Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

Lab Manual

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS & DESIGN

Lab Manual

Name : ___________________________________________
Reg. No: __________________________________________
Section: ___________________________________________

Department of Electrical Engineering

UET Lahore, Faisalabad Campus

Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

Lab Manual

Table of Content
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Experiment
To verify Thevenins theorem in a dc network
To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem for DC
circuits
To examine the pulse response of a series RC circuit
To examine the pulse response of a series RL circuit

To show the resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit is

given by 1/(2LC) and to plot the frequency response of
an RLC circuit
To examine the sinusoidal response of a series RC and RL
network
To plot the magnitude and phase response of a low pass
RC filter
To plot the magnitude and phase response of a high pass
RC filter
To plot the magnitude and phase response of a low pass RL
filter
To plot the magnitude and phase response of a high pass
RL filter
To determine the frequency characteristics of a seriesresonant band stop filter
To determine the frequency characteristics of a seriesresonant band pass filter
To verify Superposition theorem in a network containing
AC and DC sources
To plot over-damped, under-damped, critically damped and
oscillatory response

Page
3
5
7
15

18
23
28
29
33
42
48
52
55
59

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EXPERIMENT #1
Thevenins Theorem
Objective:
To verify Thevenins theorem in a dc network.

Apparatus:

DC Power Supply (0-30V)

Multimeter
Resistors: 1k, 3k, 6.2k.

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
Thevenin's Theorem is used to simplify the analysis of complex network into a
standard equivalent network. Suppose that a complex network consists of number of sources
and resistors connected in any manner, then according to this theorem,
Any network can be replaced by a single source Vth in series with a single resistance Rth.
Vth or Voc is the open-circuit voltage across the terminals A and B i.e. find the voltage
that the network produces across the two terminals with an open-circuit between A and B.
This voltage is called the Thevenin Equivalent Voltage. Rth is the open-circuit resistance
across the terminals A and B but with all the sources killed in the network. This resistance is
called the Thevenin Equivalent Resistance. For Rth, voltage sources are replaced by short
circuit and current sources are replaced by open circuit.

Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

Lab Manual

The output of the Thevenin and actual circuits is the same. This condition is called
the Terminal Equivalency from the viewpoint of the Two Output Terminals. Although
Thevenin Equivalent circuit is not the same as its original network, it acts as same in terms of
the output voltage and current.

Procedure:
1. For the circuit as shown in fig, use Thevenins theorem to calculate the values of Vth and
Rth and record them in table.
Vth =

R2
R1 + R2

Rth = R3 + R1 x R2
R1 + R2
2. Measure the open circuit voltage and record this as Vth under the measured column.
3. Replace the source with a short circuit, and measure the resistance between the terminals A
and B. Record this as Rth.
4. Calculate the voltage across and current through a 3k load that is to be placed across the
terminals A and B. Perform the calculations for both the actual circuit and its Thevenin
equivalent. The result should be identical
VL =

RL
RL + Rth

IL =

Vth
RL + Rth

5. Connect a 3k load to the terminal A and B of the circuit in a fig a. Measure the resulting
load current and record them.
6. Construct the circuit of fig b with the calculated values of Vth and Rth. Connect a 3k load to
the terminals A and B. Measure the resulting load current and voltage, and record them. They
should agree closely with those in the adjacent columns.

Observations and Calculations:

Thevenin Parameters
Calculated
Vth
Rth

Measured
Vth
Rth

Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

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Loaded Circuit Parameters

Calculated (Node or Mesh Analysis)
IL
VL

Actual Circuit
(Multimeter)
IL
VL

Thevenin
Equivalent
IL
VL

Conclusion:

Q#1:During thevenin resistance calculations what is the replacement of

current and voltage sources?

Q#2:Does the thevenin equilent circuit depend upon load resistance?

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EXPERIMENT # 2
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Objective:
To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem in a dc network.

Apparatus:
1. DC power supply (0-30V)
2. Multimeter
3. Resistors: 1k, 1.5k, 2k, 2.7k, 3k, 3.3k, 4.3k, 5.6k, 7.5k, 10k.

