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Lecture17 Fully Diff Amps CMFB

The document discusses a lecture on fully differential amplifiers and common-mode feedback circuits. It begins with announcements about a preliminary report deadline and covers topics including basic operational transconductance amplifier topologies, fully differential circuits, effects of current source impedance and mismatches in fully differential filters, characterization of common-mode offsets, and the purpose and operation of common-mode feedback circuits to cancel output common-mode components and fix the DC outputs to the desired level. Diagrams and equations are provided to analyze common-mode stability and the feedback loop.

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mohamed
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295 views

Lecture17 Fully Diff Amps CMFB

The document discusses a lecture on fully differential amplifiers and common-mode feedback circuits. It begins with announcements about a preliminary report deadline and covers topics including basic operational transconductance amplifier topologies, fully differential circuits, effects of current source impedance and mismatches in fully differential filters, characterization of common-mode offsets, and the purpose and operation of common-mode feedback circuits to cancel output common-mode components and fix the DC outputs to the desired level. Diagrams and equations are provided to analyze common-mode stability and the feedback loop.

Uploaded by

mohamed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECEN474: (Analog) VLSI Circuit Design

Fall 2012
Lecture 17: Fully Differential Amplifiers & CMFB

Sam Palermo
Analog & Mixed-Signal Center
Texas A&M University

Announcements & Agenda


Preliminary report due 11/19
Fully differential circuits
Common-mode feedback circuits

TAMU-Elen-474

Jose Silva-Martinez-08

Basic Operational Transconductance Amplifier Topologies

vO
vI+

io
M1

M2

SINGLE-ENDED

vI-

vI-

M1

M2

v I+

vO
io

ITAIL

ITAIL
(a)

v O+

vI+

(b)

M1

M2

ITAIL

IB

v I-

vO-

v I+

vO +

M1

M2

ITAIL

IB

(c)

FULLY-DIFFERENTIAL
-3-

(d)

vI -

v O-

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Circuits
In general:
vin1

vo1

vo1 vo 2 vo1 + vo 2 vod


vo1 =
+
=
+ voc
2
2
2

- +
+vin2

vo 2 vo1 vo1 + vo 2
vod
vo 2 =
+
=
+ voc
2
2
2

vo2
Hence

v od A dd A dc v id
v = A

oc cd A cc v ic
Common-mode output

Differential-mode output

A dd =

v od
v id

A dc =
Vic =0

v od
v ic

Vid =0

A cd =

-4-

v oc
v id

A cc =
Vic =0

v oc
v ic

Vid =0

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Filters: Effects of current source inpedance and mismatches


vin1

vo1

A very important parameter:

- +
+vin2

CMRR =

A dd
A dc

vi 2 + vi1
w/ vid = vi 2 vi1 and vic =
2

vo2

Solving the circuit:


Example:
IB

IB

v02

v01
Z1

v1

v2
M1

M2

g m1 g m 2 Z1
v01 =
g m1 + g m 2 + Ys
Z2

v02 =

2IB

g m1 g m 2 Z 2
g m1 + g m 2 + Ys

Ys
Ys
vid
vic
1 +
gm2
2 g m 2

Ys
Ys

vic

v
1

id

g m1
2 g m1

Ys is the admittance associated with the current source 2IB

-5-

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Filters: Non-idealities


Voltage gain: Note the effects of the
mismatches, especially in Adc and Acd
IB

IB

v02

v01
Z1

v1

v2
M1

Add =

vo1 vo 2
vi 2 vi1

=
vic = 0

g m1 g m 2
g m1 + g m 2 + Ys

Ys
Z1 + Z 2 +
2

Z1
Z

+ 2
g m 2 g m1

Z2

M2
2IB

Adc =

vo1 vo 2
(vi 2 + vi1 ) 2 v

id

Z
g m1 1 + 1
A
Z2
CMRR = dd
Adc

g Z
Ys 1 m1 1
gm2 Z 2

Acd =

Acc =

vi 2 vi1

vic = 0

(vo 2 + vo1 ) 2
(vi 2 + vi1 ) 2 v

id

-6-

g m1 g m 2
g m1 + g m 2 + Ys

g m1 g m 2
Y
1
Z1 Z 2 + s
g m1 + g m 2 + Ys 2
2

=0

(vo 2 + vo1 ) 2

=
=0

Z2
Z1

Y
s
g
g
m 2
m1

Z1
Z

2
g m 2 g m1

g m1 g m 2
Z
1 Z 2
+ 1
Ys
g m1 + g m 2 + Ys 2 g m1 g m 2

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Circuits
Ideal voltage gain

ZF

vin1

vin2

Z1

Add =

Zf
v01 v02
=
vin 2 vin1
Z1

vo1

- +

Ideally even-order distortions are cancelled

+-

Ideally common-mode signals are rejected

Z1

ZF

vo2

What sets the output common-mode of these circuits?


