. You area student Bile cryaéir acre? Are you a studeat? 17. Prepositions ‘The usage of prepositions in Bulgarian (asin English) is highly idiomatic. “Most prepositions have a basic meaning, but all have numerous additional meanings which are aot directly predictable from the basic meaning. (@) The basic meaning of the preposition or is that of English “from”. This ‘meaning is oko present in the compound question word onxeaé. As evo or Bépua. 1 am from Varna Onmenxé ayaa? ‘Whereis it blowing from? 20Tixpant ypox / Lesson 1 (b) The basic meaning ofthe preposition 32 is that of English *for’._ When {Rlerring to 4 travel goal, itis usally translated “to”. The English expressions ‘Where are you headed for?” or “'m leaving for Europe” may help the student 10 remember this usage of 92 Trsryaane 2a Céxpum. We are traveling to Sofia. ‘3a xa unsere! Where are you traveling to? 18. jes and word ordi ‘Bulgarian includes a number of small, unaccented words called cits. ‘Among the most frequent clitics are the forms ofthe verb env and the particle e=, Cites aiust obey special word order rules, the most important of which is that they ‘Cannot begin a sentence of phrase, In addition, the particle ce must always occur Sent the verb i accompanies (and directly before it if possible). Likewise, a form Gr eum must always occur next {0 predicate noun or adjective (and directly before it if possible). Here are examples: ‘Aa ce nésnant [\énmu Bénin, My name is David Boyd. Ksuaw oe [etm Bota. ame] Aa cum cryaéer. 1am a student, (Crynéer eas. ‘bame] 19._‘The conjunction “and” “There are two diferent ways to express the idea “and” in Bulgarian, If the ‘wo things Joined are considered 10 be equivalent, the conjunction w is used: ut if thore is some sort of contrast, Bulgarians use the conjunction a. For example: Mga crap meron 0 ‘Mila and Dimitri are traveling to Sofi “Munéua monjna sa Céduua, a Milena is traveling t0 Sofia, and Vesetin ‘Beceaiin toryaa 38 Ts6pono. is traveling to Gabrovo.Tropa ypox / Lesson 1 EXERCISES Write the questions to which the following are answers: Hide mnfoane sa Bipna. Nie 7ituveme 2a Verna Td, 16 ca cyte, Bay rote nap. Or Cégoua evo ‘Toi e oF Céipus, a ni © oF Bipua. Késoant ce Mauua. seven oe Mi lene. Ton ce xésa Mine, Ye) 20 voor Mek Noveepe Fill in the Blanks with the correct verb form. Asren____ or Céipus Madu w Toate ‘As oneaaé Baie or Andpaxa am 2 ‘i cryacer am _—? Hie cyan, ‘Te oF Coa ov Bépma. nareepe Ml. Choose the correct conjunction. 1. Ase ndanane Hind aie na co xdsnare? 2. Hile exe or Bipua ——1é ca or TiGposo. 4X Mayan __ [leita ca cryaéirmn or Amépma. ‘Auren ne & eryatr. 4. Hod Kora ea adkapu, 5. Mei © aécap __Keera e aénap, 6. Min © aéxap —— Tmatrop ne €. 7. hace kiauast Mapa, ‘sf ce xisea Mapas. 2Tiapan ypox / Lesson 1 ADDITIONAL GRAMMAR NOTES Lia,_Gender of noun: ‘Both first and last names in Bulgarian usually mark gender. Thus, male ‘members of a family will have surnames ending in a consonant (Cxémxoa), while female members will have sursames ending in -a (Créfixo0®) Foreign names are spelled as they are pronounced: Jiagim Béneup lie Baker Tense Boas David Boyd Masculine nouns referring to profession or role cover a broad range of meaning: they can mean the catgory in general, a specific male person who is a member of tht category, or Gin the plural) a mixed group atleast one of which is ‘male. ‘The same noun with the suffix -xa refers exclusively toa specific female ‘erson who belongs to that category. Compare the following possible translations: ‘Té ca cryatirm, They are students. 4) they” = a group of male stadents 1) “they” = a group of male and female students ©) “they” = general (gender not important) “T6 ca erynéame. They are students “they” = a group of female students ‘When Bulgarians choose to focus more onthe fact of a profession than on the sex of {is practitioner, they may also use the masculine form to refer to a woman representative ofthat profession: ‘The xéuap, She is a doctor. For many nouns such as erynéir and aéxap, there also exist the suffixed nouns ‘and aéxapea. In all cases the non-suffixed noun refers either to males Specially or to the category in general, and the suffixed noun refers exclusively 10 females. Glossary lists inthis textbook Will designate nouns ofthis sort as follows: Glossary listing: cxyaéirr (ca) stentTiapan ypox / Lesson 1 13a, Vocative form of nouns ‘The tile roca is used in the vocaive when it stands alone, but when it appears with @ sumame, the neutral form is used. Toenoasine! Sit! Toenosiin Avaicon! Mr. Atanasov! CCertin masculine nouns add -o inthe vocative. Among these are apyrp comrade” and upustren “friend”. The vocative forms of apyrap and apyrapxa are ‘apyrape (bh with and without a sumame) and xpyrpxo. ‘The vocative forms of personal names will be leamed in Lesson 2. ‘a, Personal pronouns; the verb “be” {As in most European languages (other than English), Bulgarian has two ‘different words meaning *you". The singular form ni is used to address chien, tnimals, God, and close fends. The plural form mie is used to address people one {does not know well and wishes to teat with courtesy, oF those who are elders or people of higher rank. In this meaning, the pronoun aie refers to a single person ‘When it s writen in a leter, iti usualy capitalized, The pronoun mie (00n- capitalized) is also the only form one can use to address a group of people. In English, one must always use a subject pronoun. One cannot, for instance, say * “Am a student, but must rather say “I am a student”. (The asterisk means that 44 phrase or sentence is ungrammatical) In Bulgarian, however, subject pronouns are optional. They are used when the person is identified for the first time, or when one ‘wishes to emphasize the identity ofthe subject. Otherwise, they are omitted. “Thind person singular pronouns are tA (masculine), 1 (feminine) and 16 (novter). Although most nouns designating human beings are either masculine ot feminine, there are a few neuter nouns which also refer to humans (such as eré child”, moneeé “boy” and movie “gir”). The neuter pronoun is used to refer to these nouns. 16a. Questions Both Bulgarian and English have specific word onder rules for the formation fof questions. Furthermore, both languages have diferent rules for yes-no questions fd for Q-word questions (those containing a question word such as “who”, “what”, or the lke). 4Tispau ypox / Lesson 1 ‘Qeword questions in English must reverse the order of subject and auxiliary ‘ves. In the following, for example, the subject, “you”, and the auxiliary verb, “ae”, ‘switch places: (tatement) You ae going. Guestion) — Where ae you going? ‘To form correct Q-word questions in Bulgarian, one mast remember both that the ‘word order does not shift, and that the Q-word itself must always precede the verb directly. Thus: Gtatement) Bie merfoare. (question) Bie sana ——maafare? 3a xoaé —morjeare? YYes-no questions in English are formed by changing the order of subject and ‘verb and adding rising intonation, Note the difference between the statement and the ‘question inthe following: Statement word order sentence intonation ‘You are a student, [subject ~ vero] ating Question word order emtnce inonaton Are you student? Iver = mbjecy] ing Jn Bulgarian, the word order changes only if the verb is cea; otherwise it remains the same. ‘The particle amis always added, however. It caries no stress of its own, bat causes a strong high-pitched sitess on the immediately preceding wor. Study the following contrasts between statement and question: Statement ‘meaning monaion Bie rurfuare sé. You are traveling today. sentence fling Biie re yaar. You area student, semence: fling Question ‘meaning nation Be muuare mu sus? A you eaveling today? ver Moh ie cryzéie mu cre? Are you a student? predate: high once faleTispan ypox / Lesson 1 ‘Tia, Prepositions “Monosyabic prepositions ae pronounced together with their objects as one ‘word. Each of the fllowing phrases, therefore, has only one accent: or Bépma from Varna 3 Cou to Sofia ‘Students who know other Slavic languages must pay especial attention to the usage of ‘ecpositional phrases in Bulgarian. This is because nouns in Bulgarian, unlike those En ther Slavic languages, do not have case endings. Relationships between nouns are expressed exclusively by prepositional phrases, andthe same preposition can have ‘2 number of different meanings depending on the context. One example is the ‘reposition na, which has atleast three basic meanings: Meaning Corresponding case form in other Slavic languages on LLocative (sometimes called prepositional) to Dative of Genitive 18a, Clities: the particle ce “The particle ce occurs together with & number of verbs. This particle has several meanings, the most general of which is to make a verb intnsitve, When ce fcvompanies a verb i is an integral part ofthat verb and must appear with every instance of the verb. Although some verbs do not even exist without ee, most verbs ‘xis in two variants ~ with and without ce. For these verb, itis imporant to note that the presence or absence of ce changes the meaning. For instance, nissan (ovithout ce) means “say”, but xésam ce means “to be called” Konan ce Tajo Bétenp. My name is Julie Baker, 19a, ‘The conjunction “and” “The contrast in mesning between the conjunctions a and w is much greater when they ae tsed at the beginning of a sentence. In these cases, wis usually translated 25 “also”, while a Continues to be translated as “and”, For example: HE fs morjnane 2 Cogs. {'m also waveling to Sofia A mie, roendaae? ‘And you, miss? 6Tispaut ypox / Lesson 1 SAMPLE SENTENCES ‘Méeap am cre? Hie. 3a xagé mnjuare auc? 3a Bapna Haile an? =n 1 Eaéua m Suxdua ca cryaéern. A Mapsin Uioxpat Hf Mapas e cryaénres. A Hexpa ne € crynéirxa. Ti © upenonanizena. 4. Aa nfanane “Ka ce xdanare?” ‘To xfana: “Képas ce Anrea, A ict” Ag edapane “da ce xésnan Anres.” Kaxné xisnau? Kanan icra Kx ce xissau? Késnaw ce Hois, SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION 1. Ae you a teacher, Mis? 2. Are you from Vara? We are going to Vara soon. 4 His name is Angel. He isa physician. Hei fom Plow 44. Does he know Mrs: Antonova?_ She is also from Plovdiv. 5, The Stoykovs are traveling to Sofia toxay. Tey ar teachers 6 Where ae you fom, si? And where ae you going? 7. lyon and Milena are fiends. David and Jie ae aso fendsTispan ypox / Lesson 1 READING SELECTION ‘Konesnonnémma - BBéiixo Arandcos ¢ néxap. Kamina Aranicosa e yufrenxa, Té ca or Cécpus. 