Circuit Diagram:
RS
3k

RL

+ Vs
10V

Theory:
According to the maximum power transfer theorem:
Maximum power will be delivered from a source to a load when the load resistance is
equal to the resistance of the network as viewed from the output terminals.
i.e. Total resistance of the network = Load Resistance
Power transfer efficiency is the ratio of power supplied to the load and the total power
supplied by the voltage source. To calculate power efficiency under max power transfer,
% Efficiency = PL 100
PS
= I2RL 100
I2RT

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= RL
. 100
RL + RS
If RL >> RS, RS 0, % Efficiency 100%
If RL << RS, RL 0, % Efficiency 0
If RL = RS, % Efficiency = 50%
This result is quite expected because the efficiency at maximum power transfer is 50% as
one-half of the total power generated is dissipated in the total resistance of the network. Since
efficiency is low so this theorem is not used in high power circuits. It is normally used in low
power circuits like electronics.

Procedure:
1. Given V=10V & RS=3K. Find load voltage (V) and load current (I). Calculate Power
dissipated (P) for each value of the resistance given in the table.
2. Setup the source voltage V=10V and RS=3K. For each value of (R) measure and record the
load voltage (VL) and load current (IL). From this calculate the load power (PL). Complete the
table with the measured data.
3. Plot a graph of load power (PL) versus load resistance (RL) from the measured data.

Observations & Calculations:

No.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Calculations
RL
VL
IL (mA)
(kohms) (volts)
1
1.5
2
2.7
3
3.3
4.3
5.6
7.5
10

Measurements
PL (mW) RL
VL
IL
(kohms) (volts) (mA)

PL
(mW)

Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

Lab Manual

Graph:

PL (MW)

RL (K)
CONCLUSION

Q#1:where does the energy go when a mismatch is occurred in circuit?

Q#2:Using calculus derive the load impedance for maximum power transfer if thevenin
resistance is complex?

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EXPERIMENT #3
Pulse response of a series RC network
Objective:
To study the pulse response of a series RC network.

Apperatus:

Signal generator
Oscilloscope
Capacitors: 0.01 F/0.001 F
Resistors: 10 K / 20 K

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
The step response of a network is its behaviors when the excitation is the step function. We
use a square wave source, which in fact repeats the pulse every T seconds and allows a
continuous display of repetitive responses on a normal oscilloscope.
Charging a capacitor
We investigate the behavior of a capacitor when it is charged via a high resistor.
At the instant when step voltage is applied to the network, the voltage across the capacitor is
zero because the capacitor is initially uncharged. The entire applied voltage V will be
dropped across the resistance R and the charging current is maximum.
But then gradually, voltage across the capacitor starts increasing as the capacitor starts to
charge and the charging current starts decreasing. The decrease of the charging current and
the increase of voltage across the capacitor follows exponential law.

Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

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i (t) = V e-t/CR
R
However, the voltage across the capacitor is given by,
VC (t) = V (1 - e-t/CR)

Where t = time elapsed since pulse is applied

= RC = Time constant of the circuit

Discharging a Charged Capacitor

During the next half cycle of pulse, when the pulse amplitude is zero and capacitance is
charged to potential difference of V volts, now the capacitor discharges through resistor R.
So, the voltage across the capacitor decreases exponentially and the discharge current rises
instantly to a maximum value i.e. Im = V/R and then decays exponentially. Mathematically, it
can be shown that voltage across the capacitor and discharging current are given by,
Vc (t) = V e-t/RC
i (t) = -Im e-t/CR

Procedure:

Set the output of the function generator to a square-wave with frequency 500Hz and
peak-to-peak amplitude 5V.
Wire the circuit on breadboard.
Display simultaneously voltage Vin (t) across the function generator (on CH 1) and
Vc (t) across the capacitor C (on CH 2).
Sketch the two measured waveforms Vin (t) and Vc (t), calculate and sketch the
waveforms, VR (t) and i (t). Label the time, voltage and current scales. Note that the
voltage across resistor R, VR (t), also represents the current i (t).
Measure the time constant, , using the waveform Vc (t). Expand the time scale and
measure the time it takes for the waveform to complete 63% of its total change, i.e.
5V. Enter the measured value of in Table.
Compare values of theoretically expected and experimentally obtained time constants
.

Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

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Observations and Calculations;

No. R

20K

0.001F

10K

0.001F

FMAX

TABLE 3.1
Charging of Capacitor
No. of Time
Constants

2
3
4
5

Calculated Voltage
(volts)

Measured Voltage
(volts)

TABLE 3.2

Discharging of Capacitor
No. of Time
Constants

2
3
4
5

Calculated Voltage
(volts)

TABLE 3.3

Measured Voltage
(volts)

Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

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Waveforms Of Voltages & Currents:

Vin (volts)

Vc (volts)
time t (sec)

i (t) (amps)

time t (sec)

time t (sec)

VR (volts)

time t (sec)

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E
EXPERIMENT 4
Pulse response of a series RL network
Objective:
To study the pulse response of a series RL network.

Apparatus:

Signal Generator
Oscilloscope
Inductor: 100 mH
Resistor: 10 K / 20 K

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
This lab is similar to the RC Circuit Lab except that an Inductor replaces the capacitor. In this
experiment, we apply a square waveform to the RL circuit to analyze the transient response of the
circuit. The pulse-width relative to the circuits time constant determines how it is affected by the
RL circuit.

Rise of current
At the instant when step voltage is applied to an RL network, the current increases gradually
and takes some time to reach the final value. The reason the current does not build up
instantly to its final value is that as the current increases, the self-induced e.m.f. in L opposes
the change in current (Lenzs Law). Mathematically, it can be shown,

Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

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i (t) = V (1 - e-t/ )
R
Where t = time elapsed since pulse is applied
= L/R = Time constant of the circuit
(ii) Decay of current
During the next half cycle of pulse, when the pulse amplitude is zero, the current decreases to
zero exponentially. Mathematically, it can be shown,
i (t) = V e-t/
R

Procedure:

Set the output of the function generator to a square-wave with frequency 500Hz and
peak-to-peak amplitude 5V.
Wire the circuit on breadboard.
Display simultaneously voltage Vin (t) across the function generator (on CH 1) and
VL (t) across the inductor L (on CH 2).
Sketch the two measured waveforms Vin (t) and VL (t), calculate and sketch the
waveforms, VR (t) and i (t). Label the time, voltage and current scales. Note that the
voltage across resistor R, VR (t), also represents the current i (t).
Measure the time constant, , using the waveform VL (t). Expand the time scale and
measure the time it takes for the waveform to complete 63% of its total change, i.e.
5V. Enter the measured value of in Table.
Compare values of theoretically expected and experimentally obtained time constants
.

Observations and Calculations:

No.

20K

100 mH

10K

100 mH

FMAX

TABLE 4.1
Rise Of Current
No. of
Calculated
Time
Current (amp)
Constants

Measured
Current (amp)

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2
3
4
5
TABLE 4.2
Decay Of Current
No. of
Calculated
Time
Current (Amp)
Constants

2
3
4
5

Measured
Current (Amp)

TABLE 4.3

Waveforms of Voltages & Currents:

Vin (volts)

VL (volts)
time t (sec)

i (t) (amps)

time t (sec)

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time t (sec)

VR (volts)

time t (sec)

Conclusion:

Q#1: what is the behavior of inductor in transient state?

Q#2:what is the behavior of inductor in steady state?

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EXPERIMENT # 5
Resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit
Objective:
To show the frequency response of a series RLC network and show that the
resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit is given by 1/2LC.

Apparatus:

Signal Generator
Inductor: 100-200 mH
Capacitors: 0.001F and 0.01F
Resistors: 100 + 5 percent
Oscilloscope
Multimeter

Circuit Diagram;

Theory:
As shown in the circuit diagram, resistor, inductor and capacitor are connected in series with
an a.c. supply of r.m.s. voltage V. The phasor diagram is plotted as,

Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

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B
D

V
VL - Vc
O

A
VR

- Vc
C

Let VR = IR = voltage drop across R

VL = IXL = voltage drop across L
VC = IXC = voltage drop across C
In voltage triangle of fig1, OA represents VR, AB and AC represents the inductive and
capacitive drops respectively. It will be seen that VL and VC are 180 degree out of phase with
each other i.e. they are in direct opposition to each other.
Subtracting AC from AB, we get the net reactive drop AD = I (XL XC)
The applied voltage V is represented by OD and is the vector sum of OA and AD.

