Analysis of Misunderstanding Caused by Different Interpretations of Speech Act Labels in Tintin and
Analysis of Misunderstanding Caused by Different Interpretations of Speech Act Labels in Tintin and
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SPEECH ACT
In expressing something, people do not only produce utterances
containing grammatical structures and words, they also perform actions via
those utterances. According to Yule (1996), actions performed via
utterances are generally called speech acts (p. 47). In line with the
definition, Mey (2001) also states that speech acts are words with which
to do things (p. 93). As mentioned before, in English, speech acts are
usually given more specific labels such as apology, complaint, order,
invitation, promise, request, etc.
Austin (as cited in Thomas, 1995) states that he used the term speech
act to refer to an utterance and the total situation in which the utterance is
issued (p. 51). Austins ideas about speech acts are elaborated by John
Searle, an American philosopher. It is said in Schiffrin (1994) that Searle
focuses his works on the classification of acts about which people know
and the way that a single utterance can be associated with more than one
act.
Searle proposes one general classification system listing five types of
general functions performed by speech acts (Yule, 1996; Mey, 2001;
Leech, 1991). They are:
1. Declarations: those kinds of speech acts that change the world via their
utterance (Yule, 1996, p. 53). e.g, appointing, marrying, excommunicating, declaring war, christening, dismissing, resigning, sentencing,
etc. In order to perform this speech act appropriately, the speaker has to
have a special institutional role, in a specific context. (Yule, 1996;
Leech, 1991)
2. Representatives/ Assertive: those kinds of speech acts that state what
the speaker believes to be the case or not (Yule, 1996, p. 53). e.g,
statement of facts, insistence, asserting, concluding, boasting, describing,
claiming, reporting, complaining, etc.
3. Expressives: those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker
feels. They express a psychological state and can be statements of
pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow (p. 53). e.g, thanking,
apologizing, welcoming, insulting, congratulating, accusing, blaming,
praising, condoling, etc.
4. Directives: those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone
else to do something. They express what the speaker wants. They can
be positive or negative (p. 54). e.g, commanding, ordering, requesting,
suggesting, challenging, daring, asking, begging, dismissing, excusing,
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collects, selects and classifies the data, which are in the form of sentences
or phrases as the utterances of the conversations in those comic series
which cause misinterpretation. Third, the writer analyzes the data by
focusing on the misinterpretations which have been caused by the different
interpretations of speech act labels, and by observing the effects of those
misinterpretations on the participants. Finally, the writer composes a report
of the research.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
After doing the analysis of Tintin and Asterix comic series, the
writer finds out that there are some events of misunderstanding which are
based on the Taxonomy types involved. In this case, a speech act label of
one utterance which is conveyed by a speaker is differently interpreted by a
hearer.
From the thirty-two data that have been analyzed, the writer finds that
most of the data show that the misunderstandings happen because the
speaker and the hearer have different interpretations concerning the
taxonomy classification. There are thirteen data showing the
misunderstandings from Directive to Expressive types. For example, as
found in the dialog below:
Tintin
: Excuse me, if anyone finds a pipe under their
seat, could they please return it to this gentleman
at the end of the seminar.
Captain Haddock : Blistering barnacles! D you find it funny to
publicly humiliate me?
The data above shows the event when Captain Haddock and Tintin
attend a seminar about Health and Magnetism with Mystic brought by
Endaddine Akass, a famous spiritualist. In the middle of the seminar,
Captain Haddock loses his pipe. At that time, he is so busy looking for his
pipe that the other people present at the seminar feel annoyed owing to the
fact that he asks everyone who sits near him about his lost pipe.
Afterwards, Tintin tries to help Captain Haddock in finding his pipe by
announcing it in front of the audience so that he will get his pipe back.
In that case, as the speaker, Tintin actually intends to perform a face
saving act through the polite request (Directive) conveyed to the audience
of the seminar. Nevertheless, a misunderstanding occurs in this
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Total
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
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CONCLUSION
Based on the discussion above, it is clear that most of the
misunderstandings happen because the speakers utterances are
misinterpreted as the Expressive type. In the writers opinion, this happens
due to the fact that the hearers in the conversations involve their feelings in
interpreting the speakers utterances so that they have various emotional
responses such as feeling angry, accused, offended, humiliated, insulted or
even happy for what the speakers have said.
Besides, the writer would also like to point out that there are some
data showing misunderstandings although they are still in the same
Taxonomy classification. In this case, the misunderstandings happen
because both of the speaker and hearer have different interpretations of
speech act labels. There are two data showing misunderstandings of this
kind in the Directive type. As mentioned in the analysis, the speakers
order is interpreted as a question by the hearer, and a question is interpreted
as an order. There are also two data showing this kind of misunderstanding
in the Expressive type. They are the speakers praise which is interpreted as
a mockery by the hearer, and the speakers awed expression which is
interpreted as an insult.
Those misunderstandings happen because, although the Taxonomy
classification is the same, each dialogue consists of different speech act
labels which reveal different messages and responses.
It is common that in our daily conversation the speaker and hearer
often misunderstand each other through the positive or negative impression
and meaning of an utterance. Sometimes, the positive impression intended
by the speaker is interpreted wrongly by the hearer. It depends on how the
speaker conveys the utterance and whether the language is used in the
appropriate context or not.
From the misunderstandings that have been discussed, there must be
some effects on the participants in the conversations. This is illustrated as
the notion of face. In the twenty-nine data of misunderstandings, the
effects show that the hearers interpret the speakers face saving act as face
threatening act. Meanwhile, only in the three data do the effects imply that
the hearers interpret the speakers face threatening act as face saving act.
Based on the analysis carried out, the misunderstandings in Tintin and
Asterix comic series tend to perform a face threatening act because most of
the hearers in the conversations feel embarrassed and threatened by the
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APPENDIX
Dialogue of Misunderstanding
Tintin Comic Series
1. Tintin
Captain Haddock
2. Tintin
Professor Decimus :
Tintin
:
Professor Decimus :
3. Tintin
Professor Decimus :
4. Philippulus
Tintin
Philippulus
5. Captain Haddock
Mike
6. Captain Haddock
Mike
7. Irma
:
:
Lady Castafiore
8. Lady Castafiore
Captain Haddock
Lady Castafiore
9. Tintin
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Detective Thomson :
Lady Castafiore
Captain Haddock
Captain Haddock
Captain Haddock
Detective Thompson :
Captain Haddock :
Captain Haddock
Professor Calculus
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Captain Haddock
Captain Haddock
Frank Wolff
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Captain Haddock
Frank Wolff
:
:
Captain Haddock
Detective Thomson :
:
:
25. Asterix
Pub owner
:
:
Obelix
Caius Fatuous
:
:
27. Psychoanaltyx
Asterix
:
:
Obelix
28. Fulliautomatix
Asterix
Fulliautomatix
Asterix
29. Impedimenta
Homeophatix
:
:
Vitalstatistix
Noxious Vapus
Julius Caesar
31. Geriartrix
Caius Preposterus
:
:
Geriartrix
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32. Asterix
Obelix