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Sampling Dist 18 Aug 10

This document defines notation used for population parameters, sample statistics, sampling distributions, and factors that influence sampling distribution variability. It states that the central limit theorem ensures sampling distributions will be nearly normal for large samples. Formulas are provided for the mean and standard deviation of sampling distributions for the sample mean, proportion, and differences between means or proportions.

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25 views

Sampling Dist 18 Aug 10

This document defines notation used for population parameters, sample statistics, sampling distributions, and factors that influence sampling distribution variability. It states that the central limit theorem ensures sampling distributions will be nearly normal for large samples. Formulas are provided for the mean and standard deviation of sampling distributions for the sample mean, proportion, and differences between means or proportions.

Uploaded by

GolamKibriabipu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Notation

The following notation is helpful, when we talk about the standard deviation and the standard
error.

Population parameter
N: Number of observations in the
population
Ni: Number of observations in population i
P: Proportion of successes in population
Pi: Proportion of successes in population i
: Population mean
i: Mean of population i
: Population standard deviation
p: Standard deviation of p
x: Standard deviation of x

Sample statistic
n: Number of observations in the sample
ni: Number of observations in sample i
p: Proportion of successes in sample
pi: Proportion of successes in sample i
x: Sample estimate of population mean
xi: Sample estimate of i
s: Sample estimate of
SEp: Standard error of p
SEx: Standard error of x

http://stattrek.com/AP-Statistics-4/Standard-Error.aspx?Tutorial=Stat

Sampling Distributions
Suppose that we draw all possible samples of size n from a given population. Suppose further
that we compute a statistic (e.g., a mean, proportion, standard deviation) for each sample. The
probability distribution of this statistic is called a sampling distribution.

Variability of a Sampling Distribution


The variability of a sampling distribution is measured by its variance or its standard deviation.
The variability of a sampling distribution depends on three factors:

N: The number of observations in the population.


n: The number of observations in the sample.
The way that the random sample is chosen.

If the population size is much larger than the sample size, then the sampling distribution has
roughly the same sampling error, whether we sample with or without replacement. On the other
hand, if the sample represents a significant fraction (say, 1/10) of the population size, the
sampling error will be noticeably smaller, when we sample without replacement.

Central Limit Theorem

The central limit theorem states that the sampling distribution of any statistic will be normal or
nearly normal, if the sample size is large enough.

Sampling Distribution of the Mean


x =

and

x = * sqrt( 1/n - 1/N )

Sampling Distribution of the Proportion


p = P

and

p = * sqrt( 1/n - 1/N ) = sqrt[ PQ/n - PQ/N ]

where = sqrt[ PQ ].

Difference Between Proportions:


2d = [ P1(1 - P1) / n1 ] + [ P2(1 - P2) / n2 ]
]}

And

d = sqrt{ [ P1(1 - P1) / n1 ] + [ P2(1 - P2) / n2

Difference Between Means:


d2 = 12 / n1 + 22 / n2

And

d = sqrt( 12 / n1 + 22 / n2 )

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