OD = OA2 + AD2
V = (IR)2 + (IXL IXC)2 = I(R)2 + (XL XC)2
I = V/ (R)2 + (XL XC)2 = V/Z
2

The term (R) + (XL XC) is known as the impedance of the network. Obviously,
(Impedance) 2 = (Resistance)2 + (Net Reactance) 2

Resonance in RLC Networks

Resonance means to be in step with. When the applied voltage and the current in an a.c.
network are in step with i.e. phase angle between voltage and current is zero or pf = 1, the
circuit is said to be in resonance.
An a.c. circuit containing reactive element (L and C) is said to be in resonance when the net
reactance is zero.
When a series R-L-C is in resonance, it possesses minimum impedance Z = R. Hence, circuit
current is maximum, it being limited by value of R alone. The current I0 =V/R and is in phase
with V. since circuit current is maximum, it produces large voltage drops across L and C. but
these drops being equal and opposite, cancel out each other. Taken together, L and C from
part of a circuit across which no voltage develops however, large the current flowing. If it

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were for the presence of R, such a resonant circuit would act like a short circuit to currents of
the frequency to which it is often referred to as voltage resonance.
The frequency at which the net reactance of the series circuit is zero is called the resonant
frequency. Its value can be found as under: XL XC=0
OR XL = XC or 0L = 1/0C
OR 02 =1/LC or (2f0)2 = 1/LC or f0 = 1/2
LC
If L is in Henry and C is in Farad, then f0 is in Hertz.

Procedure:

For the given inductor and capacitor calculate the resonant frequency and connect the
circuit as shown in circuit diagram
Apply sinusoidal signal from the signal generator of 5Vpk to the network and set the
frequency to a value of 500 Hz
Observe VR, VL and VC on the oscilloscope and record it.
Increase the frequency of the signal and for each frequency measure and record V,
VR, VL and VC and maintain applied voltage constant at 5Vpk
Now measure VR, VL and VC theoretically and compare the results.

Observations & Calculations:

Calculated Values
No.

Frequency f

XL = 2fL

Xc = 1/ 2fC

(Hz)

(ohms)

(ohms)

Frequency f

XL = 2fL

Xc = 1/ 2fC

(Hz)

(ohms)

(ohms)

Z = (R)2 +
(XL XC)2

(ohms)

I = VR/R

VL = IXL

Vc = IXc

(Amp)

(volts)

(volts)

I = VR/R

VL = IXL

Vc = IXc

(Amp)

(volts)

(volts)

Measured Values
No.

Z = (R)2 +
(XL XC)2

(ohms)

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GRAPH

Z (ohms)
i (A)

f (Hz)

Conclusion:

Q#1:If you have a known capacitor and function generator how will you find the value
of inductance of a coil?

Q#2:Can we find inductive reactance by ohmmeter?

Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

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Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

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Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

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Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

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Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

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EXPERIMENT # 7
Magnitude and phase responses of a simple low pass RC filter
circuit
Objective:
To plot the magnitude and phase responses of a simple low pass RC filter circuit.

Apparatus:
Signal generator
Oscilloscope,
Multimeter

Resistors 1K, 10K

Capacitors 0.1F, 1nF

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

THEORY
By using various combinations of resistance's, capacitors and inductors we can make circuits
that have the property of passing or rejecting either low or high frequencies or bands or
frequencies. These frequency selective networks, which alter the amplitude and phase
characteristics of the input ac signal, are called fillers.
Low pass filter
A low pass filter allows signals with lower frequencies to pass from input to output while
rejecting higher frequencies.

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Passband of a filter
The range of low frequencies passed by a low-pass filter within a specified limit is called the
passband of the filter.
Critical Frequency
The critical frequency is the frequency at which the filter's output voltage is 70.7% of the
maximum. The filter's critical frequency is also called the cutoff frequency, break
frequency, or -3 dB frequency because the output voltage is down 3 dB from its maximum
at this frequency. The term dB (decibel) is a commonly used one that you should understand
because the decibel unit is used in filter measurements.

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FIGURE 5-1 Low-pass filler block diagram and general response curve.
Decibels
The basis for the decibel unit stems from the logarithmic response of the human ear to the
intensity of sound. The decibel is a logarithmic measurement of the ratio of one power to
another or one voltage to another, which can be used to express the input-to-output relationship of a filter. The following equation expresses a voltage ratio in decibels:
db = 20 log (Vo / Vin)
Operation of the LPF
When the input is dc (0 Hz), the output voltage equals the input voltage because Xc is
infinitely large. As the input frequency is increased, Xc decreases and, as a result, Vout,
gradually decreases until a frequency is reached where Xc = R . This is the critical frequency,
fc, of the filter.
Xc = R

At the critical frequency, the output voltage magnitude is

by application of the voltage-divider formula. Since Xc = R at fc, the output voltage can be
expressed as

Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

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These calculations show that the output is 70.7% of the input when Xc = R. The frequency at which this occurs is, by definition, the critical frequency.

