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05 Differential Protection

Differential protection is based on the principle that under normal conditions, the current entering a device equals the current leaving. It is universally applicable to generators, transformers, lines and other equipment. Modern numerical relays provide biased differential protection to prevent operation during healthy conditions from factors like line charging currents or CT mismatches. Differential protection is recommended for transformers over 5MVA and generators, and must be stable during inrush and able to compensate for different currents. Relays are tested for pickup, sensitivity, characteristics and stability to ensure proper operation for internal faults and stability for through faults and normal conditions.

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Arliel John Garbo
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
154 views

05 Differential Protection

Differential protection is based on the principle that under normal conditions, the current entering a device equals the current leaving. It is universally applicable to generators, transformers, lines and other equipment. Modern numerical relays provide biased differential protection to prevent operation during healthy conditions from factors like line charging currents or CT mismatches. Differential protection is recommended for transformers over 5MVA and generators, and must be stable during inrush and able to compensate for different currents. Relays are tested for pickup, sensitivity, characteristics and stability to ensure proper operation for internal faults and stability for through faults and normal conditions.

Uploaded by

Arliel John Garbo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Principles of Differential

Protection

Introduction
Best protection technique now and for more than 50
years
Universally applicable to all parts of the power
system: generators, motors, buses, transformers,
lines, capacitors, reactors and sometimes
combinations of these.
First consideration for protection and often it is the
choice for the primary protection.
But sometimes expensive (for lines).

Differential Principle
Based on the premise that under normal conditions
current ENTERING equals current LEAVING.

Differential Principle
Inzone fault current ENTERING does not equal
current LEAVING.

Differential Principle
In reality, provision has to be made for non-zero
differential quantities normal and healthy conditions
Due to line charging, current CT mismatch,
transformer tapchanger, etc.
Provision is made to prevent relay operation which
could results due to differential current during healthy
conditions by deriving a restraint quantity from the
terminal currents (biased differential protection).
Manufacturers have different ways of deriving
restraint characteristics in modern differential relays.

Differential Protection Classification

Differential Protection
In this seminar, we will discuss two applications of
differential relays:
TRANSFORMERS
GENERATORS
But before discussing its differential protection, we need
to review about transformer vector group.

Transformer Connections
Example 1 : Dy11 Transformer
How to connect the windings ?

High Voltage
Windings

Low Voltage
Windings

A Phase
Windings
B Phase
Windings
C Phase
Windings

A2

B2

C2

A1

B1

C1

a1

b1

c1

a2

b2

c2

Exercise:
Draw the following vector groups:
Dyn7
Ynd1

Transformer Differential Protection


Generally recommended for transformers 7.5MVA
and above. IEEE Buff Book recommends 5MVA and
above. IEEE C37.91 said that 10MVA and above.
Should be stable during inrush conditions
Should be able to compensate the two different
currents
Operate on a percentage ratio of input current to
trough current, known as slope of the relay.

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Transformer Differential Protection

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Transformer Differential Protection

12

Transformer Differential Protection

13

Numerical Differential Relays

Power transformer

Ratio
correction

Vector
correction

Virtual ICT

Differential
element

Virtual ICT

14

Generator Differential Protection

15

Testing Differential Protection


Pickup Tests
Sensitivity Check
Requires single-phase testing
Characteristics Tests
Checks if the relay response to increasing loads
Three-phase testing with 6 currents
Stability Tests
Used to check whether the relay trips on normal
conditions and through-fault conditions
Three-phase testing with 6 currents

16

Testing Differential Protection

17

Testing Differential Protection

18

Testing Differential Protection Sensitivity


Using Generator to supply primary current

19

Stability Checking

20

Stability Checking

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