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7 Basic QC Tools
The Seven Basic Tools of Quality is a designation given to a fixed set of graphical
techniques identified as being most helpful in troubleshooting issues related to quality They
are called basic because they are suitable for people with little formal training in statistics
and because they can be used to solve the vast majority of quality-related issues
Seven QC tools are fundamental instruments to improve the quality of the product. They
are used to analyze the production process, identify the major problems, control
fluctuations of product quality, and provide solutions to avoid future defects. Statistical
literacy is necessary to effectively use the seven QC tools. These tools use statistical
techniques and knowledge to accumulate data and analyze them.
Seven QC tools are utilized to organize the collected data in a way that is easy to
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understand and analyze. Moreover, from using the seven QC tools, any specific problems
in a process are identified.
The tools are
1. The

check sheet

- is used to easily collect data. Decision-making and actions are taken

from the data.

2. The cause-and-effect (a.k.a., "fishbone" or

Ishikawa diagram)

- (Fishbone Diagram) is

used to figure out any possible causes of a problem. After the major causes are
known, we can solve the problem accurately.
3. The

control chart

- provides control limits which are generally three standard deviations

above and below average, whether or not our process is in control.

4. The

histogram

- shows a bar chart of accumulated data and provides the easiest way

to evaluate the distribution of data.

5. The Pareto chart - is used to define problems, to set their priority, to illustrate the
problems detected, and determine their frequency in the process
6. The scatter diagram - is a graphical tool that plots many data points and shows a
pattern of correlation between two variables.
7. Stratification (alternately flow chart or run chart) - shows the process step by step and can
sometimes identify an unnecessary procedure.
Statistical methods are effective tools for improving the production process and reducing
its defects. However, you must keep in mind that statistical tools are just tools; they
would not work, if used inadequately, where it is mandatory to have a formal training. 7 QC
Tools provide right approach for any kind of improvement activity or problem solving.
These tools lend objectivity & accuracy to observation and decision making. For each of
the 7 BASIC QC TOOLS the followings topics are covered during the training
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program.
Description of the tool
When to use the tool (application)
Procedure to apply the tool
Interpretation tips for the tool
Examples/Case study of application
Exercises to support learning

EXPLANNATION ON FEW TOOLS

1. Check Sheet
- Also called: defect concentration diagram

Description
- A check sheet is a structured, prepared form for collecting and analyzing data. This is a
generic tool that can be adapted for a wide variety of purposes.

When to Use a Check Sheet

When data can be observed and collected repeatedly by the same person or at the
same location.
When collecting data on the frequency or patterns of events, problems, defects,
defect location, defect causes, etc.
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When collecting data from a production process.

Check Sheet Procedure

Decide what event or problem will be observed. Develop operational definitions.
Decide when data will be collected and for how long.
Design the form. Set it up so that data can be recorded simply by making check
marks or Xs or similar symbols and so that data do not have to be recopied for
analysis. Label all spaces on the form.
Test the check sheet for a short trial period to be sure it collects the appropriate data
and is easy to use.
Each time the targeted event or problem occurs, record data on the check sheet.

Check Sheet Example

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Check Sheet Example

2. Fishbone Diagram
- Also Called: Cause-and-Effect Diagram, Ishikawa Diagram Variations: cause enumeration
diagram, process fishbone, time-delay fishbone, CEDAC (cause-and-effect diagram with
the addition of cards), desired-result fishbone, reverse fishbone diagram

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Description The fishbone diagram identifies many possible causes for an effect or problem. It can be
used to structure a brainstorming session. It immediately sorts ideas into useful
categories.

When to Use a Fishbone Diagram

When identifying possible causes for a problem. Especially when a teams thinking
tends to fall into ruts.