The ratio of output voltage to input voltage at the critical frequency can be
expressed in decibels as follows.

Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

Ideal and Actual Response of LPF

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(EE-110)

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FIGURE 5-2 Actual and ideal response curves for a low-pass filter

Phase Shift in a Low-Pass Filter

The RC low-pass filter acts as a lag network. Since that the phase shift from input to output is
expressed as

At the critical
frequency, Xc = R and, therefore, = -45. As the input frequency is reduced, decreases and
approaches 0 as the frequency approaches zero, as shown in Figure 19-10.

FIGURE 5-2 Phase characteristic of a Low-pass filter

PROCEDURE

Apply a 1 Vpp 100 Hz signal as input to the network of LPF and

measure the corresponding output voltage level. Determine the
decibel gain of the filter.
G (dB) = 201og [Vo/Vin]

Determine the phase difference between Vo and Vin in degrees.

Repeat step 2 and 3 for the following frequencies: 200 Hz, 500Hz, 1 KHz,
2 KHz, 5 KHz, 10 KHz, 20 KHz, 50 KHz.

Observations & Calculations

fc = 1/2RC

No.

Input Frequency
f (Hz)

Input Voltage
Vin (volts)

Output Voltage
Vo (volts)

Vo/ Vin
(volts)

db = 20 log
(Vo/Vin)

= tan-1(Xc/R)
(degrees)

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GRAPH
Plot on semilog paper,

I. db against frequency

II.

Phase angle against frequency

Q#1:if capacitor act as low pass then low frequency components appear across
capacitor where does high frequency component go?

Q#2:if sharp edge rectangular wave is applied across low pass filter what will be
change in it?

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EXPERIMENT# 8
Magnitude and Phase response of a high pass RC filters
circuit
Objective:
To plot the magnitude and phase response of a high pass RC filters circuit.

Apparatus:

Signal Generator
Oscilloscope, DVM
Resistors 1k, 1.5k
Capacitors 0.01 F, 0.1F

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
High Pass Filter
A high pass filter allows signals with higher frequencies to pass
from input to output while rejecting lower frequencies.
Critical Frequency
The frequency considered to be lower end of pass-band is
called the critical frequency. It is the frequency at which the output is 70.7% of the
maximum. In RC high pass filter output is taken across the resistor.

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Lower frequencies experience considerable reactance by the capacitor and are not
easily passed. Higher frequencies encounter a little reactance and are easily passed.
The High frequencies passing through the filter develop the output voltage Vo across
R, all frequencies above fc are passed where as those below it are attenuated. At fc,
R=Xc and the phase angle between Vo and Vi is 45. Since Rand C is in series across
the input voltage, the voltage drop across R, as found by the voltage divider rule is
Vo= Vin R/(R-j Xc) and fc=1/2RC

For an ideal high pass filter the output is like this.

FIGURE 7-1 Response of ideal High Pass filter

Bode Plot
When the input frequency is at its critical value, XC = R and the output voltage
is 0.707Vin, just as in the case of the low-pass filter. As the input frequency increases
above fc, XC decreases and, as a result, the output voltage increases and approaches a
value equal to Vin. The expression for the critical frequency of the high-pass filter is
the same as for the low-pass filter.
1
fc
2RC

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FIGURE 7-2 Bode plot for High Pass Filter. Upper line is the ideal and lower line
is the actual.
Phase Shift in a High-Pass Filter
Both the RC and the RL high-pass filters act as lead networks. Recall that the phase
shift from input to output for the RC lead network is:

X
tan 1 C
R

FIGURE 6-17
Phase characteristic of a high-pass filter.

Procedure:

Apply a 1 Vpp 100 Hz signal as input to the network of LPF and

measure the corresponding output voltage level. Determine the
decibel gain of the filter.
G (dB) = 201og [Vo/Vin]

Determine the phase difference between Vo and Vin in degrees.

Repeat step 2 and 3 for the following frequencies: 200 Hz, 500Hz, 1 KHz,
2 KHz, 5 KHz, 10 KHz, 20 KHz, 50 KHz.

