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Answers
Summative Assessment - I
A. 1. d, 2. b, 3. a, 4. a, 5. b, 6. a, 7. d, 8. d, 9. d, 10. a, 11. b, 12. a
B. 1. Centrosomes

2. Botulism is a serious kind of food poisoning caused by the bacteria Clostridium.

3. Crops sown in winter and harvested in spring are known as rabi crops.

4. Ovulation.

5. Exotic species are animals and plants which do not belong to a place originally and are
introduced from elsewhere.

6. Zinc

7. Destructive distillation is the process by which organic substances like wood, coal and oil are
broken down by heat in the absence of air.

8. Wool, silk

C. 1. The roots are located in the soil where no sunlight reaches them. Their function is not to carry
out photosynthesis but to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Hence there is no need for
chloroplasts to be present in the roots.

2. Bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus which help in making curd from milk, grow in warmth

3. Nitrogen replaces air or oxygen in the silos and does not allow microbes to grow. Thus the
grains can be stored for much longer time.

4. Protein is necessary for growth and repair of worn out tissues. A protein rich diet is
recommended for expecting mothers for healthy and proper growth of the foetus.

5. The reasons for extinction of a species are

a. excessive hunting or poaching b. drastic change in climate

6. Gold, silver and platinum are lustrous and do not lose their shine due to their low reactivity,
i.e., they do not react with oxygen, water and acids. These metals are also highly malleable and
ductile which is necessary to give them various shapes and create different designs.

7. Formation of coal, petroleum and natural gas is a very slow process and takes millions of years.
Moreover the conditions under which they are formed cannot be created in the laboratory

8. Dry leaves have a very low ignition temperature and hence catch fire easily. Thus they can be
ignited by a matchstick. A log of wood has a high ignition temperature and will take a long time
to catch fire. Thus a lighted matchstick cannot ignite it.

9. Cooking vessels are usually made of metals. Since metals are good conductors of heat, the
vessels get heated when placed on fire. Therefore, the handles are made of some insulator
material which do not conduct heat. The vessels can then be safely removed from fire while
holding the handles.

10. Blended fibres are a mix of natural and artificial fibres. The desirable properties of both the
fibres in the blended fabric makes it comfortable to wear. The undesirable properties do not
cause any major inconvenience.

11. The greenish layer formed on copper is a mixture of copper hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] and copper
carbonate CuCO3 which is formed due to corrosion. This mixture is basic and can be
removed by rubbing the vessels with acidic solutions like lime juice and tamarind paste. These
solutions neutralize the base formed on the vessels and they get cleaned.

12. i. iodine

ii. duralumin
iii. graphite, (carbon)
iv. copper pyrite/copper glance/cuprite
D. 1. Cellulose in cell wall provides a protective framework for a plant cell to survive (from the
outside environment). They also help a plant maintain its shape and support the plant by
allowing it to grow to greater heights.
In animals, these functions are done by the skeleton. The skeleton provides a protective
framework to the body organs and provides shape to the body. It also helps the animals to
stand upright. Thus there is little or no need for cell walls in animal cells

2. Sometimes, it so happens that all the disease causing bacteria in the body of the patient
are not killed by the antibiotic and some of them develop resistance to the medicine. These
bacteria then multiply at a faster rate and the disease relapses. It happens when the antibiotic
is not taken in proper doses.

3. Millet is a cereal crop while pea is a legume. This practice of growing two crops where one of
the crops is legume is known as mixed cropping. The legume crop has nitrogen fixing bacteria

in its root nodules, so the soil is enriched with nitrogen and the cereal crop benefits from
it. Thus the soil fertility improved and the farmer obtained a bumper yield by following this
practice of cropping.

4. Only one sperm among the millions produced, fuse with the egg to form a zygote. Since the
sperms come from an outside source into a womens body, many of them die before they
finally reach their destination, i.e., the egg. Therefore, chances of fertilization of a sperm with
the egg increase if they are produced in large numbers. An adult female produces only one egg
in a month so that only one offspring is produced at a time, under normal circumstances. This
ensures that the population of the species is kept under control.

5. Solid fuels consist mainly of the carbon and other solid impurities. For example, coal contains
dirt, rock and sulphur as impurities When these fuels are burnt, carbon gets converted to
gaseous carbon dioxide which escapes in the air. The other impurities which form gaseous
products on combustion, also escape. Rest of the impurities which do not form gaseous
products are left behind as solid residue. Gaseous fuels are mainly hydrocarbons, i.e., they are
compounds of carbon and hydrogen. When these are burnt, carbon dioxide and water vapour
are formed which escape as gases. Thus they do not leave any residue on burning.

6. Wool is composed of protein molecules as is our hair. Therefore, burning wool is similar to
burning hair and they emit the same odour when burnt. Cotton is composed of long chains of
glucose molecules combined to form cellulose. Similarly paper is also composed of cellulose.
Therefore, burning cotton is equivalent to burning paper and they emit the same smell when
burnt.

7. Extinction of a particular species may increase the population of some other species to
unmanagable extent. This would create problem for other organisms living in that area
and ultimately the food web since it would disturb the food chains and ultimately the food
web of which they form a part. For example, killing all snakes in an area would increase the
population of rat, rabbit and squirrel since there would be no more snakes to eat them. These
animals would then eat more grains creating a shortage of food.

E. 1. a. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes which help in breaking down of various worn out
cytoplasmic parts.
b. Mitochondria help convert chemical energy stored in food into a form of energy usable for
cells to carry out their functions.
c. Cell membrane allows only some substances to pass through it. Hence it is known as
selectively permeable membrane.

2.
a. FreezingMicrobes do not multiply and their enzymes become inactive at low temperature.
b. Using chemical preservativesThe chemicals act as antioxidants, i.e., they remove oxygen
from the food item, which do not allow microbes to grow.
c. Canning and vacuum packingHigh temperature kills microbes and their growth is
prevented in vacuum.

d. PasteurizationHeating kills bacteria and low temperature prevents their multiplication.

e. DryingIn the absence of warmth and moisture bacteria stop growing.

3. a-i. Adding manure, which are organic substances obtained from the decomposition of plant
and animal wastes by microbes, to soil increases its fertility.

ii. Growing two crops simultaneously (mixed cropping) such that they benefit each other is
another method to improve soil fertility. For example, growing a legume crop with a cereal
crop, benefits the latter as the soil becomes rich in nitrogen because of the legume.

iii. Growing two different crops alternately in the same field (crop rotation) also increases the
fertility of soil. For example, a non legume crop and a legume crop can be grown alternately
such that legume crop enriches the soil with nitrogen and the non legume crop benefits
from it.

iv. The soil can also be allowed regain its fertility by not growing any crops for one or more
seasons (field fallow). During this time, dead plants and animals get decomposed and
nutrients get added to the soil.
b. Weeding can be done by manually pulling out weeds with hand or a trowel, a hoe or a
harrow.Some insects which feed on weeds can be bred on the field so that the weeds are
destroyed.