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Transformer

A transformer is a device that changes the voltage of an alternating current using two coils - a primary coil connected to the input voltage and a secondary coil that outputs the changed voltage. It works on the principle of mutual induction where the alternating current in the primary coil induces a current in the secondary coil. While the voltage can be increased or decreased, the power remains the same as power in equals power out of the transformer. Transformers are used to reduce the voltage from the high voltage national grid transmission lines to the lower voltage supplied to homes and businesses.

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qq235
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2K views

Transformer

A transformer is a device that changes the voltage of an alternating current using two coils - a primary coil connected to the input voltage and a secondary coil that outputs the changed voltage. It works on the principle of mutual induction where the alternating current in the primary coil induces a current in the secondary coil. While the voltage can be increased or decreased, the power remains the same as power in equals power out of the transformer. Transformers are used to reduce the voltage from the high voltage national grid transmission lines to the lower voltage supplied to homes and businesses.

Uploaded by

qq235
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
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Transformer

yschow@smkbpj(a)
Application

• A lamp is connected to a mains supply of 240


V. However, its light bulb is supplied by a
voltage of only 12 V.
• The mains voltage has been reduced by a
device called a transformer.
• The transformer is situated in the base of the
lamp.
yschow@smkbpj(a)
What is transformer ?
• A transformer is a device used for changing
the voltage and size of an alternating current.

yschow@smkbpj(a)
The structure of a transformer
• It consists of a core made of ferromagnetic material
and two coils – a primary and a secondary coil.
• The primary coil is connected to the voltage whose
magnitude we want to change.
• The altered voltage appears at the ends of the
secondary coil.
coil

yschow@smkbpj(a)
The core of a transformer
• The operation of a
transformer is based on
the phenomenon of
mutual induction.
• The alternating current,
which flows through the
primary coil, induces an
alternating current in the
secondary coil.

yschow@smkbpj(a)
yschow@smkbpj(a)
Higher voltage but lower current
• When a transformer
increases the voltage it
simultaneously
decreases the current,
and vice versa.
• This implies that the
power of the current
flowing through the
secondary coil can at
best be equal to the
power of the current
flowing through the
primary coil.
yschow@smkbpj(a)
• In reality it is usually a few percent lower.
• Assuming that the efficiency of a transformer
is almost 100%, we can denote it as:

yschow@smkbpj(a)
The efficiency of a transformer
• The efficiency of a transformer is defined as
the ratio of the power obtained from the
secondary coil to the power supplied to the
primary coil:

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Increase the efficiency of transformer
• In order to minimise the losses that could
cause eddy currents, the core is made of thin
plates, which are isolated from one another

yschow@smkbpj(a)
• In the coil of the transformer through which a
higher current is flowing, the wire used is
thicker.
• This makes it possible to prevent excessive
heating of the coil.

yschow@smkbpj(a)
Power in a Parallel Circuit
• the total power consumed by the parallel
circuit is:

Since the total current and source voltage


are known, the total power can also be
computed by: yschow@smkbpj(a)
Power in a Series Circuit
• In a series circuit the total power is equal to
the SUM of the power dissipated by the
individual resistors.
• PT = P1 + P 2 + P3 . . .Pn

To check the answer, the total power delivered by the


source can be calculated:

yschow@smkbpj(a)
Generating electricity

yschow@smkbpj(a)
Energy
• Renewable energy • Non-renewable
sources : an energy sources: an energy
resource that is resource that cannot be
continually replaced replaced once it has
and will not run out.
out been used.

yschow@smkbpj(a)
Fossil fuel power stations
• Most of the world's electricity supplies are
generated by largepower stations which burn
fossil fuels: coal, oil and gas.

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The National Grid system
• National grid= A network of power stations, transformer
stations and transmission lines.
Power station high voltage station Extra high voltage line

Step-down transformer station high voltage transmission line Step-up transformer station

Midium voltage transmission line Low- voltage pylon transformer high voltage station

yschow@smkbpj(a)
• Electrical energy is transmitted at a high
voltage and use alternating current.
• A step-up transformer which increases the
voltage to as high as 110,000 or 132, 000 V.
• Step-down transformers are used to decrease
the voltage before being delivered to the
consumers.
• The long tick cables used as transmission lines
are made of copper or aluminium

yschow@smkbpj(a)
Power lost in cable
• The heating effect due to the resistance of the
cables causes loss of electrical energy as heat
energy.
• When a current flows in a cable, the power
loss, through heating is where R is the
resistance of the cable.
• The power loss can be reduced by
• (a) reducing the resistance of the cables
• (b) reducing the current in the cables
yschow@smkbpj(a)
• In practice, the energy that is supplied by a
power station to the town increases in voltage
and thus the magnitude of the current in the
conductors decreases.

yschow@smkbpj(a)

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