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Observations & Calculations:

fc = 1/2RC

No.

Input Frequency
f (Hz)

Input Voltage
Vin (volts)

Output Voltage
Vo (volts)

Vo/ Vin
(volts)

db = 20 log
(Vo/Vin)

= tan-1(Xc/R)
(degrees)

Graph:
Plot on semilog paper,
I. db against frequency

II.

Phase angle against frequency

Q#1:if a DC signal is applied at the input of the high pass filter what will be at output?

Q#2:if a signal containing 1MHz and 1Hz is applied across the circuit what will be at
output?

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EXPERIMENT # 11
Magnitude and phase response of a series resonant bandpass filter.
Objective:
To plot the magnitude and phase response of a series resonant band-pass
filter.

Apparatus:

Signal Generator
Oscilloscope
Multimeter
Capacitor: 0.01 F
Inductor 100-200 mH
Resistors (1/4W): 1K, 2K 5 percent

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
Band pass Filter
It allows a certain band of frequencies to pass and attenuates or rejects all frequencies
below and above the passband. A combination of low-pass and high-pass filter can be

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used to form band pass filters.

Low Pass
Filter

Vin

High Pass
Filter

Vout

Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters used to form a band-pass filter

Operation of Series Resonant Band Pass Filter
A series resonant filter has minimum input impedance. At critical frequency the
inductor and the capacitor in series behave as simple resistor. Hence making
maximum output across the load resistor.
At the frequencies other than resonant frequencies, the reactance offered by the
inductor or capacitor is very large, hence output voltage will be very small at high
as well as at low frequencies.
Bandwidth
The bandwidth of a band-pass filter is the range of frequencies for which the
current, and therefore the output voltage, is equal or greater than 70.7% of its
value at the resonant frequency.
Mathematically, Bandwidth = Resonant Frequency fr
Quality Factor Q
Quality factor
Quality Factor is the ratio of reactive power developed in inductor or capacitor to
average power dissipated in resistor.
Quality Factor = Reactive power developed in inductor or capacitor
Average power dissipated in resistor
Quality Factor indicates the selectivity of the filter and can be expressed as,
Quality Factor = L = 2frL
R
R

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Procedure:

For the components used in the circuit, calculate and record the resonant
frequencies for the circuit in the fig. Calculate, also, the circuit-Q and
bandwidth of the circuit.
Construct the circuit shown in fig
At a frequency of 500HZ, adjust V in to some convenient value, such as
5V rms.
Use multimeter to measure Vo and record it in table.
Vary the frequency, measure and record Vo while maintaining Vin
constant.
Complete the decibel gain row of the table.

Plot the decibel voltage gain ratio versus log frequency.

Observations & Calculations:

Resonant Frequency fr = 1/ 2LC

Quality Factor Q = L / R
Bandwidth = fr / Q
No.

Input Frequency
f (Hz)

Input Voltage
Vin (volts)

Output Voltage
Vo (volts)

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Vo/ Vin
(volts)

db = 20 log
(Vo/Vin)

= tan-1(XL - Xc/R)
(degrees)

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Graph:
Plot on semilog paper,
I.
db against frequency

II.

Phase angle against frequency

Q#1:If the high pass filter is connected first and low pass filter is connected later does
it affect the characteristics?

Q#2:at what frequency will be highest current?

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Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade

EXPERIMENT #12
Magnitude and phase response of a series resonant bandstop filter.
Objective:
To plot the magnitude and phase response of a series resonant band-stop filter.

Apparatus:

Signal Generator
Oscilloscope
Multimeter
Capacitor: 10 F
Inductor 100-200 mH
Resistors (1/4W): 500, 1K 5 percent

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
Band stop filter
It is a filter that rejects a certain band or range of frequencies while passing all
frequencies below and above the rejected band. Band stop filters block signals
occurring between two given frequencies, FL and FH .
It can be made out of a low-pass and a high pass filter by connecting the two filter
sections in parallel with each other instead of in series.