1. B66 Miiven e aékap. T6n e or Cén Ppamicno, a ceri morypa 22 Cons. + Cin pamnicKo Tocnomsin Arauscos, ‘As oe nésnan PéGepr Mifvea. Iéxap cost. Tipwinen cna ua Sx6x psi, Ton e yruiren w Coes. Tloswiva rocnorsd Aranicona. ‘cxspo meryaam 3a Coda. Brio cerd 2 Coda au ere? A mie, xésea Tiaéu, ere aéxap. Sumy, mie one aékaps. Muro mrrepéeno! Ga eumanéne 42 panGvipam céxo seinko GxarapcKi. Pésepr Miiven ‘Alexander Nevahy Cal, Sofia (tal of dors) 28GLOSSARY Traps ypox / Lesson 1 ‘you miss i ay me el ld man erm of aes) alpine) ym 6 ‘yon pie) ‘ee bowing 60) ee len sc rcaie x term of ares) fox, ‘nce are yo ging? torent ‘at eas, 0, de dao a you aswell ising ‘he ta ihe sys ‘her mame tate * ‘yous Gail) om ‘wi your ae? (oti) i ‘here ae you tom? he koe, Ct wi ove ae tavelig 0) aden (lg) an) us ted Suies of Amen) ny verbal parceTapa ypox / Lesson 1 ae now ese amen, dat ‘Serie a ‘ecey ” ou, fiir) oe wea) * Ktvarey ey she) exipo toon xa bet one tee pt) irae [note lang Sea Thee pting be ™ Shei Sra rend ‘tert det thc nina te me a a Gel) Sater (0) Svey ent ye teacer (p10 ae * ain gad) oor ams) 0 abe ase wae Ihgeere the Stee « ey CULTURAL COMMENTARY Reference te the US. hu many sow i the wo, Bulan we the term Asp colo orf se Us, “Te ofl wm for he Us CAM (Cheat wepextneor ns, pronounced as ‘ne wo eat Some lo reler w the US. ealqualy as MDiv (the Se ‘Teavelng: ae currents "en certs oon, Baan re ver sense to comet ofa, expecially when traveling. "The bel i tat pore o rch samen wil ase hes, especialy ln. Forme of address Mr Ms et profesional es "The ca roceomd wedi th mater of Engh °M when one can nt (tds ot wish to) spety the maa sero he woman concaed, Ifthe woman i known be singe but ‘Smilesead or oder ti a conse tes pitt fer to era acon “The tems roca cao snd rotéxonn ae now the neta ones of aes. They ‘vee atodoced it Bulgar tte te 1 centy Yo replete od ere aes ea, Hp Gib) and Ga (de Ie sed only for ole mes} Dusng he socials rege (19881989) they ‘tee ed only to aes foegn fom te wet in Balai stat ine one wd xpyrp and [oyripe. The erm ah i sil eed fay eet lor people Tor certain hirenips poles cnsdre Serpsory 10 the orm ening it tp fer es woman psconer of tht pfcison Ter nnanc, one woul treo 4 woman Sastry: ofthe UN. a experpes ene one ware ply dstespct ewer writing "et Balin wre dt, they pat he ste ft and then the month nla Yo English “tie neath of March), A Ir i ead Wt he date the plac of Sa rig Schoo systems "Kein he coat, tere one system of booing that a te student fom he lemestary ges gh sata fom High schoo cd anther ati concerted With witty lcaton’ Galpin ene ts tarenc oven othe were fr "ware yuren tft excuse) {Sr tec in lemenary ot hiph soo sn mpeonarsnenencsivly 8 ache avers {Sve Smite fem eno fers ol to uve sae ‘Ther an Exp langage highschool in Soa, Which for many ous has employed ‘Batnh and Amst teacher" Aifagh he snes re Bulgtan ll ntocton i Eph ‘Aiisan he shoo highly compstive. Ther are sina schol Mi satscton in ch, ‘Geman Span, snd Ranson Aa Arion wiser (ala with English language estvtn) as ‘peed ta Buigaa in 191. Ie nce i he southwest Bularan ty of Blagoov ga 30Bropm ypox / Lesson 2 LESSON 2 DIALOGUE Thamar c nad 1 Towatrsp, Maéua, Aurea, Tajo, énaua (x xpfea) murfsar © sxx ot Bépua 20 Cus. Budxer e muéro sar. TE ci Kynéro e ricuo, Kopuaépur céuuo © réceu. Bpar ‘Tix orndps aparda. // ‘Tawa: issue, wag e witcro No 1 (némep ex16)? Aurex: Té ¢ go uparéra. Mieroro ¢ cxo6éauo. Kamen: A mie, iw? Tans: Brie cre nya. Kainene, ni cu ma No 2 (néwep 3pé), a Hiaxa © ua No 3 (wovep 1p. Aurex: Ero, roensxco, micro Xa 2 € esuio 20 wparéra, a wicro No 3 € w epeara, Wisare mi 6a? ‘Tas: Baaronapé, sméro cre o6ésen. Exo, wine m xfibap. wrara e wax, no réika, KYebapsr € rons HO He 6 TORK. Kavew: Mio, xaxa6 sine» wiurara? Tainen cox, WC axaen, Mt Hoga € ‘aca! Hie cme acim! Tans: Téeae, Késene, Kayes: Kaxaé iva 9 sitrara? Tond ne 6 at unnué? Tans: 1, ond © uae, w6. KaMon: Kaxné viva » unmuéro? Tens: Pansia. Or ofn0. Aue: Pant mi? Tooé e wyaéeuo!_Ho6pé sow, rocnsno!BASIC GRAMMAR 2i_Gender of nouns Every noun in Bulgarian belongs to one of three genders: masculine, feminine or neuter, Because pronouns, adjectives nd ances all have different forms ‘Sepending on the gender of the noun they refer t, itis extremely important to know the gender of every noun. ‘The gender of a noun can usualy be inferred from its ending. Since endings by definition contain a vowel, masculine nouns (which end in a consonant) are said fohave a "zero" ending, Nester nouns end in -o or -, and feminine nouns usually fd in the sound fa, which ean be written ether -a or “a. For example: ‘masculine feminine neuter ards paré aye 4 hero aie roenox xopunép para ‘reve 22, Pronoun agreement [Every pronoun which refers to singular noun must agree with that noun in ‘gender. "There is only one plural pronoun. Here are the forms, followed by examples ‘of usage in sentences: ‘masculi ‘masculine: Toni e aan. ‘That's a tain, "Téa e im. Tis long, feminine: ‘Toad e parcin. This is akin Tae cima. tis stag. newer, ‘Eso céso. Here's a village, To e wénxo. tis small. plural: ‘éea x Hej ca crynénrm. David and Julie ae students. Te ca or Anépmaa, ‘They are from America. ‘Ero, wdura w xf. Here, a bag and a suitcase "Te ca exact, ‘They ae heavy.23, Definite articles Bulgarian has a definite article, similar in usage to English “the”. The Bulgarian definite article is added afte the ending ofthe noun, and must agree with itin gender. Here are the forms of the article, followed by examples of usage in sentences. ‘masculine feminine newer plural Fond ¢ naan. ‘That's 8 tain Badiear ¢ iran. ‘The tain is long ‘Toni e pausis. This is rakia Paciara ¢ caw, "The raka is strong. Bro céno. Here's a village. Cén0r0 iano. ‘The village is small. ‘Tosd sa crynéem. ‘These are students. ‘Cryacmnere ca or Aspumca, The students ae from America fro és wfapu. Here are bags and a suitcases. SEéumze ca reac, “The bags are heavy, a xjapure we of tex, but the suitcases are not heavy. “The masculine definite article is always pronounced as (rl, After nouns ending in ten, -ap, and -f, tis writen -zr. Nouns ending in -& drop the -8 before Seding the definite aricle. For example: Indefinite form —exyntorr wap pines ‘panna definite orm eryaéarast = Néxap-xr == mpwren-ar © tpavni-ar 2.4, Adjective agreement ‘Adjectives in Bulgarian mast also agree with the nouns they modify. ‘There ‘are three endings in the singular, corresponding to the three genders, and ome in the plural, Here are the endings, followed by examples of usage. ‘masculine feminine neuter ‘The suitcase is heavy ‘The hag is heavy ‘The seat is empty. ‘The students ate free. [ ~ not busy]ropa ypox / Lesson 2 ‘Those agreement pattems follow a ‘thyming principle”, whereby nouns, efinite articles and adjectives often repeat the same sound. ‘This principle is especially clear in feminine and neuter nouns “Eaurang c ronsona w réxcca, The bag is big and heavy Céaoro ¢ ménxo m xfGav0. The village is small and prety. 25, Fleeting vowels in adjectives Feminine, neuter and plural nouns and adjectives end in a vowel. Masculine ‘nouns and adjectives usually end in a consonant. Frequently, this consonant is receded by the vowel -b- ore, which drops out in other forms ofthe adjectives {and is therefore called “feting’).. For example: masculine feminine newer plural 206-6-p 06-pd 06-96 06-pa yoewk rocks reeno | Tea aface radon radqxo raga cooGéi-en || cooddxa eao6du-o enone 2.6, Alternating vowels in adjectives ‘A number of adjectives cccur with -s- inthe singular and -- inthe plural, (Certain ofthese adjectives have -e- in the masculine form as well. For example: masculine feminine neater plural roma roma romawo ys. roast Gan Gama Gano ys. Gem rece vs gona rgcmo vs, Teco 2.7._ Vocative of personal names ‘Tho vocatve of masculine names ends in -2, If the neuzal form of the name ‘ends in ap, this > is lost before the vocative ending neutral form vocative form ‘masculine Kébeer Kéncene Anwutrep — hnoniape Trersp Tlerpe oenomin —roenoaineBropm ypox / Lesson 2 “The vocative of feminine names ends in -0 or e. If the neutral form of the name ends in uty ra of -xa, the ending -¢ is added. In other nouns, the ending -O is used neutral form — vocative form feminine ia ‘wine roenoxd ——rocti6xo Hana Hésxe Ona One Pociua Posie “The verb sant means “have”, ad corresponds in wsage to English “have”. Vinare au Garcon? Do you have [any] baggage? “The 3 singular form via is also used in the general meaning “there is” or snore ate. ‘This form of the vetb is unchanging regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural. For example: in am rjxa ewo6énmo suicro? Is there an empty seat here? ‘Kanes yea » watrara? ‘What i ther) in the bag? 1B sarara snea mrrepéome “There ate [some] interesting books in ‘air. ‘the bag. 29,_Negation ‘Verbs are negated by placing the particle ae immediately before the verb, “Auhough this particle Is nt accented it canes the fllowing word to receive « ‘Stone avoont, even if this word is clit. Por example: Hie ne mrjuame sé ‘We are not traveling today He com yore. [Lam not a teacher. Hee 6 erynéamea. She is not student. [Negstion ofthe verb san isan exception. Here, one must we 2 different verb, asvan. For example Vian at exut 6? Do you have a pencil?” Ldon't have a pencil” 3820, mn oF mt ‘The question particle am usually occurs right after the verb. Exceptions ere ‘the verb enst, and a conseious intent t0 focus one's question on something other than the verb. In the case of eum, the particle mm occurs immediately before the verb, unless the verb is negated, in which case am occurs immediately after the ver, “Toit cxyatirr sm e? Is he a student? ‘Toit ne 6 am exyaéir? Isn't he a student? Inthe case of special focus, the particle mis placed after the word in question. When question focus changes, word order often changes as well. For example: Paxsix an? Is it rakia (you've got there? ‘Késew sm monyoa an6e? 1s it Kamen who's traveling today? Kew ane sur mera? Is it today that Kamen is traveling? Huge nn onjna Kiser? ame} 2.il,_ Prepositions (@) The basic meaning of the preposition » is “in (or “nto”, depending on the context), ‘The sense "within a closed or defined space” is usually implied. Thus: ‘Té ca n xyné No. ‘They are in compartment No. 7. Thi ew n cpenina, ‘You are in the middle [of the row) It-can also mean “within the confines of* in less Ieral sense as in the idiomatic ‘expression » éruyeka “on leave, on a break, on vacation”; one could think ofthis as “within the time frame allowed to one to be absent from work”. (8) The basic meaning ofthe preposition ao is “next to”, “by” (or “up to"). The ‘general idea is that of approaching limit. ‘Mécroro © 20 sparéra. ‘The seat is next tothe door. Kopmaépor ¢ 20 Kynéro, ‘The comtdor is by the comparament. (©) The preposition ma has a number of different meanings. The first (seen already in Lesson 1) is that of possession. For example: Bperdra na xynéro ¢ sarnépens. The door of the compartment is closed, Tipnaren cxat ia Jbxon Fpsitm. Iam a frend of John Green’. Kigirara a Has. ‘The book is Nadia’Bropu ypox / Lesson 2 In another meaning, nai closely related tom, and is ofentasated on”, at” ot sae he flloeng example, for instance the reference isnot o being physically in ie seat but to having the Hcket fo hat Seat ‘Ti cx ua uésep moé, a4 e na You're in seat no, 2, and she's in ‘dep Tai 0.3 (@) The basic meaning of the preposition ¢ is “with”. When refering 10 means of Conveyance, its transsted idiomatically as “by”, For example: Te mvnjnar ¢ oni, a 78 “They are traveling by train and she rnvrjna ¢ anro6ye. ‘is traveling by bus. Wind at te enrance 19 Nes, ear BereasBropm ypox / Lesson 2 EXERCISES Fill in the blanks withthe appropriate pronoun. 1. Omaé ¢ parisra? or eéno. 2. Sa xoé munjna mndicie? maga sa COs 3 Kaaée eénore? ___ € a0 Cogs 4. Onxuaé ca Soairap a Muaéna? ___ ca or Bépma, 5 Knté ca nytapmre? ca BETO. 6 Barra ompdpena aut e? He fe sarndpena. 7. Kiné e Hoare? Grae. Tl. Complete each sentence with the article and the appropriate form one of the {following adjectives: nowduten, synéeeu, Mairx, roms, xine, TEAHK, SATR6PEH. Kéma___e Bparé___e LIL, How many diferent questions can you make out ofthe following sentences by using the particle mm in diferent positions? ‘Ton msfysa c nin. Kynéro e ricuo. Microro e cxodéano. ‘Kanen e rainen m acézen, B uumeéro siva parca. ‘Tax ornip spars. Mifero néwep ané © 20 spardra, severe 38Bropm ypox / Lesson 2 ADDITIONAL GRAMMAR NOTES 2la_Gender of nouns, ‘The great majority of masculine nouns end in « consonant; that is, their ending is the "zero" ending. Certain masculine pouns refecring to persons, however, fend in a vowel, Mos feminine nouns end inthe vowel a, bat there are a sizable ‘huraber of feminine nouns with @ zeo ending, The forms of these iegular nouns ‘will be learned Inter. 