ROTC HANDOUTS

(FINAL EXAMINATION)

CORRESPONDENCE

CORRESPONDENCE - A written communication which conveys information

and ideas to the readers or addressee. In this process, rapport is established
between the writer and the reader.
MILITARY CORRESPONDENCE - a military communication that concerns
almost every subject composed mostly of letters, endorsements and
messages.
Accuracy figures cited in a letter must be a factual. The sincerity of the
purpose is based on the statement of true facts.
Brevity Letter must be brief, (kept short as possible but must contain
importance details prepared in logical) leaving no suspense for the mind to
imagine.
Clarity denotes easy understanding, the words are simple and common to
the reader. Lengthy correspondence confuses and makes the writer, as well
as the reader, lose track of the substance of the letter. At times it is too short
or telegraphic that the idea being conveyed is not well understood.
Dignity A letter must command respect and should reflect authority. It is
wise to let the reader picture a pleasant, cheerful and courteous writer.

Policies pertaining to Communications

Personal contact or through telephone, E-mail and facsimile

Mail is preferable than electrical means by way of telephone, long distance
call and radios
Direct communication
Routing through channels
Prompt reply
Revealing contents
One Side of the Paper
Two copies are prepared
Use of colored ink

Kinds of Military Correspondence

Subject to Letter It is the accepted format in corresponding with other

commands both on and off the post, addressed to the commander of higher
headquarters or to the subordinate units.
Endorsement Letter is a reply or a forwarding statement added to a
military letter. It is a correspondence and its not withdrawn from the basic
communication to which it is appended.
Routing Slip The principal purpose of a routing slip is to transmit papers
from office to office within a headquarters, or from a section within an office.
It is never used to forward papers to an office outside a headquarters.
Disposition Form It is the type of correspondence which may be used
between agencies of the secretary of national defense with the Chief of Staff,
AFP and from him to any agency in the agency in the DND.

Summary DF It is a staff paper used to secure the commanders approval

of recommended actions. It is prepared on a DF form and follows the basic
rules in the preparation of a DF.
Memorandum To be used only by the CSAFP, VCSAFP, TDCSAFP and SJS (in
behalf of the Top3) in communicating to/with the Staff.
Radio Message A message is a thought or idea, expressed in brief,
in plain or secret language and prepared in a form suitable for
transmission by any means of communications.

FIRST AID
What is FIRST AID?
- It is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly
taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not
available or delayed.
OBJECTIVES of First Aid:
To alleviate suffering
To prevent added/further injury or danger
To prolong life
Not to compete with medical practitioner
NEED & VALUE of First Aid:
To minimize if not totally prevent accident.
To prevent added injury or danger.
Accident happens and sudden illnesses are common and often serious.
People very often do harm rather than help.
Proper and immediate care is necessary to save life.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER:
GENTLE - First Aider should not cause pain.
RESOURCEFUL - First Aider should make the best use of things at hand.
OBSERVANT - First Aider should notice all signs.
TACTFUL - First Aider should not scare the victim.
EMPATHETIC - First Aider should be comforting.
RESPECTFUL - First Aider should maintain a professional & caring attitude.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE FIRST AIDER:
Bridge the gap between the victim and the physician. It is not intended to
compete with, nor take the place of the services of the physician. It ends
when the services of a physician begin.
Ensure the safety of himself/herself and that of the bystanders.
Gain access to the victim.
Determine any threats to patients life.
Call advanced medical care as needed.
Provide needed care for the patient.
Assist advanced personnel.
Record all finding and care given to the patient.
HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AID:
Unfavourable Surroundings
The presence of crowds
Pressure from Victim or Relatives
Uncertainty About the Casualty
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 Nature of the Injury or Illness

Fear of Disease Transmission
Afraid to commit mistake
Dont know exactly what to do
WHEN TO STOP GIVING FIRST AID
You see a sign of life, such as breathing
EMS personnel take over
You are too exhausted to continue
The scene becomes unsafe
The patient is dead

Awareness in Danger

Environment Danger A danger in the surroundings, such as falling

masonry, broken glass, fast vehicles or chemicals.
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES
Direct Contact Results from touching a person and/or body fluids.
Indirect Contact Occurs when a person touches objects that have
been contaminated by the blood or other body fluids of an infected
person.
Airborne Occurs when a person inhales infected droplets that have
become airborne as an infected person coughs or sneezes.
Vector Occurs when an animal such as a dog or an insect, such as
tick or mosquito, transmits a pathogen into the body through a bite.