Function of the amplifier output resistance
ZF

vin1

vin2

Z1

Z1

Common-mode offsets can impact the

vo1

- +

performance of the following stages

+-

Can exceed the common-mode input

ZF

range of preceeding stages

vo2
IB

With finite Acc can accumulate in a


multi-stage amplifier circuit

-7-

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Amplifiers: COMMON-MODE DC offset


If IB is positive transistors M3 eventually will be
biased in triode region (small resistance)
M3
IB+IB

dc gain reduces drastically

M3

Vb
Linear range is further minimized

IB+IB

v01

v02
v1
Z1

v2
M1

M1
2IB

Z1

THD increases
The common-mode output impedance is the
parallel of the equivalent output resistance (M1 and
M3) and the parasitic capacitors.
For large dc gain, the output impedance at nodes
v01 and v02 are further increased and IB produces
a dc offset = RoutIB.
Large common-mode offsets!
How can this issue be fixed?
-8-

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Amplifiers: Characterization


Common-mode current offset of 0.01 mA
per side is added on purpose
Tail current is 0.5 mA while the current
sources on top are 0.26 mA!
Differential input voltage is set at 0

-9-

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Amplifiers: Characterization

Offset current is integrated, and output


voltage moves upstairs and reach steady
state when the current sources on top
become equal to 0.25 mA!
Differential input voltage is set at 0

- 10 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Amplifiers: Common-mode Feedback

Adder

CM-Feedback

Gcmf=100 A/V.
If the current offset is 10 A, then the
offset voltage needed for compensation is
100 mV.
Expected DC outputs after settling are
100 mV.
- 11 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Amplifiers: Common-mode Feedback

Gcmf=100 A/V.
If the current offset is 10 A, then the
offset voltage needed for compensation is
100 mV.
Expected DC outputs after settling are
100 mV.
If necessary to reduce this 100mV offset
further, then use a larger Gcmf

- 12 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

What is a common-mode feed-back


correction circuit ?
A common mode feed-back circuit is a
circuit sensing the common-mode voltage,
comparing it with a proper reference, and
feeding back the correcting common-mode
signal (both nodes of the fully-differential
circuit) with the purpose to cancel the
output common-mode current component,
and to fix the dc outputs to the desired level.

- 13 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Filters: CMFB Principle


A common-mode feedback loop must be used:
Circuit must operate on the common-mode
signals only!

ZF
Z1

vin1

vo1

BASIC IDEA: CMFB is a circuit with very


small impedance for the common-mode signals
but transparent for the differential signals.

- +
+Z1

vin2

ZF

vo2

Use a common-mode detector (eliminates the


effect of differential signals and detect commonmode signals)

Simplest common-mode detector


vcm

vo1

vo2

v cm =

v 01 + v 02
2

Analyze the common-mode feedback loop:


Large transconductance gain and enough phase
margin
Minimum power consumption

- 14 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

CMFB Principles: Analysis of the loop for common-mode signals only


Analysis for common-mode noise; for instance noise
due to power supplies:
io1=io2=icm_noise

icm_noise

(1/2)

vocm -

The two outputs can be connected together for the


analysis of the CMFB loop!

Gm_fb

Vref
(define the
commonmode level)

icm_noise

BASIC CONCEPTS:

Effect of common-mode noise:


1
Zcm=

vcm_noise = icm_noise/Gm-fb

gm

common-mode voltage variations


vcm_noise=icm_noise/Gm_fb !!

icm_noise

The common-mode input noise is converted into a


common-mode voltage (common-mode voltage
noise) by the common-mode transconductance of the
CMFB =1/Gm_fb.