22a, Pronoun agreement Pronoun agreement in Bulgarian difers considerably from that of English. ‘With certain idiomatic exceptions, the English pronouns “he” and “she” refer only «0 male and female persons. Otherwise the pronoun “i” is used. “In Bulgarian, however, it isthe grammatical gender of a noun which determines the form of the pronoun, English speakers would refer to a tain or = ‘door as “i, but Bulgarian must refer toa train (aux) as 268, and a door (spurd) as ‘Ti In the plural, however, English and Bulgarian are similar: the pronouns “they” and 1 are used regardless of the meaning ofthe noun, 23a, Definite articles ‘The forms of the definite article in Bulgarian are unchanging. Every feminine oun takes the article -ra no matter what i form, and every neuter nown takes the trticle 70, Most plural nouns take the article ere andthe great majority of ‘masculine nouns take the article -wr / oar. The spelling at occurs in a number of, ‘masculine nouns. In masculine nouns which end in -ap or rea or in the consonant “this spelling is predictable. In others, it must be learned. The definite forms of the later type of nouns will be noted in vocabulary lists. "The ueage of definite articles in Bulgarian ie generally similar to that of English: when a noun has been specified or “Uefined” in a conversation, subsequent ‘mentions of that noun are usually accompanied by the definite article. ‘There are Uiffeences, however. One of these concerns reference to family members. When the relationship is a direct one and is clear from the context, Bulgarian uses the article ‘where English would use *my", “you” or the lke. Por example: Tipdmass 6parosséaxara am sending with my cousin Kristina ‘Kpweniaa eso nmané ‘bottle of homemade rakia. rowan puis, EyBropm ypox / Lesson 2 25a, Fleeting vowels in adjectives ‘The stem of an adjective is found by dropping the vowel ending from the feminine or neuter form, ‘Thus the stom ofthe adjective néxxa is Teac, the sem of the adjective no6p4 is 706p-, and the stem of the adjective raana is raag. When the sem of an adjective ends in two consonants, the masculine form usualy insets & ‘vowel between these two consonants. This vowel is called “fleeting” because it isappears in all other forms ofthe adjectives, Fleeting vowels can be either -te or -. That in stems whose final consonant is -- wil often be -e; and for stems ‘whose final consonant isi, it will often be Adjectives are listed in dictionaries in the masculine singular form. While it is not postible to predict with certainty which vowels will *flet” and which will renin, the general rule is that -t- and unstresced -e- will disappear. Thus, one should assume thatthe feminine forms of 6daeu and ature are G6aua and sara, respectively. Exceptions to this rule will be noted in vocabulary lists. If you {encounter an adjective in a non-masculine form and have troubi finding it in the ‘ictionary, try predicting a masculine form with an insered vowel. 2.6a._ Alternating root vowels ‘A number of Bulgarian words occur with -- in some forms of the word, and ein others. The rule governing the altemation is a8 follows: Ifthe vowel is strested, -e- occurs if there it -e- or -a- inthe following syllable; otherwise - ‘occurs, ‘Ifthe vowel is unstressed, itis always +e. Adjectives learned in ths lesson ‘exemplify the fist half of this ral. Examples ofthe second half will be seen later. 27a. Vocative of personal names ‘The regular vocative ending for masculine personal names, and for feminine ‘personal names in -ka, ra or ua, is , The ending -0, however, is used regularly ‘nly with those feminine nouns which refer to relationships (eg. roen03ké, soa). In personal names, this vocative ending is used more snd more rarely (and, for some speakers, caries a tinge of unfriendlines). Students ace advised to avoid it ‘The ending -0 in apyrpxo is an anomaly: since the neutral form of the noun ‘ends in -a, one Would expect the ending -, 28a. bam vs. ua ‘The impersonal meaning of sua is largely the same as that of French ily a, and Russian coms. (and is similar 10 that of German es gibi). Similarly, the impersonal meaning of sta is lke that of French if na pas de and Russian nem (ead is similar to that of German es gibt kein) 0Bropu ypox / Lesson 2 2i2,_“Presentative™ rosa “The word road is used in connection with the verb cna to introduce persons or tops. Although it can be translated with English “this”, “tha”, “these” or Iuove’ its form in Bulgarian is unchanging. Its order in the sentence is likewise ‘unchanging: i always comes atthe beginning. Students must pay attention to this ‘word order rule when rood occurs in & question. ‘Thus: ‘Tosa e naira ‘Thistha is a book. ‘Toni ca samira. ‘These/those are books. ‘Fond xauirn su cx? [Are these/those books? ‘Tons ne é at mnmué? Isn't that a bottle? i3._ Agreement with sue ‘When the plural pronoun mie refers to single person, the verb continues to be plural, Adjectives, however, are usually in the singular. For instance: Biie re m6 moséseu ‘You are very kind 214. ‘The conjunction “but™ ‘The conjunction no implies strong contrast and is always translated “but” ‘There is gradation between the three conjunctions m, a and wo which is schematzed in the chart below and illustrated by the examples following. conjunction translation meaning “érara e ronda w éxxa, The bag is big and heavy. ‘idurara e wana, a xfbaper ¢ The bag is small and the suitcase ronine is big. ‘Udwrata e winx, wo e-xéacxa. The bag is small, but itis heavy. 41Bropit ypox / Lesson 2 SAMPLE SENTENCES 1. Miwa ina at 2. Méawa su moja? 3. Kaw e raiaen. 4. Kaen exéaen an &? 5. Kise am eainen? 6, Pama © or eéa0. 7. Pansat cén0 0 6? 8, Toad pain or céao au e? 9. Rinna w Suna ca purennn. 10, gnaw Senna prem 11 Bada w Sana a 62 pie? 12. Rasen Hawa ca radian A Aurea e achaen, no me € rane. 13, Waarara ¢ ronda w néxka A xdaper e ronan, wo ne 6 réxws. SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION 1. Rosita, is there a good lawyer herein Sofa? 2, Maden, do you have a manal for the TOEFL test? 3, The cortdors are very narrow, and the compartment i also cramped. 4, There ae hungry sents inthe compartment. They are als tisy 5. Where are there houses with large dors and entryways? In Plovdiv, Mladen’ Thouse is small, but it has a large entryway. In Sofia, Stoyan's house is large, but it has a small entryway. 6. The wind is very strong. Whereis it blowing from? 7. Is the sitease heavy? No, it isn't heavy. But the bag is very heavy 2Bropa ypox / Lesson 2 READING SELECTION ‘Kopecnounéomms = 2) Gerd Béttxo 1 BSG ca npmirem. B66 omdao ew Cie Opamuicxo. BSH en Cégus, Kain wsysina anraitoes. Hie ove snp. Bi rmycea pemounipaye ‘inane Saxe vivo pécora, a so mpEe, Bae edi ore? Sapam mu cro? Beso xf6a00, Bénko Tlarprima Miven ¢ annosirea, 2Keud e ua PoSepr Muiven. 4 sémm, Cin parcicxo Apérw Bono w Kania, “Buaromapé sa pansiara, Ti sadro anal Hile » Karipn o6mmonéno te oGiiawe waro ciiten anxox6n. Ho oGivawe paxsixra, Td nsferita © sas6ro xfana, Tite ne ews dro aoGpé. B66 e mismo G6nex. Ys npocrjza. Kaxné pewomnipa Bétixo » xsmara? Tiésapamm, Terps PS, Oxatmo mpéman 24 Kaavina ysé6um an TOEFL.GLOSSARY ee Seon ea) ‘enter = i a HEE Fae, LP Pee 3] Bropu ypox / Lesson 2 yee English Gags) esses nan whe ‘on abe, weston too fie, wether al eventing ‘Me ben any laa, big fat) of ernee wo counting) 1 a eat 0 wel tie elcome pol Ered ear ase. pla) long one, Gnascline) te (a eoutng ee Gen) iy closet aly teal thee i th thee als lof ‘ek ( dl ster no mac time ts vey windy he has ou have Gute) > you ave fm Tonge? you hve friar) vat is he in the bg? the panagenay mara Serene Ssepwimrt No.7 the compartnent ‘serampes awe ee lie, (vey) tle Mom Mom! fate) ch lot of work beac ise you've got No.2 fell lyBropm ypox / Lesson 2 oraips sie opes hao sven ‘resp ea oe ao vitae onem ‘spurl, onder sian eens epurae covet pea ste rane sin once more Spat teary ‘rayon ‘ea time of vacation seme teary ne sa ye seem ie Hi cramped, aro ‘i vero ‘ov iore ae Seno epann Web) the dor bo ‘a, ts naps pexing od we € ion hat «bole? oe ‘te aherwards ee? aa Tom senng,T2end TOEFL ‘Test OF Engh 50 ocr fail ines) ori Lanse mya ‘ite tel, oo warm “etme nia ton jaune weal ae io tee teeing aa re ocatin; ao fi enjoy tin ym textbook, mana ior work asi at ong ft san fin, is, bei, ‘wand | perian ral make ees. pews ‘ihe os aes ‘ers ug, ties ‘spas oe ‘avo, wondefl . vit sane ae ‘ose es, ot cued ‘Sec co acs Trot ty a0 at say Rotunda “St George, downtown Soi 4sBropm yp0x / Lesson 2 CULTURAL COMMENTARY ‘Traveling: rains "Fal wea very common mein f travel in Bulga. Each car ofthe tri it vied in amber of compares Afer citing op note wai, one was along the aro’ conor which ‘ant the nth ofthe et and efers a compsrent by aiding a doo se. Wii he compartment te te rows of ens acing ech ther, sutng fom the se large widow to the compare ‘orSeconélsecomperent fe fur seen each oe ood aad ike ria ake Gat) which song, doubl-istled rants, i ina sent he natal ik ‘is oormally ade finn grape, tc be ae frm rit lums or apacts canals ev fhe me. The at rt wich shoe, ouside the ety. The dking of akan moderate {Ronis i comsleed tobe good for one Reh bo pyc and emma. Indes, or many ‘Bigs eiking rain together para esi ial ‘ity and country “A yay ng prt of Bulga sce eral, fcised oe he village (eo) and ‘paccaly everyone who ves in they al as some soto connection wi ig, wally ‘rough ary. ine Bulan conser ht the mos appopise (an the mos cen) way to sent someane ft overt lng stance ir rend’ wit ¢ponon The peo to whom the pit i enuxed sunt ‘Seong sligton to delves even isthe dees aot know the recipe The ripe int, ‘uly obliged to crane person ating go-betnee, teat Bre nd (arr) 1 send x ai in rea Vacation “vacation xx complex concept in Bulga. The may of te off om work sent ‘on old bt in king ae othe nest aly Ife One fen hers Bulga su, oak yin ft ht hey Red 0 go ack to Work in Ort et ome res. ‘Learning English “Leaming Engh x cxzemely porulsnag Bulan pox. Some er English beans it us bso te fro sscond angeape, but ost ea fet ave a salble sil. Passing the sanded TOEFL st afi that one pssst sll” One Ses In Sia ww eouless Sl apense tht fer ch eae in Engh ta ain 10 prepare en or he TOEFL Iprenounces rar). Body language "Pe ead movements accompanying the Baan words fr “ys” and“ ae he opposite ‘of those ted Ea and soot ober Wester anaages) To sig “yes", Bulgatans ne tee Neate fom sd ose, wih sgh rocking overt. To sg “mo ny move tr beads ‘nd doe: hs peste always Begins with a sharp upward movementDIALOGUE Kaxeé mpi? ‘Hagka: Miso, xaxeé mpdnn aénnra? = alc et Hagxa: HM ds vera! Aa updns Karo néasral io aan eee mo amet Sam igi li Seah eta eee ‘Haake, éro emt xyGas méunes. HoGpé am cH ba tt nr oo ‘Dxyan: Kaxed xy6ana xia! oe = barn emcee ee, ean are a ane = sata He ae te, is a ee ee Maunene: Hi 43 ne oGiivay 1éau nposdpen, sauéro © eredpen, Créna revéue! “Tons ¢ ware duo! ‘Aurea: Cia ¢ r6su nposspen! Toenéxxo, nam pare esto ummm? Kuaé © ‘rosé imme?) Xanute no exud rasreal a‘pera ypox / Lesson 3 BASIC GRAMMAR 3i._Present tense ‘There are three present-iense conjugations in Bulgarian. They are named after the vowel of the 3 singular ending: the a-conjugation, the u-conjugation, andthe e- conjugation. Here are examples of the three conjugations; -conjugation singular plural plural TP person | iijorast aie” “satwdp-ae Zi person | mrya-am — maye-ere saradpsre person meray sarsdp-s Verbs whose 3" singular isin also belong to this conjugation; the -m- is consistent throughout the conjugation. All verbs of this conjugation are accented on the syllable immediately preceding the ending. ‘conjugation singular plural gee ee 1 person ipa pi r Sp Zéperson mpc upia-e Spovire See cares | | est. eek ‘Verbs ofthis conjugation ean be accented on either the stem (as rpin-) oF the ending (as 6po-f). The place of accent must be leamed with each verb conjugation singular singular plural Pi person i ‘iene fperson — mim-emt person sce singular singular plural I person : ed ‘names rperson cemé-em ——aeere person 8 NEE 8‘Tpemst ypox / Lesson 3 {In the e The students (each) read seven pages at time.) (©) The basic meaning of the preposition now is “under”. For example: Osjannre na Térsp ca nox Peter's shoes are under the bench, ‘uétcara. Man nina fo coe, Kopin fo: festa 32‘Tperut ypox / Lesson 3 EXERCISES 1 Fill inthe blanks with the appropriate form of one ofthe following verbs: mi, riaaans, spas, updisn, werd, 3K fina séprovacara © name. Ti eanod 2 Kora st Barc Tomo «rem Mabel? sco 6éan0. _ etuuara. Kase © 14? ‘Muneéia a Tina ‘Tin xioira ena Gxcrapexm, pean. noveepe Asie 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the demonstrative pronoun: sas mnerépecto. ‘par ormSpena 7 €? iebap e née ca Mauiéua w Tbonirep. San ‘mpondpa ca orBdpeu? Kaxaé tap sep? amepincage ca eryaéera, sareere I, Fill in the correct preposition Hsu pucyea _ wom. Moveene‘pen ypox / Lesson 3 ADDITIONAL GRAMMAR NOTES Bila. Present tense “The characteristic vowel of & conjugation ~ the vowel which appears alone in the 3* singular ~ i called the theme vowel. The theme vowel of the aconjogstion, “ar can alo ooo a In the a-conjugation, all six forms contain the theme vowel. In the other two ‘conjugations, the theme vowel is present only in four out of six forms (2-3sg and 1- 2pl). The remaining two forms, the 1" singular and 3° plural, always end in the ‘sound [5]. This sound is never written as -w, but always as -a- or -#-. In this case Sound and leter are not predictable from each ‘other, even When this ending i ‘accented, The words writen verd and werér must be pronounced [ers] and [seri]; ‘andthe spoken forms [asps's] and (eups"is used; otherwise the leant is ‘sed, In conjugation, present tense forms with the theme vowel -e- have the root vowel “while the T™ singular and 3" plural have the root vowel = "The fact thatthe alent = occurs in the imperative of this verb must be eared separately “49. Generic definitenes Bulgarian uses definite antcles ina numberof instances where English does not (One of the commonest of thee isin referring to general categories. Consider the following sentence, and the several possible English wnsations: ‘Teéuneto e sti6ro ondcno 2a wémsre Drafts are very dangerous for chien A drat isa very dangerous thing for children, ‘A raft isa very dangerous thing for any small person. Here, the noun reséane refers both tothe generic category “draft” and to any ‘one specific instance ofthis category. Normal English usage is either without an article fr wih the indefinite atc, Bulgaian, however, must use the definite aril. Similarly, when the adjectives wrx and roaioe are used in the definite plural, they can refer both 1 the genenc categories “children” and “adults” and to any particular representatives ofthese categories. (The neutral words for children and adults are ei and wéspacra, respectively.) ‘The Bulgarian generic use ofthe definite article is similar to that found in French and German. English Speakers must pay attention to lean this usage nMermupmt ypox / Lesson 4 “410._Third-plu I passives [As in English, third person plural verb forms often convey the idea ofthe passive mood. The subject is "they", but the persons to whom the pronoun “they” refers ae unspecified. Examples He anise nana cepasints 1 don't know what they serve here 1 don’t know what is served hee “Tx wesiaso rérasr 206pé, ‘They cook everything well her Here everything is cooked well Gil,_Alternate verb forms “Many people inthe capital city of Sofia say both anand a in the 1 singular of the verb meaning “know”. Both variants are considered correct, Moxgu,dowstown SofaMeraxprt ypox / Lesson 4 SAMPLE SENTENCES 1. eméra o6ivar cada. 2. Tiymenero e oncno 2a axpisero. 3. Buarapure rine sepuéno win, 4. Yonésor © exespres 5. ~ Biie xén ere? Aa cine Banko Atanicon, = Kans ere? = Méxap era. 6. Kon com ds? Suieus su xo enor? 7. Kant cum 3? deus am xan cus 62? 8, Kak ce xidsoau? 9, Kaacére nik ce wianare! 10.Saxnaé merjare? Tém mira saxnaé masa. 11. Muéna cro mpiva. Jnairep xiaea: “Mens, cemmi. sea eno6dano sero 10 nposépena.”. Mnaéua cia ao nposépeus. B xyneio savisar Tans Hina. Maunéua cexii ao uposdpeua. ‘Tai crina m xisna: "Mons cemuére, 12. Néxapar xéaea: “Wleruére, otare nga oF 0 xaGwnéra, Tauuéwrer aéra. JWékapar anisa, Tauwéura neat ua "4erwupmt ypox / Lesson 4 SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION 1, *See what there is here?! Beer and rakia! Have [= drink] a beer!™ No, this becr seems warm. T dott like watm beet.” 2. Wee going out for abit, because we're getting hungry. Are you hungry too? 3. “Wait a minute! Don't shut the door! I'm coming. in also.” “Hurry up! "We don't have much ime.” 4. Don't sit in dhe draft! Don't you know that drafts are dangerous? 5. "Ask the waiter where the menu is” Ldon't need a menu. Tknow what they serve.” "Are you saying you know the menu by hear?” 6, Please put the salad and the akia here. But don't put the omelet here now. ‘We're not in hurry. 7. Please put the drawings and the pencil in separate bags. And don’t put the book in the bag, Tm reading that book 8, Come into the wat the lake is very warm today. The children ate also coming 9. Children, don’t come into the houe that way! See, this house has « door! 10. Take the bus! Don't take the am, it very slow. 8Mermuprit ypox / Lesson 4 READING SELECTION B pecropdinra Mapua: Taine am cx? Hsraéxaan wecnoxsen. Hinasen: Bese orxagninan. Ocné ron eneadsen cow ua piGora w wivam sméro apéne. Bram m1 cepsimadpa nano? Mapu: am wéxo. Sa urspuw init eum ryka, He sudo xaxn cepmvipar. Ome asraéaciane sera. Thioseu: As sudo Meméro wausjer. Tlopsuna rspacsna ¢ rapuanypa w midneKs canira, Tit xaxe6 npennowirau? Kaxé raéiau réakona » mento, we sudeu an Gkarapexu?? Topsvaa eémuoto Mapu: Thi Gxpsam, no 2 ne Grpaam. Biinarn woGiipan Géowo. Ocvéu toed cox vererepuiuen, Axo obivare! Cepsimopar: Mdina! Mapu: Hare am onnér? Cepsumopsr: Md, paa6rpa ee Mapuu: A xéaxo cxpjsa? Cepsursoper: Onuaérar c usjuxa expya 150 néva, onérer ¢ r6u 130 a6 ‘onagrar ¢ Kauixandi 120 née. Mapu: A wal caso sare? Cepouriopir: Canta or aése m w6pKonn mses cada. Mapu ‘Tadwene, xf Ao6pé an mpiuar onera? ThaaNen: Tk wos rérmar nope, H waurre ca ‘Mapu Towé me noacéua. H euié waka pauia, C xyGava candra oviuarn min pausia, Ani? Taanen: Snéem, we com wa piGora. He mora, Mapu: Tin esa Gvipa rors, As madman. Tiaaweu: Buipa méxe. Yape wépns &. nar eryaén, 6Mermmpm ypox / Lesson 4 GLOSSARY xo © ar, tomate Se cote Ayu pease bow tc, ow many ow ech doe ico ipa er eg em uy, be ina ary we rere nadia, toe sev Gagnon camency) ol cme! ck up te pels! {oll Teva ina orm) / Be (ice for ending) ‘ena / asia center, go in sheet of paper tent her Ti dow, o bed rvs ar opcren ‘at smal oes, ikon rpc ‘goenus foe Gel 3 peep ea or Powe Soak at ‘ating cca) ronaore ig ones, au faa, be able fee L 9) Saw rear, cok pune, OX Bon Seoom Bese oe pleas, sr St, et eel Gee L 9for ‘iain a your seve anise tas or ay on ste ol xy pore ‘ike Seat wok bon asic sttty ery Grip /sercpe—Slve by hea, vrai soe ‘abbege ever ik hd = a tow ons ness vipa faeph cine, set, et angry ‘tame Took pea, sem nome manta lene, got omelet Sane sy, mae a ‘hem cml je Cm) aay of oem omelet ou faa ot ad hae ted of fone. Ainperos. abe ce (eg, dtr’ rep ont / xa Cem) Say ees, aon round at fr, wy remain ty en raéaa ‘hy ate yon 50 Inaset ot oatoss = ‘sored in = amit taikaal Gellow eee) see (mec ”ersapm ypox / Lesson 4 Foe ein, call tind twder fest 20 oa bolity si se ‘comin nei beeen ig Gee L 9) sole vine as) Crud ‘mine ty ave a sensi ‘eve tina dy pace ferve,have vale nm Shee have work tis ‘hhamnon sépms mena sané ‘mde m8 ‘hang else mera Sep [bp sand wp, ee bape Stang, be sanding snd rena sanding oa lee i ht way, he at there tht reninde me theta ae so mac, So may to sich a depee ser ct leave people eat omeone ‘le tun, person "Stipe aad” serine etserwepms ypox / Lesson 4 CULTURAL COMMENTARY orn of addres: lknames ‘Niknames are very common in Bulg, sn fen end in ko or te. Te inane Mino is ord ft soon pial of Jair pts x0 Fama Belgaians se exvemel fond of chien. ‘Thay wt usualy ak spec effort help Food and drink: restaurants vegetables Shops slat rinks ith meals "Toe range of aval ops in Begun resararaoies que ecb, ooh in ssc yur the bt been a nese in vrey" Meat oomaly aie Ged ce grid hop the main orton of meat wil be served together wih various accompaniments, usually fied potatoes ‘lor yan ted o pied veges, "Vegeta sot ankown in Beit bough ino yet common. Inte moc whe eat ad pts erable en Genes and Bey ané ier Salads are very popular in Bulgaria, An especial favorite is *sopsks slats” (énoxa cee sh Spe al: ta ee 9 a wh Son mate emi, Bupa ree Be In'mny pas of Bulgar, he ding of aka eine te sper potion the mea beer or wie ae de with fe min ee Sere Begun wll nk ah eghou however emery all aks were saved om epee, et in resent yas ths tome fone © ‘isa tetra scold. Hoypaly docrec tht ends soa ke tre eating each oer te ded Mat das come in stand porto The request of até ia or 38 Tossa) PREG oD Refetry, Tyan Monastery (orcs alps)LESSON 5 DIALOGUE cd, 17 Aurea evo w xopmxépa w nfm. Visa eamt nucéx vonéx. Hécu doroanapér, Spe orange hae ‘rasa u sofcaut, Karis am © 16am vonéx? Becemust: Hanwmére, vicnan na wria, Anrex: Sanossiaasire, sumére Becemm: He wre, sista wsicro. ‘Auren: Sams6 nécwre réaxona yndro? Taéaas an ice sak. Kaxs6 paGérire? Becemuu: 2Kypuanicr cos ‘Anren: A-ét Wypuamicr! a xwaé warfare? Becenmn: Oniinaat » Te6poso, ua decripdia ‘Aurea: Ha xéa decnméx? Bocemmm: Ha ecrusina na xjmopa m eérmpara, passa ce. ‘Aner: Axd, sarondé nom téou anapérul He ef mm vémxn? Becemmi: Téaxxu ca, pasbvipa ce. ‘Aurea: Crom ru sa n6ya rordsal A né, né 8 xopyadpa. End 2a née» ‘mynéro, Xfi a womies wo ena pax, Bese: He nr ax mon Hoan a mp ssi wir, Ton a Aurea: JId, mismo ¢, no xenira mérar na eésmar sieswo. 1) Becemie riexa 2a upoxiooxié no xopundpa, wo ® réam woménr sa6eiona Shefan, w cn xésea ~~ Kos mu e résu xyBawiua? // Bocemni: Hobpé, xénae sa wnésew! 80lets ypox / Lesson 5 BASIC GRAMMAR ‘SL Infinitive replacements ‘Where other languages use infinitive, Bulgarian uses a phrsse composed of ‘aa + the present tense form of the verb. Such “aa-phrases” have a number of uses in Bulgarian, bat the most common isin this function of infinitive meaning. ‘Verbs used in aa-phrases must have the proper personal ending. Because subject pronouns are often omitted in Bulgarian, it Is especially crucial to have the right verb ending. In many cases, the verb of the aa-phrase has the same ending as the verb upon which it depends. in these instances, the English translation uses a simple infinitive, For example: Hicxane sa asps—ca0Séauo wicro. Tent to find an empty seat. Hema 3a sina. Tent to pass by. Mlewéra ena an céautar adeno. ‘The children want to sit together, In the above sentences, the one who wants the action performed is the same as the ‘one who would perform it both verbs have the same subject, I is often the case, however, thatthe two verbs do not have the same subject. ‘In these instances, the English tansiation must name the second subject. Furthermore, the identity of the Bulgarian subject is named by an English object pronoun. Care must therefore be taken both to get the right ending on the Bulgarian verb in the at-phrase, and not 19 be confused by the sructure ofthe corresponding English sentence. In the following example, the meaning of the English pronoun “them” must be expressed by the 3 plural ending on the Bulgarian verb aéiaar. Hexame aa adr xe Wewant them to come this ie too, Not every Bulgarian aa-phrase coresponds to an infinitive in English. After the verb “can”, for instance, English adds the verb directly. But Bulgarian treats this sequence of tWo verbs as any other infinitive replacement. (Thinking of the verb can” as “be able” may help the student produce the corect constriction in Bulgarian) For example: a1Tier ypor / Lesson 5 He ona aa asia. don't want to come in, He mira aaa, Tean't come in, Vm not able to come in Infinitive replacements are also common after the word xdtige. This word, ‘which is unchanging in form, usually refers to a group of which the speaker considers himself a member. The verb following it, therefore, is usually 1* plural. X@iige can also be used without a verb; in these cases a verb must be understood. Xinae an nase. Let's go in. diye na womien wo emé Let’ each drink a rakia! avast ‘Xéiae no eu rarireal Let's cach [have] a dink! ‘52_‘The verb mora “The conjugation of the verb mara “can, be able” is slightly iregular, in that ‘the stem-final consonant -r- shits to -ac- before the theme vowel -- singular plural I person Zi person person '53._Aspect choice in sa-phrases Perfective verbs signify an action which is bounded in some way. Infinitive replacement phrases often suggest this boundedness, and for this reason perfective ‘verbs are very common after aa ‘The boundedness meaning is usually that of completion. When a speaker expresses her