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Ay"+ By' + Cy : (A) Basic Rule Term in Choice For 2e

This document outlines the method of undetermined coefficients for solving nonhomogeneous second-order linear differential equations. It provides the basic rules for choosing a trial function based on the terms in the nonhomogeneous part of the equation. If the term is of the form ke^λx, the trial function is Ce^λx. If the term is of the form kx^n, the trial function is a polynomial of degree n. Modifications to the trial function are needed if λ is a root of the characteristic equation.

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Jackson Teoh
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34 views4 pages

Ay"+ By' + Cy : (A) Basic Rule Term in Choice For 2e

This document outlines the method of undetermined coefficients for solving nonhomogeneous second-order linear differential equations. It provides the basic rules for choosing a trial function based on the terms in the nonhomogeneous part of the equation. If the term is of the form ke^λx, the trial function is Ce^λx. If the term is of the form kx^n, the trial function is a polynomial of degree n. Modifications to the trial function are needed if λ is a root of the characteristic equation.

Uploaded by

Jackson Teoh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ay+ by + cy = r (x)

(Nonhomogeneous)

Solution of Method of Undetermined Coefficients


(a) Basic Rule
Term in r (x)
kex
Example: 2e3x
kxn (n = 0, 1,)
Example: 3x2
k cos x
k sin x
Example: 3 cos 2x
kex cos x
kex sin x
Example: 5e2xsin 3x

Choice for yp
Cex
Sol: Ce3x
K0 xn+ K1 xn-1+.+ Kn-1x + Kn
Sol: Ax2 + Bx + C
K cos x + M sin x
Sol: A cos 2x + B sin 2x
ex (K cos x + M sin x)
Sol: e2x (A cos 3x + B sin 3x)

Second Order Nonhomogeneous Equations


Solution of Undetermined Coefficients
(a) Basic Rule (continued)
Term in r (x)

Choice for yp

kxnex
(n = 0, 1,)

(K0 xn+ K1 xn-1+.+ Kn-1x + Kn) ex

Example: 4x3e2x

kxn cos x
kxn sin x

Sol: (Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D)e2x


(K0 xn+ K1 xn-1+.+ Kn-1x + Kn) cos x
+ (M0xn + M1 xn-1+.+ Mn-1x + Mn ) sin x

Example: 5x cos2x Sol: (Ax + B )cos 2x + (Dx + E )sin 2x

(b) Modification Rule: ay+ by + cy = r (x)


If yp is a solution of the homogenous equation (yh), multiply yp by
xk, where k is the smallest +ve integer.
If r(x) has a term
And if
that
yh= complementary function

Exa: 2ex

is not a root of characteristic


equation Exa: c1e2x+ c2e3x
is a single root of characteristic
equation Exa: c1ex+ c2e3x
is a double root of characteristic
equation (Repeated real roots)
Exa: c1ex+ c2xex

kx2
Exa: 2x2

is not a root of characteristic


equation Exa: c1e2x+ c2e3x
is a single root of characteristic
Exa: c1e2x+ c2
equation
is a double root of characteristic
equation
Exa: c1+ c2x

Then include this expression


in trial functions of yp

Ce x

Exa: Cex

x Exa: Cxex
Cxe

Cx 2ex
Ax 2 Bx C

Ax3 Bx 2 Cx

Ax 4 Bx3 Cx 2

(b) Modification Rule: y+ p (x) y + q (x) y = r (x)


If yp is a solution of the homogenous equation (yh), multiply yp by xk,
where k is the smallest +ve integer.
If r(x) has a
term that
sin kx, cos kx

Example:
4sin2x

And if
yh= complementary function
is not a root of characteristic
equation

Ex: c1ex+ c2e2x


is a single root of characteristic
equation

Exa: c1sin2x+c2cos2x
xsin kx, xcos kx

Example:
x cos2x

is not a root of characteristic


equation

Ex: c1e-x+ c2e3x


is a single root of characteristic
equation

Exa: c1sin2x+c2cos2x

Then include this expression


in trial functions of yp

A sin kx B cos kx
Exa : A sin 2 x B cos 2 x

Ax sin kx Bx cos kx
Ex : Ax sin 2x Bx cos 2x
Exa:
(Ax+B)sin2x+(Cx+D)cos2x
Ex: (Ax2+Bx)sin2x+
(Cx2+Dx)cos2x

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