Gm_fb

The larger Gm_fb the smaller the effects


of the common-mode noise!

vref

- 15 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Filters: CMFB


M3

M3
IB

v01

IB

v1
Z1

Control
CMFB Characteristics:

v02

Transconductance gain=gm2/2
mirror in CMFB OTA)

v2
M1

M1

(no PMOS

dominant pole at the output

Z1

At least 2 additional poles in the loop

2IB

Zcm reduces the OTA dc gain, affecting the


differential gain
Zcm

Zcm

M3

Vcm

M2

M3

NOTE THAT Vcm IS FORCED TO BE


AROUND THE GROUND LEVEL.

GND

DC OFFSET VOLTAGE IS
AROUND 2*Ioff/gm2

M2
2IB

CMFB
- 16 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Filters: CMFB

2M3
voc

CMFB Characteristics:

i3

Loop
DC Transconductance gain=gm2/2

0.5 Z1

2M1

Loop gain (ignoring poles)

g Z
Z
g 1
( 2 g m 3 ) 1 = m 2 1
m 2
2
2
2 g m 3

Zcurrent_sourc
e

dominant pole at the output


At least 2 additional poles in the loop

0.5Zcm

M3

M3

DC OFFSET IS AROUND 2Ioff/gm2


GND

Vcm

M2

M2
2IB

CMFB
- 17 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Filters: CMFB Principles


Can be removed
for CMFB
analysis
M3
IB

v01

IB

v1
Z1

Common-mode stability: DC gain and


most relevant poles

M3
v02

1 pole at vcm (1/RC)


1 pole at gate of M3 (gm3/CP3)
1 pole at the output (g01/C1)

v2
M1

M1

Z1

dc gain = 0.5 gm2R01

Dominant pole

2IB

Zcm

GBW

Zcm

M3

M3

Vcm

First non-dominant
pole

ground

M2

M2
2IB
CMFB
- 18 -

Be sure phase margin > 45

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

OPAMP
Mp
IB(vC)

IB(vC)
R

v1

v01

R
vC
v2

Mp

v02

v1

Mp

Mp

CL

.
.

v2
Mn

2IB

CMFB

Mn

CL

AC
GND
vC

Mcm

Mcm

2IB
2IB

(a)

(b)

Fig. 3 Common-mode feedback basic circuit concept. (a) Basic common-mode


detector, (b) A CMOS CMFB Implementation.
Notice that the resistors R reduce the differential gain!

- 19 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Amplifiers: Common-mode pulse


Differential Time Constant=5K*10P=50nsecs

A pulsed current is added to the tail


current (common-mode pulse)
This current must be absorbed by the
CMFB
Differential feedback does not reduce
common-mode offsets and noise.

- 20 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Amplifiers with CMFB


Differential input signals only
Settling time

Single-ended outputs

Seems to be that the system


is working fine, isnt it?
- 21 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Amplifiers with CMFB


Differential input signals + common-mode pulses

Single-ended outputs

- 22 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Amplifiers with CMFB


Differential input signals + common-mode pulses
Common-mode output
True pulse response of the CMFB
Evidently PM<45 degrees
GBW ~ 1/0.8us=1.2 MHz
DC-CMFB resistance ~ 10mV/Ioffset

- 23 -

TAMU-ECEN-474

Jose Silva-Martinez_08

Fully-Differential Filters: Adding buffers to handle the resistive CM-detector

v01

The stability conditions are exactly the


same for OTAs and OPAMPs:

M3

M3
IB

IB

Z1

v02
1 pole at vcm (1/RC)
1 pole at gate of M3 (gm3/CP3)
1 pole at the output (g01/C1)
In OPAMPs you can use resistors as
common-mode detector due to the presence
of the output buffers
dc gain = 0.5gm2R01

Z1
M1

M1
2IB

Zcm

Dominant pole

Zcm

M3

M3

GBW
Vcm

ground

M2

M2
2IB
CMFB
- 24 -

First non-dominant
pole

Isolated Common-Mode Sensing


Source-Followers
isolate the loading of
the common-mode
sensor resistors

[Gray]

Need to have a
replica source
follower to set the
appropriate reference
level for the CMFB
amplifier

25

Two Differential Pair CM Sensor

[Gray]
I cms = I 20 + g m 22 (Voc VCM )
Gcmf = g m 22
26

CMFB w/ Triode Devices


in Tail Current Source

[Razavi]

27

Next Time
OTA CMFB Examples
Output Stages

28

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