deste o do something, or exhorts someone else ro do something, her ocus is usually on the suceessful completion of a particular action. Compare the following, in which all the verbs following aa are perfective: ‘lesa aa mina. 1 want to get by. Hrekam aa saméps cnoGéuno I want to find an empty seat, sic. Xanae ma maésent Let's go in, ‘ise xa wsinies no end Giipa. Let's each have a becr. oaTera ypox / Lesson $ Likewise, the verb séra “can” is almost always followed by a perfective verb, since the essential focus is on the desired completion of an action. This isthe case Whether or aot the particular action is seen as possible or impossible. Imperfective verbs can appear after aa ifthe specific meaning of boundedness is absent The frst ofthe two examples below, for instance, deserbes the speaker's state of wishing he could ask for mote information but not being able to do s0. Since no boundedness is implied, the imperfetive verb muram is used ‘The second describes a speaker’ state after the doctor has told him he must stay inside the house for an extended period of time. Since the “going out” is not bounded fo any single conceivable instance but rather covers the whole span of many possible instances, the imperfective verb smisan is used lexan ro mira, uo we suse xix. He wants fo ask him, but doesnt know how {fo go about it) “He ra pa wamisane - 6énen com. I can't go out ~ Tm sick 34, Direct object pronouns ‘Bulgarian distinguishes three cases in personal pronouns: subject, direct object and indigect object. Subject pronouns were leamed in Lesson 1. This lesson presents diet object pronouns. Indirect object pronouns willbe leaned in Lesson 7. In the following chart, ditect object pronouns are given alongside. subject, pronoun, for ease of comparison: subject direct singular 2 singular reflexive 3 singular eminine ‘masculine plural 2° plural 3 plural age 438Trevi ypox / Lesson 5 ‘The particle ce is included in this chart under the catogory “reflexive”, which is the traditional name given by Bulgarian grammarians to it. Ils range of usage is much wider, however. ‘Subject pronouns are fully accented words and may stand in any position in the sentence. Object pronouns are elites, and obey the word order rules given in Lesson 1. That is, they may not occur af the beginning of a sentence or phrase, and they must occur adjacent to the verb on which they depend. Tn essence, this means that object pronouns precede the verb ditectly unless the verb stands atthe beginning, in which ease they follow the verb directly. ‘The following two examples ‘demonsrate this rule. In the first, the object pronoun stands directly infront of the verb it depends on. In the sccond, however, the verb begins the sentence, and the ‘object pronoun must come directly after it ‘Area ro raéya 1 sem. ‘Angel is looking at him and thinking. Coif re na nda! Put them on the floor! SS, Usage of direct objects ‘The moaning of “direct object” in Bulgarian isthe same as in English: the person or object which is most directly affected by the action of the verb. In Bulgarian, as in English, diect objects follow the verb directly, without an ‘intervening preposition. For instance: Pat the books on the floor. Cnomit sare va nal verb direct object prepositional phrase You are canying a lot of bageaue Ti) — mcm nro Gard. subject verb direct object Bulgarian and English usage happen to coincide in the case of the above two verbs Ina number of other instances, however, what is a direct object in Bulgarian will be expressed by a prepositional phrases in English, For instance: Anren —raéaa——_ goa. subject verb direct object ‘Angel looks at the man. subject verb prepositional phrase ‘One must be wary of literal translation in such instances. ‘The usage of a verb is part ofits overall meaning, and needs to be learned along with that meaning. 84Term ypox / Lesson $ Direct object pronouns are used after the impersonal expression wna “there isn" and the pointing word €r0. Kant e Vina? ‘Where is Ivan? He anda, Hawa ro 198. {don't know. There's no sign of him, Keng e visu wanira? Where i that book? He suds. A, €r0 % don't know. On, here it is. 56,_Interrogative pronouns Like other pronouns, the interogative pronoun “who, which” expresses gender sand number. Here ae the forms: ‘masculine feminine neuter plural Roi “The neutral question word for “who” is x6W That i, if nothing is known of the sex cof the person queried about, the masculine form noi is used Ki cen na road ssicro? ‘Who fanspecified) is sitting inthis seat? If the sex is known, however, the appropriate form is used: Becemin saGemsinaa Jbajomt # _Vescln sees Julie and says to himself, cu ésna ~~ Kos e rast “Who Geminine) i ths beauty?” yan? ‘When the interogative pronoun modifies a noun, it agrees with its noun and thas the meaning *which". Fer example: Ha x6 eerméa? “To which (masculine) festival?” Hla gecrundaa na xjmopa “To the festival of humor 1 ednapaa, pascapa ce. and satire, of Course.” S7._ Motion verbs “The basic verbs for “come” and "go" in Bulgarian are imperfective perfective come fia” ada 20 vam oni, 85Therm ypox / Lesson $ [Both verbs carry within them the meaning of direcedness; that is, of someone ‘coming or going towards a particular end-point (even if that end-point is not ‘explcily specified), The idea of drectedness is reinforced by the presence of r= and go- in certain of these verbs. The similarity to the prepositions mesning “from” fand "to" can help remind the student of the “directed” meaning of these verbs. By contrast, the verb mapad (which, with rare exceptions, exists only inthe perfective aspect) implies the absence of any direction. For this reason, it is tsually translated “walk Te can also, however, be translated *go", “come”, “move”, ‘or any of a number of verbs signifying locomotion. The primary difference between Supa and the other verbs isthe factor of directedness. For example: Aurea crosi » xopunépa Angel is standing in the corridor. ximt mde WORE. ‘Atall man comes (towards him] where are you headed for?” “Tm going 10 Gabrove, 10 the festival” Beceasin wpm no Kopmaspa. Veselin walks down the coridor, [Braker mypoit aéro Ofsn0. ‘The tain is going Very slowly Inthe first wo sets of examples, an end-point of the movement is either ‘plied or stated dreeily. Those inthe lst set, however, explicitly avoid mention of an end-point, 58. Double interrogatives Normally, questions have either a question word or the question particle am. ‘When a question has both ofthese, the meaning “I wonder..” is added. Kanai mm ¢ ram wonés? wonder what kind of a man this i? 39. Prepositions @) Both » and na can mean “to”. While many of the specific differences are idiomatic, there is a endency for » to refer to specific physical locations which one ‘can enter, while wa is more liksly to refer to abstract ideas, events, general locales, ot 86ler ypox / Lesson 5 places conceived of as surfaces rather than enclosures. Consider the following, examples Oninax 8 Té6po%0, ia gecruména, Tm going to Gabrovo, to the festival. {a city one can enter] fan event} Crow rea nina. Anné, nf n xopmxdpa, ut them down on the floor. Ah, no notin the corridor. Into a surface] [vithin the enclosure of a space] “The student is advised to watch the usage of w and wa, and learn examples idiomaticaly unt s/he gets a feel for it ‘The preposition na can also mean possession. For example, the first following sentence means "to", while the second ua signifies possession: in the COnisan wa decrunina na xywopa I'm going to the festival of humor 1 cmmpare, paabiipa ce and satire, of couse. (©) The basic meaning of no is “along, down”. For example: Bocenin ea na npomunaci no Veselin intends to continue down the ‘Ropundpa, no m née nowt... corridor, but at that instant. Tio also has many other meanings, however. One of these is “according tof, inthe manner of For example Viowaxe a rw nospénia no | vant to entertain them in the ‘arapent. Bulgarian manner. [2 la bulgare] ‘passion no Gisrapean 1 Bulgarian textbook textbook (of the Bulgarian language] ‘mpenopandzen no Ofsrapexx ‘Bulgarian teacher fa teacher ‘who teaches Bulgarian) aTrent ypox / Lesson 5 EXERCISES 1 Fill in the Blanks with the appropriate personal endings. ean aa manép___ sna a Anant xan Teen wi udaara wa Anoé Main, wae ax nocpéace__ Ten a apera. CCenereae Auten a cajtt__—_xanad niooare. Cnt Hexaus am 49 2a ap___ exo rae? re moa ga pasbep__—xaxoo nibaam. Fam nposrwmxisa na ju Starapcaa, Baseene 1. ill in the blanks withthe appropriate form ofthe interrogative pronoun (xsi, os, noe, Kon). co éan wena ¢ xoneferopxa? OF toxonda seca ua xy? ‘Aa Tondpa Génrapens 0 auraiens. Ha TE MEE 28. GpOH HO C10? ua renepéua? ‘in RPELIAME 8 Guamoréxara? wa nenosndra xcens? ei cxamr xa rondpun? noveepe MM. Resrite the following sentences, replacing the underlined nouns withthe correct ‘Dajan a enna e mir paix Keera ne Gace a mam a xéprara, ‘Hecemnit 9a chxanéime we nonuiua Tésu xyOasina. Kaaé onisa mowséro? He miosaan Tosi wouye [Kot ane ran yp6x? Kéa wdme aa sxpae Tes Kunin w OwGanoréxara? 2 a 4 s 6 7 88ler ypox / Lesson $ ADDITIONAL GRAMMAR NOTES ‘Sia, Infinitive replacements Sentences such as “I want them to come” are notably dificult for English speakers to tanslate into Bulgarian, This is parly because in such sentences the English object pronoun (here, them”) denotes subject meaning (in this case, “they” fre the ones who “will come"). In neutral meaning, the Bulgarian translation of this sentence does not use & pronoun at all. If emphasis is intended, however, the subject pronoun (inthis ease, 16 “they”) will be usd: Wioxam 76 a 6a. | want them t0 come as well, ‘The problem is further complicated by the fact that in such sentences an English object prououn can sometimes also correspond to a Bulgarian object pronoun: a . cexpémman aa adtizem. [advise you to come. 1 bet dase Herat ni a x6figem. I want you to come. Jae saber ie vb In both sentences, the subject of the verb adiieur “come” isthe second person singular ri "you". I is explicitly sated in the second sentence, but only because the fneaning is emphatic, tis omitled from the first sentence because its meaning has tread been introduced by the object pronoun Te (which is the object of the verb cperaan “advise” “The contrast is seen more clealy when the verbs and pronouns are third person singula, where there is a more marked difference between subject and object pronouns. As * cunéream a ase. advise her to come. J objer Bre verb Hora oi a adie. want her to come Se sabe ‘be ver In onde to translate these sentences coretly info Bulgarian, one must determine the relationship between the verb preceding na in Bulgarian and the pronoun which always appears as an English object (¢g. “ber” in the English entences above). Ifthe ter takes a pronoun objec, then the correct pronoun in Bulgarian isthe object one. But if the verb takes an entire phrase a its objet, then the correct pronoun in Bulgarian isthe subject one, This can be represented schematically a8 follows: 89Teta ypox / Lesson 5 ‘Aa x cvpérnam aa 6a. fis) t0 come Hioxase 1 a adie @_Lvam ©) [is] 10 come ‘Each of these sentences can be broken down into two components, which ae Teprmsented above as (a) and (DT (@) portion of each sentence is what comes Tree the an, and the (6) portion is what comes after it, the frst example, the Teor Sart () simply disappears into the “het” of par (a) In the second example, Farscocr i ‘she of part (must move up into part (3). In English it tars into an Uhject when it moves up, but in Bulgarian it remains subject, 34a, Object pronouns and word order ‘Word order rules involving verbal cities are quite complex in Bulgarian, and for this pocon they wil be learned gradually. Since elites are unaccented, they are ‘Soten gueky and are often hard to hear. Special care must be taken, therefore to ‘eam the rules governing their placement ‘To help the stdent become aware of these rules, examples wil be given sing a notation developed fr this purpose. All ues Ieamed inthis book are given sine seo ts notational format, togeder with afl ist of abbreviations use, in according (Within lessons, word order roles ae explained and ilasraed ith ceeeitet in which the relevant words are identified notationaly.Sentenecs a given Stine te compete form, or with sufficient grammar to ilustat the context only the onion of each sentence relevant to the word order rule being lead, however, is specifically analyzed. ‘According to this notational analysis, abbreviations identifying clites ae written entirely in capil leters, those identifying fully-accented words (upon which Sri i depend) are written entirely in lower-case leters, and those identifying catntions which are unsvessed but which may begin «sentence (and therefore ae sacs) are writen with a capital letter. The following examples illustrate this notation. ® ‘He wants to ask him but, 1 ook at you and am amazed. 