BASIC PRECAUTIONS AND PRACTICES

DOs
Have your personal hygiene/ protective equipment and equipment for
cleaning and disinfecting.
Obtain consent, when possible.
Call or send help.
Identify yourself to the victim.
Provide comfort and emotional support.
Respect the victim modesty and physical privacy.
Care for the most serious injuries.
Keep onlookers away from the injured person.
Do care for the most serious injuries first.
DONTs
Do not let the victim see his/her injury.
Do not leave the victim alone except to get help.
Do not assume that the victims obvious injuries are the only one.
Do not make any unrealistic promises.
Do not trust the judgment of the confused victim.
DONT position a victim on his back, if he/she is unconscious or the wound on
his/her face or neck.
Dont remove clothing from an injured victim by pulling or tearing it off.
Dont touch or try to clean dirty wounds, including burns, but you can clean
beside the wound.
Dont remove dressing and bandages once they have been put on a wound.
Dont move a victim who has a fracture until it has been properly splinted,
unless it is absolutely necessary.
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Dont try to push protruding intestine or brain tissue back into a wound.
Dont administer first aid measures which are unnecessary or beyond your
ability.

ARMY UNIFORM
FORMAL DRESS
Army Mess Jacket
Army White Duck
SEMI FORMAL DRESS
Army Service Blouse
Army Bush Coat
General Office Uniform
Battle Dress Uniform
Athletic Uniform
OTHER UNIFORM
Army Black Uniform
Combat Vehicle Crewman
Military Police Uniform
Army Gala Green
Army Gala Rayadillo Uniform

BASIS OF ARMY LEADERSHIP

LEADERSHIP- is the lifeblood of the Philippine Army. Due to the personal and
physical nature of ground operations, leadership is the most dynamic and
essential element of land combat power.
- a military leader is governed by certain ethical standards.
- to internalize this, it is important to return to the fundamentals to
re -emphasize the Philippine Army Core Values.
Core values are:
HONOUR
PATRIOTISM &
DUTY
The Philippine Army two-tiered leadership framework to achieve its goals
of force readiness and versatility, namely:
Leadership development
Leadership in practice
Leadership Development is a long-term and continuing program which
rests on three pillars, namely:
1. Formal education
2. Professional experience
3. Self-development
Leadership in Practice - requires you as the Army leader to imbibe the BE-KNOWDO framework.
Three key action words that explain what Army leadership is all about,
namely:
a. Influencing
- Purpose
- Direction
- Motivation
b. Operating
c. Improving
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Three parameters for defining Army leadership roles, namely:

1. Leader-follower relationship
2. Mission requirements
3. Expanded responsibilities

11 LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES
1. Know Yourself and Seek Self -Improvement.
2. Be Technically and Tactically Proficient.
3. Seek Responsibility and take Responsibility for your actions.
4. Make Sound and Timely Decisions.
5. Set the Example.
6. Know Your Soldiers and Look Into Their Well -Being.
7. Keep your Subordinates Informed.
8. Develop a Sense of Responsibility in Your Subordinates.
9. Ensure that the Task is Understood, Supervised, and accomplished.
10.Build the Team.
11.Employ the Unit in Accordance with its Capabilities.
Leadership training is constantly purposive, responsive and calibrated skills
enhancement according to level, increasing complexity, and specialization of his
functions.
Contributing to Institutional Support.
Continuous immersion in the soldier's perspective
Continuing awareness and support for leadership training
Continuous reinforcement of the organizational imperatives
Doctrine and Policy
Manifesting interest
Being constantly aware of trends
Innovating in accord with the times
Exploring other options
Contributing to doctrine and policy
Strengthening the Human Factor in Organizational Competencies
Personal improvement of the leader tops the list
Following the Chain of Command
Acknowledging the importance of the NCO Support
Channel
Integrating Leadership Development with Leadership in Practice by
Encouraging Initiative and
Innovation in the Unit:
1.)A High Level of Awareness of Military Duty
Team Enhancement
Understanding the Human Component
Communicating the Military Value System to the Civilian Populace
2.)Unity, Cohesion and Identity with the Chain of Command
3.)Projecting a Coherent Organizational Outlook
Stress/Emphasize with his responsibilities
Stress the AFP Code of Ethics
Clarify any policies and regulations
Impress upon the young leader the importance of developing attitudes
Allow him to question the status quo and provide concrete alternatives
4.) Initiative and Innovation as Tools of the Future.
Giving the men personal attention
Early and with prudence
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 Giving the rationale

Prompting them to achieve
Giving them enough opportunities for developing leadership skills
Giving the proper perspective, especially the context
Expose them to the civilian way of life
5.) Promoting Military Leadership Development as a Policy.
6.) Orienting the Military towards a Leadership Culture.
Since leadership development is a process that involves both the leader
and the potential leader, both equally benefit. The leader further improves
his craft as he himself develops the potential in others.