Fishbone Diagram Procedure Materials needed: flipchart or whiteboard, marking pens

Agree on a problem statement (effect). Write it at the centre right of the flipchart or
whiteboard. Draw a box around it and draw a horizontal arrow running to it. Brainstorm
the major categories of causes of the problem. If this is difficult use generic headings:
Methods
Machines (equipment)
People (manpower)
Materials
Measurement
Management, Environment etc,
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Procedure
Write the categories of causes as branches from the main arrow.
Brainstorm all the possible causes of the problem. Ask: Why does this happen? As
each idea is given, the facilitator writes it as a branch from the appropriate category.
Causes can be written in several places if they relate to several categories.
Again ask why does this happen? about each cause. Write sub causes branching off
the causes. Continue to ask Why? and generate deeper levels of causes. Layers of
branches indicate causal relationships.
When the group runs out of ideas, focus attention to places on the chart where
ideas are few.

Fishbone Diagram Example

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3. Control Chart
Description
The control chart is a graph used to study how a process changes over time. Data are
plotted in time order. A control chart always has a central line for the average, an upper
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plotted in time order. A control chart always has a central line for the average, an upper
line for the upper control limit and a lower line for the lower control limit. These lines are
determined from historical data. By comparing current data to these lines, you can draw
conclusions about whether the process variation is consistent (in control) or is
unpredictable (out of control, affected by special causes of variation).
Control charts for variable data are used in pairs. The top chart monitors the average, or
the centering of the distribution of data from the process. The bottom chart monitors the
range, or the width of the distribution. If your data were shots in target practice, the
average is where the shots are clustering, and the range is how tightly they are clustered.
Control charts for attribute data are used singly.

When to Use a Control Chart

When controlling ongoing processes by finding and correcting problems as they
occur.
When predicting the expected range of outcomes from a process.
When determining whether a process is stable (in statistical control).
When analyzing patterns of process variation from special causes (non-routine
events) or common causes (built into the process).
When determining whether your quality improvement project should aim to prevent
specific problems or to make fundamental changes to the process.

4. Histogram
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Description A frequency distribution shows how often each different value in a set of data occurs. A
histogram is the most commonly used graph to show frequency distributions. It looks very
much like a bar chart, but there are important differences between them.

When to Use a Histogram

When the data are numerical.
When you want to see the shape of the datas distribution, especially when
determining whether the output of a process is distributed approximately normally.
When analyzing whether a process can meet the customers requirements.
When analyzing what the output from a suppliers process looks like.
When seeing whether a process change has occurred from one time period to
another.
When determining whether the outputs of two or more processes are different.
When you wish to communicate the distribution of data quickly and easily to others.

5. Pareto Chart
Also called: Pareto diagram, Pareto analysis Variations: weighted Pareto chart, comparative
Pareto charts

Description A Pareto chart is a bar graph. The lengths of the bars represent frequency or cost (time or
money), and are arranged with longest bars on the left and the shortest to the right. In
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this way the chart visually depicts which situations are more significant.

When to Use a Pareto Chart

When analyzing data about the frequency of problems or causes in a process.
When there are many problems or causes and you want to focus on the most
significant.
When analyzing broad causes by looking at their specific components.
When communicating with others about your data.

6. Scatter Diagram
Also called: scatter plot, XY graph

Description The scatter diagram graphs pairs of numerical data, with one variable on each axis, to look
for a relationship between them. If the variables are correlated, the points will fall along a
line or curve. The better the correlation, the tighter the points will hug the line.

When to Use a Scatter Diagram

When you have paired numerical data.
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When your dependent variable may have multiple values for each value of your
independent variable.
When trying to determine whether the two variables are related, such as
When trying to identify potential root causes of problems.
After brainstorming causes and effects using a fishbone diagram, to determine
objectively whether aparticular cause and effect are related.
When determining whether two effects that appear to be related both occur
with the same cause.
When testing for autocorrelation before constructing a control chart.

7. Stratification

Description
Stratification is a technique used in combination with other data analysis tools. When data
from a variety of sources or categories have been lumped together, the meaning of the
data can be impossible to see. This technique separates the data so that patterns can be
seen.

When to Use Stratification

Before collecting data.
When data come from several sources or conditions, such as shifts, days of the
week, suppliers or population groups.
When data analysis may require separating different sources or conditions.
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Quality Foundation
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+919831350433 Email Id: [email protected] , [email protected] Bhubhaneswar
Office 240/15B, Lane-8, Aerodrum Area, Bhubhaneswar 751020 M 9438820572
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