90‘ler ypox / Lesson 5 Placement of object pronouns ithe base ules that a pronoun verbal object must be directly adjacent to the verb it depends on, and tht it must follow at last one accented word ‘Angel looks at him and thinks. Put them on the floor. ‘Conjunetions and negation "the ronjonction aa occupies a special position in this schema: it has no accent ofits ov, bursts not clitc. This means that it (ike other conjunctions) can Rincon es an accented word for purposes of clic placement. The word order of Im phrves is very rigid: the verb must follow a directly unless the verb has & mr abject. Tn this ease the pronoun object must come dvetly between at and fhe verb, Example (1) above illustrates tis rule. Tor woud order purposes, the negative particle me acts like the conjunction 2a, requiring sities o follow i dretly. Remember tha «cle following the negative particle is accented. (aren isa ‘Ange! does not look at him, © jie sa nna. LNet E ‘Don't put them on the floor! “The question particle Tne aeutral question, the interogative particle au always follows the verb, and must come between the verb and any pronoun object. (it follows from this that ice can asver precede the verb inthis t¥pe of question ) If both negative and ‘Henogative particles are present, the pronoun object comes between them ro” o Is Angel looking at him? © ‘Are you putting them on the Foor? aa DIR INT. verb o sa nua? ‘Area you putting them on the floor?Then ypox / Lesson 5 Sb, Predicates and word order ‘When present tense forms of the verb cba are used to connect a subject and a predicate nout or adjective, they function a5 the copula of the sentence. These ‘pula forms are cles, and follow rules very similar to those formulated above for ‘beet pronouns. They cannot standin inital postion, they always occur adjacent to the predicate noun or adjective, and they must follow the negative or interrogative particle directly. \When both negative and interrogative particles are present, the copula is placed between them. This is the only time when the copula does not occur directly Adjacent to the predicate noun of adjective. Here are examples, with numbering ‘onsecutive across lessons: co) fear predicate ! = ‘They're heavy. ay He No, they’re not heavy: a2 ‘Are they heavy? aa Aren't they heavy? All of the above word order patterns will be drilled in later lessons, Ja. Motion verbs ‘The or and the 20- in the motion verbs eninaxe oniaa and asia ate called prefixes. Prefixes are similar to, but not identical with, prepositions; this relationship Ail be discussed later, Il four directional motion verbs contain the same root, - “though its form is slightly obscured in orisaxe (Compare vanast, where the ~~ has ‘been retained before the suffix -aam) and in saa (where the -w- as shifted to -R-) ‘This tre sot is found inthe ver aa, which cane used in place of emia ‘There ino ene ference in meaning. Ha is especially equet inthe imperative: Hint w wareninat Go tothe stor! “The imperative form of aénaa is a Greek borrowing, completely unrelated to it in form. ‘The imperative of vapam is regular, however. 92Thera ypox / Lesson 5 indicative imperative singular plural 68 Fea ada} vinwan se nwa me sawaue Bulgarians use vogane and adi as any other aspect pir. Bulgarian dictionaries, however, ist them as to separate verbs. Officially, the imperfective of snoniaa isthe rarely used nox6xcnay. mntrastive negation ‘When it negates a verb, the negative particle ne is unstressed. When it is to negate another part of Speech or when standing alone, it bears For example: A.né, ué » kopunspa. ‘Oh 0, not in the corridor. Jeréro rondpu su? “Does the child tlk?” une ne. “Not yet” Professor Suyko Kabeeinv with don Roope bagpipe layer and sing 93Torn ypox / Lesson 5 SAMPLE SENTENCES 1. Ton sons sa veré emir, TéH xa na mpoweré résn xara 2. Osmmonéuo cadran xunirure w wiurara. Cer we veka ma rw e369 “error 3. Snxina minwe (enno) mend. Hex aa ro namie Oninam ¢ Becensin na esto. End 1 lexan aa aia, wo ne mora. imi sa x08. He ands wud e maraziins. © Hida sane tora. 6, Sangamo e, oredpam sparéra. Tin x samnépa. 7, B66 e 6éxeu. Criran ro aa aérne. 8. Thi oe msram na e& xaspan 9, Aa ne maaan orrjxa. 10, Toi msivarn xine veranara. 11. Bénko Gia penta. Hi BOG rt obsina. Ruins of Byzatne basic, NeeTleru ypox / Lesson 5 SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION 1 Look, here comes Lilyana! Do you see her? Why is she walking so slowly? 2. Don't you want to come tothe movies today? Let's go! Ivan is at the theater “ial, and he wants us to meet him there 4, The Bulgarian teacher advises you to goto the library often. She wants you to sp tere now. She wants Us to study these lessons well. Of course, We also ‘want to know them, “4 Teed this book, Are you reading if If you are not reading it please put it on “feeble "Then [can read i. Or do you want me to ret itv the library? 5. We are going to the station now. Milena is coming ffom Gabrovo and we want Simest her, Do you want to come too? Come on, les go! 6 Whois calling? Do you want to speak with Tanya? She cant eome to the phone Wight now. She i with te children. She is puting them to be. +7. Which book do you advise me to read? 1 don't want to read a textbook, I'want ian eer novel Which Bulgarian novels are good? Can you read them? 8. “Ivo can't opon the window, he is [to] small. Can you open i, please?” cece epow Jo you want ee 10 open? But then Jet's clase the door. Can you close it, please?” 9sTom ypox / Lesson 5 READING SELECTION Kopecnomséunms = (4) 23 ayer, Ou Apéra Temi, vans eaua péaocme won, 6époam aa x cxoGus. Cenk mde » fxnara vers. Hosonriae amsnéirer souk Crénast, omdpaM npavéra i xaxad ibxan? wo netoouiro wosuive, Onesaé sana? Or nduara! Hc cuoGuéane 38 xonér. Henjuane 30, 14 counésnpm, Can Bpantuicuo Tpéra Kamina, sudan yoésument ¢ nése w CéMbus. Péswan ce, Yer a samira! ive exe n06pé. Exaunt rpires omn6no ua yume. B66 paCira, & ‘Matoenn nrpée ¢ neuéra ua exces. foea poneaéa ads Biivarn signar na rer mpusresm. Hicxase 96GLOSSARYat exactly the ght smote, fom mee i pomeons} obed wefan / wenn {oh twnde mee wonder sudan a (a) tose en Soeaats Shcolate ‘onlay . (bj pronoun) 98Tera ypox / Lesson 5 CULTURAL COMMENTARY Geography: Gabrovo ere go) sa twin nh cet Bulgaria. The residents ofthis town ae own foe i a forte es hey tal about theses. Mos ofthese tm on fa aes are lr te joes Sexe fl sbut hess Thee hts the seme of mem gat the tn of Gao now ole an anna week-long “sv of Mame SNS polar tus ven for ich kets a aro obtan ames Hospltaity Me aity tomas guest so cent fae of Bulgin society. Many sures wil be sade (wilingy in sevice of he “eves ioet” rela. Forms of aes: te mS ass astra out of pleas. To people making ah troy sich oi pon mu eet A oonbe of Bulgari, eh ates seg orl nvonmety wil ie ates ampoe hey met in nai ower, pe fe ney ot or mil ave extremely uly (and wiowt he iSevny of mal pee Postal sytem uly, Buaians have hat ow confence in be al seve, cosiering i 1 a en Siganesroriy, The sa lt arly die w memos of he Communist sy tant eo cnet he mas ws ut Swe mor ee see, whe cen eco ef Toe deo he mae the scaly eat me a ene easel (x ang a col conecivaly conan Yau) ‘Topan Monasery eor-enal Dele) 9leer ypox / Lesson 6 LESSON 6 DIALOGUE Kané Gime nocers? Becemmn: J6Gnp aén. ‘Auren: Hous, s wanpanére suicro na 1éau wonéx aa césue. Kax ce xinnaun 6e, uupustrea? Becenuu: Kissa ce Bevenin Xprictos. ‘Auren: As evs Auten, oF Banaic. A roné ea Muunéua u Dmairsp or Bapus, Tin or = ona cm, Tina? Tans: Or Cégpus. ‘Aurex: A toad ca Hanjam n Zéamua or Amépuna, Bocesuu: A mic, news, nix ce xésoare? Kanew: Kien, Hasna: Hidaxa, Becenms: Ha xéaxo cre rosin? Kaneu: Aa cxac ma céaen rosso, a Hasna © ua néx, Becemmn; Ha eézes roma ax? Xéumm am wa yovimme? Sudew 2m 2a Spor? Kaen: Shia, pasGipa ce. Oraaua néve. Karo Osx a xpi rominnn mirax da... Recents: Mpespdit xénxo mecri va 8 xynéro, Kaneu: Ean, ané xpi eran, nr, wir, cfs, Seem. Mirieua: A xéaxo ajumt coe? Tlurynane or exit wie cio, a vorawe Sate wer wvica mr. Musto primer mitt Hiaxxa: "hlaxo, mi wnaé Géue aocerd? 100or nad ome ORI, perugndazasoe 9 gene ‘on STH srumpudaiasse no empress of on FE MU (enupgen 9 gene ne oxayae “rfc smDEONDO ‘exanapgox pot on 2 org & xno wad Wr ‘oarpuas‘=I—¥OREOLL HESS seamen yds OXON HAGE, TORT sxsfuoo sou oes ‘sgn, yoeh ya oMLONETT HP ee ae snmp conte wey. “Uap wets CY HEMGI #eMUaM BLOX ORTH "HHL edged cod xox “apd aft -edotmdox «xq HIRTOOO 9 wossey / od 1200ecru ypox / Lesson 6 BASIC GRAMMAR L_ Past te “The simple past tense in Bulgarian is called the aorist. It corresponds to the English simple past ('l came”, “you saw, “he di). The conjugation is the same forall verbs: there is no ending in the 2" and 3% singular, and other endings contain the consonant -x-. These endings are aim pad I person on * Pieroni 3 person Preceding these endings isthe sorst tense theme vowel. For a-conjugation verbs, this vowel is the same asin the present tense ~ either -8- oF - FFor comparison, here are both present and aorst tense forms of the verbs fram and orudpan. (Aorist forms of the other conjgations will be learned later.) PRESENT AORIST PRESENT AORIST 1 singular — inane i) ‘oroép-am 2 singular erase a rms singular ea ira oma 1 plural sakrane | mifraxone | comép-mse _oroip-exne 2 plural keane mfraxre oredp-are _oradp-srre % plural muir taxa compar ovmip-sxa “The past tense conjugation ofthe verb eta is somewhat imegular It is a follows PRESENT AORIST 1 segir om AE 2% singular ew ‘Geme F* singular @ 6éme Red on (cton | pli ce Gaare ot 102Meer ypox./ Lesson 6 “The meaning corresponds to English “was” or “were” used as a simple past. The form 62 can be used in pace of Géue with no change in meaning. For example: Kean Géme aocers? ‘Where were you before? Bix » xopucps Las in the corridor. Bare mm wa mopézo? Were you atthe seaside? le Géme méro mtepécno. I wast very interesting. ‘Toi 66 vive nocerd. He was there until now: Tifrax os. asked my mother... 