The culture to be fostered is therefore:

Knowledge of the Profession

Decisiveness
Force and Aggressiveness
Knowledge of Filipinos in General and Your Men in Particular
Tact
Energy
Loyalty
Initiative and Enthusiasm
Humanity
The Leader's Appearance with Dignity in Bearing
Moral and Physical Courage

Developmental Role of a Leader

Character Someones Personality; The way someone thinks, feels, and

behaves.
Belief A feeling that something is good, right, or valuable.
Ethics Rules of behaviour based on ideas about what is morally good or
bad.
BELIEF
Soldiers often fight and win against tremendous odds when they are
convinced of the beliefs for which they are fighting. Commitment to
such beliefs as justice, liberty and freedom can be essential ingredients
in creating and sustaining their will to fight and prevail.
ETHICS
General Ways to Determine the Right Thing:
Intuition
Established standards of excellence (Virtues)
Greatest good for greatest number
Duty to others
Care for others
Professional standards (e.g., Army Values, Law of Land Warfare)
CHARACTER - Values and beliefs are central to your character. Beliefs matter
because they help you understand your experiences. Those experiences
provide a starting point for what to do in everyday situations. Beliefs are
convictions you hold as true. Values are deep seated personal beliefs that
shape your behaviour.
I AM A FILIPINO SOLDIER. I will support and defend the Constitution of the
Republic of the Philippines.
I AM A FILIPINO SOLDIER. I will fight all forces that would destroy the freedom
and independence of the Filipino people
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I AM A FILIPINO SOLDIER. I will obey the laws, legal orders and decrees of my
lawful superiors at all times.
I AM A FILIPINO SOLDIER. I will uphold the supremacy of the civilian authority
over the military in war and in peace.
I AM A FILIPINO SOLDIER. I will live and die in the true Filipino tradition of valor
and honor, duty and loyalty
TO ALL THESE, I PLEDGE MY LIFE MY TREASURE AND MY SACRED HONOR.
OATH OF ENLISTMENT/COMMISSION
Section 5.1, Article XVI of the Constitution states All members of the Armed
Forces shall take an oath or affirmation to uphold and defend this constitution.
An oath or affirmation that an Enlisted Personnel and Commission Officers of the
Armed Forces of the Philippines takes before undertaking the duties and
responsibilities bestowed upon him as member of the AFP.
Self-imposed obligations
I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the
Republic of the Philippines
I will serve it honestly and faithfully against all its enemies whomsoever
I will support and defend the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippine
I will obey the orders of the President of the Republic of the Philippines, and the
orders of the officers appointed over me, according to the rules and articles of war
I imposed this obligation upon myself, without mental reservation or purpose of
evasion.

MAP READING
Is the knowledge and skills necessary to interpret correctly & efficiently
map information.
Map is a graphical representation of the earths surface drawn to scale as seen
from above
Man-made and natural features are depicted by symbols; lines, colors, and
forms
How to read a Map?
READ RIGHT UP then
How to orient a Map?
A map is oriented when in a horizontal position; its north and all map lines are
parallel to their corresponding lines on the ground. A map user oriented when he
knows his position in the oriented map.
a. Orientation By Compass
b. Orientation By Inspection

CATEGORIES AND USES OF MILITARY MAPS

SCALE expressed as fraction and gives the ratio of map distance to ground
distances.
Small scale maps at scale of 1:600,000 and smaller are used for general
planning and for strategically studies at the high echelons
Medium scale larger than 1:600,000 but smaller than 1:75,000 are
used for planning operations, including the movement and concentration of
troops and supplies
Larger scale 1:75:000 and larger are used to meet tactical,
technical and administrative needs of field units
TYPES OF MAP
1. Planimetric Map present only the horizontal position of the features
represented
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2. Topographic Map portrays terrain feature, as well as the horizontal

positions of the feature represented
3. Photomap reproduction of an aerial photograph upon which gridlines,
marginal data, place name, route numbers, important elevations,
boundaries and approx. scale and direction had been added
4. Terrain model large-scale model showing industrial & cultural shape (3D)
5. Photomosaic is an assembly of aerial photographs that is commonly
called a mosaic in topographic usage; used when time doesnt permit the
compilation of a more accurate map
6. Military City/Street Maps is a topographic map, usually 1:12,500 scale of
a city, delineating streets and showing street names, importance that are
compatible with the scale of the map
7. Plastic Relief Map
8. Plastic Relief Photomap
9. Special Maps maps for special purposes, such as traffic ability,
communication and assault map
10.
Joint Operations Graphic series of 1:250,000 scale military maps
designed for joint ground and air operations