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Operation of Bandstop filter

When the series LC combination reaches resonance, its very low impedance shorts
out the signal, dropping it across resistor R1 and preventing its passage on to the load.
Thus, within the band at which the resonant frequency occurs, there is a relatively less
output and that set of frequencies are attenuated.
At frequencies other than resonant frequencies, the reactance offered by inductor and
capacitor is very large, thus outside the band at which resonant frequency occurs,
there is large output and that set of frequencies are passed to the output.
Corner Frequency
Because a real filter rolls off gradually, you usually specify the corner frequency as
the frequency at which the response is 1 / 2 (0.707) of that in the pass band. Because
electronic engineers traditionally describe relative signal strengths in decibels, the
frequency is also referred to as 3-dB point.

Procedure:

For the components used in the circuit, calculate and record the resonant
frequencies for the circuit in the fig. Calculate, also, the circuit-Q and
bandwidth of the circuit.
Construct the circuit shown in fig
At a frequency of 500HZ, adjust V in to some convenient value, such as 5V
rms.
Use multimeter to measure Vo and record it in table.
Vary the frequency, measure and record Vo while maintaining Vin constant.
Complete the decibel gain row of the table.

Plot the decibel voltage gain ratio versus log frequency.

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Observations & Calculations:

Resonant Frequency fr = 1/ 2LC
Quality Factor Q = L / R
Bandwidth = fr / Q
No.

Input Frequency
f (Hz)

Input Voltage
Vin (volts)

Output Voltage
Vo (volts)

Vo/ Vin
(volts)

db = 20 log
(Vo/Vin)

= tan-1(XL - Xc/R)
(degrees)

Graph:
Plot on semilog paper,
I.

db against frequency

II.

Q#1:what is the purpose of band stop?

Q#2:is it the reciprocal of band pass filter?

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Phase angle against frequency

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Name
Reg. No
Marks / Grade

EXPERIMENT #14
Overdamped, underdamped, critically damped and
oscillatory response.
Objective:
To plot the overdamped, underdamped, critically damped and
oscillatory response.

Apparatus:

DC power supply 0-10 V

Oscilloscope
Multimeter
Capacitor: 0.1 F
Inductor 100 mH, 106 mH
Resistors (1/4W): 1K, 2K, 4.7 K 5 percent

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
Second Order Circuit
Second order circuits are those that contain at least two reactive elements, i.e.
inductors or capacitors, and whose defining differential equation involves terms with
up to a second derivative in time. For example, the series RLC circuit of Figure 1 is
described by the second order differential equation:

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Circuit analysis and design (EE-110)

d2I + R dI + 1 I(t)
dt
L dt
LC
put d = s
dt

Lab Manual

= 0

then characteristic equation is given as follows:

s2+R s + 1
L
LC

=0

The roots of the characteristic equation can be expressed as

S 1,2 = - +

2 - o 2

where the resonant frequency (in radians/second) is

o =

1
LC

and the damping rate (in nepers/second) is

=R
2L
Response of Second Order Circuits
The response of a second order circuit will be of the general form

V (t) = A e S1t + B e S2t

where s1 and s2 are the roots to the characteristic equation above.
Three distinct cases emerge depending upon the relative magnitude of and o.

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Over damping
> o In this case, the characteristic polynomial's solutions are both negative and
unequal real numbers. This is called "over damping"
If

Critical Damping
= o In this case, the characteristic polynomial's solutions are identical negative
real numbers. This is called "critical damping":
If

Under Damping
< o In this case, the characteristic polynomial's solutions are complex conjugate
and have negative real part. This is called "under damping"
If

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These oscillations will decay with a time constant equal to = 1/ seconds.

Oscillatory Response
If

= 0 in this case roots will be conjugate imaginary, this is called the oscillatory response.

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Note:
Two other parameters can be used to classify the damping of a second order system:
the damping factor defined by
= / o and the quality factor Q = 1 / (2 )
DAMPING SUMMARY

roots s1, s2

Damping

>1

real and unequal

overdamped

=1

real and equal

Critically damped

0< <1

complex

under damped

Procedure:
Make the circuits as shown in figures and observe the over damped, under damped,
critically damped and oscillatory response.

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Observed values of Voltage ,Time and their Plots:

0verdamed Response

OVERDAMPED RESPONSE
4.5

2, 4

3.5

5, 3

volt

2.5

10, 2

1.5

20, 1

0.5

29, 0.5

0, 0
0

10

15

20
time

Critically Damped

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25

30

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Underdamped Response

Oscillatory Response

Q#1:can undamped response be occur in real?

Q#2:if a circuit contain resistor capacitor inductor in series when will

undamped response occur?

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