62. Plural of neuter nouns “The plural of neuter nouns is -4, which appears in several different forms. If the singular ends in -o, then the plural usually ends in -a. Ifthe singular ends in -€, then the plural usully ends in era. If the singular ends in -e preceded by -m, the the plural ending is writen -m, Neuter nouns ending in -e keep the accent on the Same syllable in both singular snd plural “The simple ending -a is almost always accented, regardless ofthe ascent in the singular The -e- ofthe ending -era is accented only if the singular ending -© is oven, and the ending -n is never accented, The definite ancl is -ra (obeying the fale requiring all oun forms ending in -a to take a thyming aticle). Here are examples Type singular oh. definite plural ‘ea “ie 7 it Plurals ofall neuter nouns which cannot be predicted from the above rules will be noted in the glossary. Certain common ones are singular plural pene penen yom umérefecru ypox / Lesson 6 ‘The plural ending on all adjectives continues to be -n. Therefore, adjectives modifying pl ‘neuter nouns have the same ending as adjectives modifying all other plural nouns 63. Numbers ‘The number 1 is identical with the indefinite article except that itis always acconted. It changes form according to the gender of the noun counted: eax (cxasculine), esme (Feminine), ems (neuter). ‘There are two forms forthe number 2: sé for masculine nouns, and sé for {feminine and neuter nouns. The remaining numbers do not change form. Here are ‘the numbers from 3-100: exinsiccr \ | i “mamas smiscer 3 i undtcer ace | 4 feo air seminar soln remsneer sermeeer 6 ine imvemdtcer merece 1 bam ceaesadncer ceneecet 2 aw ‘ceomaneer center > nieer 19 senentcer severe 0 ere 7 i 100 | x6 Compound numbers are formed by addition. The conjunction m must be bot ‘written and spoken. For example: M2041) andtoer wean 32 © 30+2) —spaitcer m ane 89 80+9) —ocentecér it néner 6A, Masculine nouns after numbers [Nouns which appear after numbers ae suid to be “quantified”. For feminine ‘and neuter nouns, the duantfied forms are exactly the same as the plural forms, but {or masciline nouns the quantified form is different ffom the plural. Its ending is similar to that of the definite object form (a if the ancl is a, and -n if the article is -mr, but with a potential accentual difference. This is because the definite article can sometimes be accented, but the quantified ending can never be accented. ‘The quanified form of masculine nouns is used after all numbers, after xémxo “how many", “how much” and wixonxo “some, several”. After waéro “many”, however, the plural form is used. The chart below summarizes the non-plural forms of masculine nouns: 104leerm ypox / Lesson 6 SINGULAR QUANTIFIED. Indefinite definite abject) | definite (object) wim | des and sadn ‘pani pander Sand rps pda rpamir sed rp sie hacke © and ica Fleeting vowels lost in the plural are retained before tbe quantified ending singular quantified {plat mposdp-et. mposép-eu-a poa6pa “The word soréx “man, person” exists only inthe singular. The form agumt is ‘used for the quantified meaning, and the form xdpa for the plural meaning. Note that “x6pa, like all plurals ending in “a, takes a hyming article. For example: = Keno ayum viaa'p xynéro? “How many people are in the ‘compartinent”” ~ Cito emis sone. Only one person.” ‘Macro x6pa menjar ¢ réau waik. Many people are ftaveling} on ‘his tin. ‘Tyua x6para aunéar 20606. People live well here 63. Masculine numbers ‘The numbers from 2 t0 6 have a special form before masculine nouns referring to human beings. The nouns themselves ae in the plural. For example: cri nna one dosti edo néxap two doctors ‘ova néxapu ‘tee doctors “The masculine quantifier forms for 4, 5 and 6 are wernpyiva (or seripwa), meni, ‘mecrinea. For larger quantities, the egular numbers are used. The noun remains in the plural, "Masculine" numbers are always used before the noun ayum, regardless ofthe sex of the persons counted 10sleers ypox / Lesson 6 66. Motion verbs, continued ‘The verb x6aw means “go”. It slike omuam (perfective onvas) in that an end-point i implied, is meaning is broader, however: it can refer to a round-trip ‘movement, a repeated movement, of f0 the general idea of going somewhere without reference to any one specific trip. Here are examples: Xam an wa ysicme? Do you go to school? ‘Aa xdas seéro ua ted. 10 to the theater often, Xeauoa wa Briroma aciixa uenéns We go to Vitosha every Sunday, anne aa xd ua wipe! Lets go to the circus! 67. Telling time ‘The definite form of the noun se “hour” is used to tll time. ‘The subject form refers 10 time atthe moment of speech, and the object form (which occurs only after a preposition) refers to any other time. In ths usage, aed corresponds to the English “o'clock”, and is often abbreviated +. “The definite form of we is alvays accented on the article (whieh is always pronounced as if written [). The preposition » corresponds to English “a” in time expressions. Here are examples of both subject and object usage: Kénxo ¢ wei? What ime is it? B émxo wacd? At what time? Stacker © ein. I's one o'clock Bomin acd. (@ 14) At one o'lock Uacér e miécr. Ws sx o'clock B mer ward. (6 6 4) At six o'clock. (One can also identify the hour without the noun (as in English. “when?” [> At what time?) “At two" ‘The prepositions or and 20 refer tothe starting point and the ending point, respectively, of atime period, while the prepositions eaea. and upewi refer respectively to periods following or preceding a particular point in time. ‘Tom parm noéian a or 9 30 5. He works daly from 9 to 5. Ed caea and uacd, wo npeui nés! Come after 2 o'clock, but before 5 106eens ypox / Lesson 6 ‘Or néaxo acd sivamt aémummi? When do your clases start? | From wwhen do you have lectures?) Jo xénxo acd rivaus aésuun? When are your classes done? IF Until when do you have lectures? ‘Time after the hour is expressed by the conjunction m. To sty “half past” the hour, Bulgarians use the word nonosia. For example: Cerd e roi amdcer Ws 320. Ed w auécr 3 noaosina! ‘Come at 6:30 [at half past six} “Time before the hour is expressed by the preposition Gea: = Kémo e sactr? What time is itt” mtinicer 6e3 nwdcer, “ies twenty to eleven (10:40 Cers e Ges cer. Ws ten of Ei pi Gea nerudtcer! Come at 2:45 [at a quarter of thre}. {In certain official contents, the time is expressed using the 24-hour clock: [Badxor rptrua w 19 wacé. ‘The train leaves at 7 pam 68. Time as duration ‘The indefinite form of the noun wc refers to period of 60 minutes’ duration ‘The form afer nutnerals other than Tis the quantified form. The accentual difference ferween the definite object form and the quantified form is very important in “Sntinguishing these two meanings. In addition, the two different meanings of the preposition npeas are distinguished by accent, For example: ‘Ton 6éme npea ani vac. ‘That was before 2:00. ‘Toni Oeuie Hpeaw and sca. ‘Th was two hours age: Ed ene 1p acd. Come after 3:00. End enea tpi ica. ‘Come in three hours. [= 3 hrs. from now] ‘hs vixaoe rjra on spi sted, I've been waiting here since 30. ‘AS sane ryna (orl Tp ica, ve been waiting here for three hours. When the English preposition “for” refers 10 immediately past duration which extends {nto the present (as inthe above example), it can be translated either by oT or by the sence ofa preposition altogether. The student must avoid using the preposition 3a 107leer ypox / Lesson 6 in this meaning. This preposition refers only to a closed sequence of time, as in the following examples: (Onrinane wa wopéro 22 ani és. ‘weeks O6maxoséno npowirans eae anira 38 m0 ena. 69. Preposition [Vm going to the seacoast for two usually read a book in two days Following is a recapitulation ofthe usage of prepositions in time expressions (meaning) Example Preposition wa wack 85 Ges 10, i | a 10 ron | for 9 0 5 | or 7 rontivat [or 9 x0 5 220 npesut 3 roma | pent 6 wacé | mean 3 rossi oxen 10 acd | ene 10 varuyfr 29 2 aéua | aa2 cémonm, (meaning) a1 200 at 10 10 5 4:50) 10 years old from 9 w $ for 7 years from 9 t0 5 until 3 years ago before 6:00 3 years ago afer 10:00 in 10 minus {thin 2 days for 2 weeks Remember that npem in the meaning *before” carries stress, to differentiate it from ‘peat in the meaning “ago”, which is unstressed. 108eens ypox / Lesson 6 EXERCISES 1. Rewrite the following sentences in the past tense, replacing weéxat én, 6 ange with waepa, Boéxaaéw rai enéyamr tenesvsua or 1 20 2. Jnce apéwero ne € af6ano. Hie mframe acéeat 26H 22 noma or Baarépns. ‘ce nie manjnare © mpyr andi. ‘Te xapar Koad woéxn nex. ‘Sa uéero cenjsa xouncipa. Fie ce nium, & 76 we ci NeveeEe 1 Write the numerals out in words, and fll the blanks with the appropriate ending. LB sda sisea 1 sum, 2 wesnen__ 5 noir 2 cheéak___—>& nosniaa CAMO eam. 3 Tot eymjua 2 nécranok—— notion ne. 4. na apn 1 at,» 2 ate sro » nop = s « 1. __ Auren vin 32 vé6___ a Beceain edso 26. Beéxn én 48 rpawsd___ munmisar no wera. ‘tt. Place the proper accent mark on the word saca in each ofthe following. | As putea a0 2 vaca, Bad w 3 aca axo iexaur name mama. Cert e 4 aca. Eni 6 vaca, zion nex 2 sca. Macro e weno! kam Te péxe 3 uacal Keneo aca paGOrain suse? B KGAKO soca sews 1s Aa? Tom napa Kon néve 4 saca. Yeoimme sanéana p 7 waea w ewépumea » 12 aca. Pecropdumrre we paSsrar cxe Tl aca 2 = &leers ypor/ Lesson 6 ADDITIONAL GRAMMAR NOTES Gia, Word order and the past tense of com ‘The verb ent is a copula, joining a subject and a predicate noun or adjective In the present tense, cutis also 2 clitic, and can therefore never begin a sentence ‘The pest tense copula is nota clic, however, Iisa fully stressed verb, and can ‘occur in any position in the sentence. For example: Baxiusra Géame xf6ana, [ur] vacation was good. BBéae xj6aso sa mopéro. Te-was very nice atthe seashore, 62a, Plural of neuter nouns [Neoter nouns in -o usually shift the stress to the ending in the plural. Ifthe noun in question contains an altemating root vowel, this causes the -#-t0 shift 10 -e- (because the -e- always appears when the vowel is unsitessed, regardless ofthe vowel in the following syllable). Examples: singular plural In the capital city of Sofia, one often hears the singular forms weet and saxex6. “These are now accepted a8 altemate pronunciations. “The word néwo is both # pronoun meaning “something” and a noun meaning “thing”, Only the noun has a plural: mem means “things” 63a,_Numbers Students who know Russian should take cae to remember that ssi is used only with masculine nouns, and uaé with both feminine and neuter nouns. When ‘counting or naming something by number, one uses the neuter forms: ena6, ame, 1p Ne 1 [uGwep eam], No 2 [w6wep anél, No 3. InGuep xpi [Numbers forthe teens (11 ~ 19) are formed with the suffix -atcer. Numbers for four of the decades (20, 30, 40 and 60) are formed with the suffix -acer. The histrial soure of these suffixes may help the student remember which is which. 110um ‘ep yar sands agueds pds (urs) ‘yh pate yee ‘ago 3ph (mt) ‘engi pat: ot ‘ujwort pt (rm) paxfnuond pogo amuop —soafqns yup — atopy ‘ojdwwexs 20 Zoypue oi cao stans sytys Z2A2u uuog poyuENb amp ‘Seon PUD one feu sunog myo styy4."Wautooe|d suenoe Aq poysTfunp axe sug paren fmm pu sul Yugo auyEp amy ‘sunow asoHp UT uso} aA of UY Boxpu ‘ay ur usooe ot) is sun0U SoASSEU UTELED He oOE=IayIP APOUY oq aap uso Jo 0] 28 NOH, "ELIF @ ENON OPHNEEME oan eqn uy syouod esas a a1, "PEIKEOMOXHTONHH EH BEES Beg oun sod 8 93013, AMON OPT WHO WERIHF | eq omy oy 288 spoved Cues nog GuBeuNp EH CUMS OMEN Pa soydumxa 20g .pazunoo-vow ‘9u0 wey 2204, Jo Suu ‘aq sous yemjg -,o00 um alou yo woo jqunos aytoads vo ZujueaW! sfnsoo uncu paynuenb atp ai “unou zeus w st 29090 auUyeD su USIP ‘nb am sSumaui seq), “3Hfe punos px Yoo, Kup sunox Sueur uF wom USA sy potgo auuijep om em wos pourivenb exp ase vou Oct "uto} tens 240 par ‘sesauinu aoe pes suo} sejn2us-uou uo ‘Coefgo auyop Pu 2ofans emKHP “ovljpur) Zeus oxy} 2 “suLos oayssod ang seq uno ouANOST Y moped Sanou SuSE “FD [ugoauoaat xpootou] st su sayy Jo vontounuoxd ayy, “yoaods Ur pron 0U sf sous “oetaaeet pur 2920160 Ut ae appr aon o} QUAL oy Uaye 29 YSN! axe “stay SuyNIISL ‘a po ap uo anq Op ‘O€ ‘02 Uf Joquunu exp jo aed sm amp UO SE HIOOE OL, -posn am sutoy parniooum ayy 9q, goods uy Stare posayaneous ar pur ysyo0g patepysuoo axb t30j 283K 184 ovo ‘tasaupmndaian ‘zeoatpids ‘asetpnel ‘saceiyauna 3° “Uorysey paces wou ‘a suaoy ath saidx ose U2> 200 “(OL+ Z) ,U=1 UO om, 8} csojasam (CT) HOUTEN Jayna agave + eo wopoemmn © Aone ase countes ou (t= 1) UPL 9 uossay / x0dk ma20IT,leer ypox/ Lesson 6 65a, Masculine numbers “The numbers sede, spa, etc, axe used with masculine personal nouns in both the “specifically male™ and the “general category” mesnings. Thus, rpia ceryaéitra can mean either “three male students" or “three students, atleast one of ‘whom is male”. Only in the ease of ayumt (where no other number is possible) can eda, risa, etc, refer to nouns denoting specifically non-mascuine persons. ‘6.6a,_Motion verbs, continued ‘The following summarizes the Bulgarian motion-verb system: Category meaning Directional, single one-way tip ra Directional, unrestricted ° Non-directional walk, go, move ‘The first wo Verbs (oriinass and sian) refer to single, one-way movement in space towards a specified end-point (ether explicitly mentioned or implied). The third, xdam, refers to movement in space towards a specific end-point without restriction as to numbers of tips. When reference isto a single tip, it implies round tip movement. ‘The last verb inthe list, wopas, refers to the idea of locomotion ‘without specified end-point. ‘Only the two unidirectional verbs exist in aspect pairs. The other 1wo, x60" and mupad, ae cher imperfecive or perfective, depending on the context. 