MARGINAL INFORMATION

1. Sheet Name found in two places: center of the upper margin & either the
right or left side of the lower margin. Whenever possible, the name of the
largest City on the map is used.
2. Sheet Number found in two places: upper right margin & lower left
margin; used as reference number of a map sheet
3. Series Name found in the upper left margin of the map.
4. Scale found in the upper left margin after the series name & in the center
of the lower margin
5. Series Number found in the upper right margin & in the lower left margin
of the map
6. Edition Number found in the upper margin & lower left margin;
represents the age of a map in the relation of the other editions of the same
map & the agency responsible for its reproduction
7. Index to Boundaries appears in the lower or right margin; it identifies the
map sheet surrounding the maps.
8. Index to Adjoining Sheets appears in the lower margin. It identifies the
map sheet surrounding the maps; usually contains 9 rectangles but the
number may vary depending on the locations of the adjoining sheets.
9. Elevation Guide provide the map readers with a means of rapid
recognitions of major land forms
10.
Declination Diagram located in the lower margin; indicates the
angular relationships of true north, grid north and magnetic north
11.
Bar Scale located in the center of the lower margin. They are rulers
used to convert map distance to ground distance.
12.Contour Interval Note found in the center of the lower margin
normally below the bar scale; it states the vertical distance between adjacent
contour lines on the map
13.Spheroid Note located at the center of the margin; indicates the
spheroid on which the margin is based
14.
Grid Note gives information pertaining on the grid system used,
the interval of grid lines and the number of digits omitted from the grid
values
15.
Projection Notes located in the center of the lower margin;
frameworks of the maps.
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16.Vertical Datum Note located in the center of the lower margin; any
level surface taken as surface reference from which to reckon elevation.
17.
Horizontal Datum Note located in the center of the lower
margin; geodetic reference point of which 5 quantities are known: Latitude,
Longitude, Azimuth & 2 constants
18.Control Note located in the center of the lower margin; indicate the
special agencies involved in the control of the technical aspects of all
information that is disseminated on the map.
19.Preparation Note located in the center of the lower margin;
indicates the agencies responsible for preparing the map.
20.Printing Note indicates the agency responsible for printing the map &
date the map was printed.
21.
Grid Reference Box located in the center of the lower margin;
contains instructions for composing a grid reference.
22.Unit Imprint & Symbol located in the left side of the lower margin;
identifies the agency that prepared and printed the map with the respective
symbols.
23.Legend located in the lower left margin; illustrates and identifies the
topographic symbols used in the map
AZIMUTH horizontal angle measured from a north base line; angle measured
clockwise from north or south reference meridian/line; ranges from 0 to 360
1. Forward Azimuth (FA) military azimuth are horizontal angles
measured clockwise from magnetic, true or grid north base line
2. Back Azimuth (BA) simply the azimuth of line viewed backward. The BAz
of a line is its FAz plus 180 degrees, or if this sum is greater than 180
degrees, the BAz is the FAz minus 180 degrees.
BEARING express a direction as an angle measured east or west from a north
or south reference line; it does not exceed 90

TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP SYMBOLS AND COLORS

a. Black the majority cultural or manmade features such as buildings

b. Blue water features such as lakes, rivers and swamps
c. Green vegetation with military significance such as woods, orchards &
vineyards
d. Brown represent all relief features such as contours
e. Red represents main roads, built-up areas and special features

MILITARY COLORS:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Green Engineering
Red Enemy
Yellow Contaminated Areas
Blue Friendly Forces

GRID COORDINATES
IMAGE FOR 4 DIGITS GRID COORDINATES

IMAGE FOR 6 DIGITS GRID COORDINATES

IMAGE FOR 8 DIGITS GRID COORDINATES

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Army rank and insignias

PRIVATE

PRIVATE FIRST
CLASS

STAFF SERGEANT

TECHNICAL
SEARGENT

CHIEF MASTER
SERGEANT

MAJOR

MAJOR GENERAL

CORPORAL

SERGEANT

MASTER SERGEANT

SENIOR MASTER
SERGEANT

1ST LEUITENANT

CAPTAIN

LEUITENANT
COLONEL

COLONEL

BRIGAIDER
GENERAL

LEUITENANT
GENERAL

GENERAL

2ND LEUITENANT

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