6.7a,_Tense and time expressions “The fact that Bulgarian uses the present tense with a broader scope of meaning than in English is particularly felevant in time expressions. If atime period ‘which bopan at some clearly defined point in the past continues into the present, Bulgarians speak of it with the present tense. In Such instances, English must use the progressive form of the present perfect tense in order to express this broader scope Sdents must take care not to wansfer English usage into Bulgarian or vice versa For example: ‘Aa re séxane or tpl ica! have been expecting you for three hours! (Or néaxo epée unéere » How long have you been living in ‘Amépmma? “America? m2:aivsn yo sues ame atop] “moma ose st ‘,ouocuan2, sunaur yous “Hoy yesnyd say zu ayy tain} ato sp oy mos’ uy uoqsodnd 5u0 ump 200 sey UauO SHU ON “weHRAING ‘uossa 1x9u a UI HEP UF petpnis 2q TH4 SUOHSRRsUOD I9fQO MIP ‘joo ssont ayy Huzayo wi ——_—_“AUNISp WH OX9PEM ROPNTOTT Toe sh 30) a0eds SyBWY —AYMO MOD UH OLDE aupaDdMET 129190 J20PUI “E soot) 3 Uo St 0g 24, ‘wom oH 9 ei, suoweo0} -poansoy amp 01 S008 un, expanse eH HORI —UOH2N -asnoy oy Jo 200p 2mp St SILL ‘anmpx ex eigieds 9 pa0y——wossessod “1 Bugunous songs Suowe yeeFunsrP oF wm:4INS AeNsN st samo -mojeq paren ‘sfurueou! Funsip {aan sa sey em womisodaud ayy, (©) ‘suonsodaig “869 mana weeaisd ‘wy oun ang oor HUN YI TL] «SEDO eFDEH dL OF FEET :pjduiexo 20g pm se sqlan MNO HIE pasa 0q ueD 1 URE Ing] UF OTN “98 ‘voriows wie Aquemid smao0 sup SHU] “sum op SopryDU! ose UDI. pout ve souap 01 95ua)iupsoud og agn Ue MEIINg_ pu YTV tpoq "senUOD (9 wossoy prods 129TTeens ypox/ Lesson 6 Ham ncaxo aeré rjx oa Every child here likes ice cream, yes? cemagonés? Mi, pean cua oGrvar ‘Yes, all children like ice cream. ‘cxanoxén, Berio xf6ano! All te best! Sudan, pono rp xeGinera. That means three kebabs in all. Hlexast ga nonépix nevinkn I Want to ‘reat everyone in the ‘yur. ‘compartment Gil, The particles and Ge “The particle 4 is frequently used before imperative forms, where it functions to soften the force of the order somewhat. Tn this way, the command is transformed ‘more into an invitation of a prompt, The meaning is hard to translate exactly, and ‘depends upon the context; often the most correct translation is to ignore the particle altogether. 4 mampanére wicro na 6su wont. 3a cése! ‘Why not make a place for this man to sit down? How about making 4 place for this man to sit dowa? “Make a place for this man to sit down! {In terms of word order, the particle sis classed with the conjunction aa and the negative marker ue, and follows the rules outlined in Lesson 5. It must precede the verb form directly, and any pronoun abject must be placed directly between $ and the imperative form. For example (umbering of word order examples is cumulative across lessons): a) apa] sero! Part, verb How about making a place? 7a Sion | ua nna DIR. verb, Come on, put it on the floor! “The particle 6e is used as a vocative of sons. It adds a tone of familiarity 10 the conversation, indicating thst the speaker fels on colloquially casual terms with the person s/he is speaking to. Formerly (and stil, in rural contexts) it was used nly to address men, In modem urban Contexts, the use of this petcle in modern trban contexts is now nondifferentisted as to sex. ‘Kan ce xéssaut Ge, mpnsrex? What's your name, friend? 1seer ypox / Lesson 6 ‘SAMPLE SENTENCES 1. B pawns ves wodro x6pa. Ef, summednatre, 6frare wonéxa! 2. Crdsam » mer uacd. B dceot vac oniman ua yesimmne, 3, = Ha xéaxo roxyinm ere? = Ha ocenmicer. © Ada cme ua aevericer roms. 4. Pabémoro mpéve na waraniia e or doew so ocewanieer acd. 5, Or spit rome ne cist » Buarapan, 6, Mena, we nosrasre wij enea aécer acd. 7. nya nen esi ie, 8, Bader xpérea x quandiicer 63 nét. Kno ¢ wact? acér € xpi Gea merasitcer. Macc e tpi m merustcer. 10. vienna sa we ino? Th x40 a! 1-H wosxa eu pain cso anu 12, Baa € rors. 15. tlopéante cio secépr, stro we Giante sco ras 14, Tom Oe 98 pur» pan m wGro mm mira 8 nossa. 15.~ Ksné su ca coisas? He anave Hana 1 ‘Arya rataxre sm ‘a, Tagua néxe oradpa 16s na.eer ypox / Lesson 6 SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION 1. How many tomatoes do you have? Do you want me to put the tomatoes into the 2. Do you know where we were until now? We were looking out the window for three hours. To tell the truth, it wasn't very interesting 53. “Did you ask Lilyana why she isn’t coming today?” “Why do you want to know?” “Because she wasn't here yesterday, and 1 dreamed that she was inthe hospital, and that three doctors were looking at her.” De you often dream about doctors and hospitals? 4. What time does Ivan come home from work? How many hours does he work each day? 5. ‘When do you want me to come?” “Come quickly! Can you come in fifteen minutes? I have many things to say. “An all these things are intresting.” 6, “Where are those two students?” “They were ere ten minutes ago but I don't know where they are now." 7. We are going to the circus with three Greeks, five Turks, and six Bulgarians. ‘And you are going tothe movies with two childten 8. ‘These children don’t go to school yet. They are sill very litle. Bors is three ‘year old and Marina is four. But Kamen goes to school every day: he is 9. Do all students study every Sunday? Not all ~ some of them go tothe sea and ‘others watch television 10."Did you watch television at home yesterday?” “No, Twas inthe library. T watched a video there.” 16lect ypox / Lesson 6 READING SELECTION Kopecnowaésmms - (5) 29 cenréumps, Cod Supavéit Taxpina, 3a récrie mxcur na erdraum capmat, Aa mit rex vax. Baise mncrd of 2036, ops, ax, nononsia xxnocpsioexafi, rp acim ‘émo, x nomnpéex. Tispaca njua, opina u xafira 8 dmoro. Créraat » cpenéra fin vcfame maicr no exad ina oF TOs4, w ro sumisaM oF nei expan, ‘Hopésune caponire 2 xéukepa ir wap nononis wc. Capenfpast rt ton © race mado, “Axo ne nponasar meré » Céxt Opaupiexo, MOXCU BRE J TH roncepmsipasm. As néve xoncepaiipax wsixonxo Gypxéua u cht ro ORG. Tio 16su nin pan n capooi c waicexo séne. Mora aa mmx cto sofunen ot sondru, 3a vererepuim, mGxomt ka réraun EH Fda6H H Oe Mecd. ‘Méra na re najea na mpm x cand, axo exam Copaésomr néampan, 12 omréuampu, Cant panicxo pica Kamina, Béarapure, wenden, r6rasr aro repute u rfpuure. Ciirypua cos, we 8 case panics mia a nasaSpx xoncepasipann nésonn meré. "BOG xdsea, we Tapanépa no Gkarapccr e wooro sige u crdaa 6520. ‘Tapaaépa mpinsr or soeeno wuuino © xpdcranima, xémep, Wérbl, pent m Samo, nami? Thirax B66 2a peuénrara, wo 76H we aude 76uH0. TIpeanosarase acemn penta, sautGro pasns 10 6 vacd w wdsast naw6r0 pine na roms. Haunt ic ca end. Beano 16400, 3 utea, nfs, chro en i in Lay me vE Ee BE ey a lecrs ypox / Lesson 6 (cate parle wes ie. se) tsp Fr shove fas uk wm is) tee Ge) tere (pt) vee Gal) tae, ake wise sewsper tes elas one. ome arf ote Pasig someone py aeaion oe mings final Grete 80 atl) ‘0 asalne nine) 0 Gemini, ‘asc os an ie) Malo, aso day Pleased, ss ng esp euinip ‘Ber (one) ‘rcen mens Seon 2 hota orl unin orm) lesen {iti or Errore wes ‘mba: Wap web Kogan aoe Joan ow many of ws re ‘ter? seat me reve an Preserved, canes or Piztere etre, clase i. bs, vine a) ape eaves oon, soon « ‘Eepoon, eapooealmess, Sento (9 send) sont eee om LD 10 roe tapos! ape says ‘aa satan ects ypox / Lesson 6 See Cle) fom !on al ies fort hour eng 250 for ang tie 20 te tao of ie (lock iy 6 Gascaine nine) caer ‘fore 9 ‘acres / sew posit mponbe (coon) mmr ‘ipa Cem) meron 9 ar msm) Goren corn pene ‘pn (sm) enoonet rin — ‘ip 6 in L 29) ‘ol yim) na 3a ono aa ye ote (ol ed) time, instance wo a) “i ous os “ern nei sted cabbage or grape complet, nish sevesy sir 015 irae plow Fer uly te fe ghar yoqun and examber “ou ‘lec (Cookin ot et pee act thay Tee dsc nite) choot Es the movie 010 scholerm ypox / Lesson 6 si 6 in 7) eas saicr a 2 imeermcér or sy in 2 en hour + ace ‘gin smeria the fsa se pec + ‘imate toma low saeedcer snc ease ‘oan sea nL. 7) capt ‘serine or tony oe oe "ermpuncer semen oar (ascutine ‘ Ainperaive parle) ‘nite $uapanéc lero ome om mie spe ‘ute vacie econ) © ‘ete teple > a per (reget) © CULTURAL COMMENTARY ‘Geouraphy: Varna and Baek {Ouse ie no nn lies bv Bagh vs tog nether Bulgin rm Vara to Sofi ‘Yama, on te Blac Sea cons, ins major serps tur cee an ithe td are cy | Belgie” Bac (Bai) cml tof the no of Var. ‘Traveling: eating i rns Altough tee ae restaurantes ocean Burin tins, Bulgarians tend oto pone ‘tem. lesa travels ether come aie With fod, or bay stacks fom platform vendors ding ehcp ood and drink yeneral: kebaches: yogurt alge caine 2 peer Belkan one; casi I iar 0h found in rece and ‘Tork. Ghia ments snd sed vegetable isha ae faortes. In seu functon te Bulan {etubvie (retanye i rouglyequvalat fo te Westen habargr, The formal ferences ae tat the ground mest every move py, ard tha formed eo sll aap apes metals ‘ich ae ten ete galled op a skewer fed ‘olerian sem weno ically sow ik") is yout Youu! ss mainstay in Bulan tuisie, eis een lowe, served wit may dies, and ors the tas of oer ses, Suh te ‘old ogi sup called rapaop. Dalprin yoga i nou for highly i at the Lad ‘une af he yogurt clue acs Bugis. Yop en be ade Tom com's il, sheep’ dove from he ak ofthe water tl. ‘The laters aay ad hrforeconseed dey, Wight and measres ‘Balers mesure eh ia grams ad lous Co for sho). pound i oly ala il Spoons ae of thes ss The ages, eld maa io served wi es ad ‘owes the se of soupspoon. In recipes x eguvaln to ablespoon. The medmstaed one ‘alot mao, served wiht or Were fe. nds the ste Of rege spoon. ‘sige sega fo aapooe, The smalls cl ane sacra, rset Tach frees coffe Cooking hea, bo te oven an op the stave Me Tow", “media” and “hi 1201 jexpua wusfu we ensT] “tpdeu 9 omiyoa‘oumematooind 30 oF, “HIN=20q enpue azanafusn om OF HGH, uuionupgex enges im ey wfot{ ‘9 alguey sIREOOOT aude om aes jaugeedg ‘ump (onadocod 0) eae, -exeiahipgo% we ONIN aLEMLOW exewngioy{ “A6mDE L201 On p> ALUIG am ‘SUNMURSONE OH THON acge> wx stay compe rdsaou et mir WOES mek mf eet gmx “HUE EHV “UsahpgEM ISDH ih crcagua @ eM! MaD() “RLDMUPQON MIMO mE MENS p09 PTT =AMIOOR rexewmpawvods « 01g eupdou ox exesoniyg wx oxg jeL8Gys « ong{ joensuu HE ‘OMT EXPEL area ee, sngo7via wos / ods were‘Cems ypox / Lesson 7 BASIC GRAMMAR 7. Future tense ‘To form the future tense in Bulgarian, place the particle me (or the phrase ‘nwa. aa) before the present tense form. ‘The meaning of te fucure tense is asin English, “I will/won!t verb". Here are the affirmative and negative future ‘conjugations of the verb weré: FUTURE TENSE afirmatve negative Pe singulor ie wet ia na wee Pe singuar we sere. ‘Ma a cr-un singular we were ora na were Fplral ane were loa aa vero Pi plural me wer-ere ea 3. ere plural we. serae nda aa verte "The future marker (ate or msiwa 3a) does not change, but the verb following this form, shih is exactly equivalent to the present tense orm, must have the correct endings. “There are two diferent ways to form the fare tense of ent one cam add the future markers mye and wea za ether to the verb Gea, or to ene itself. Here are both possible conjugations of “to be” inthe affirmative future. To form the negative furure, replace ae with msiva na. The variant with gaa is somewhat more frequently used. FUTURE TENSE: “to be™ 2 singular Se eae 24 singular te ew 3 singular ie e plural se exe plural me cre 3 plural me. “The future tense refers to an action which has not yet occurred. Because speakers often envision such an action asa totality (Le, bounded), perfective verbs foceur very frequently in the future tense. Ifthe sense of boundedness is absent, 2

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