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Chapter Tour 1: Chapter 1 - Introduction To Human Anatomy and Physiology

The document provides an outline of Chapter 1 from a human anatomy and physiology textbook. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences: Chapter 1 introduces human anatomy and physiology, explaining that anatomy concerns body structure while physiology concerns body functions. It also discusses the levels of organization of the human body from atoms to organisms. Finally, it outlines the characteristics of life and homeostasis, explaining how the body maintains stable internal conditions through receptors, set points, and effectors using negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

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78 views6 pages

Chapter Tour 1: Chapter 1 - Introduction To Human Anatomy and Physiology

The document provides an outline of Chapter 1 from a human anatomy and physiology textbook. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences: Chapter 1 introduces human anatomy and physiology, explaining that anatomy concerns body structure while physiology concerns body functions. It also discusses the levels of organization of the human body from atoms to organisms. Finally, it outlines the characteristics of life and homeostasis, explaining how the body maintains stable internal conditions through receptors, set points, and effectors using negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

Uploaded by

api-340693501
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter Tour 1

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Human Anatomy and


Physiology
Use this outline to organize your notes/thoughts while referencing the
textbook.
Pay attention to roots! (portfolio)
If you thoughtfully complete this you could use it as a unit artifact for your
portfolio!

1.1 Introduction
Relate this section to the first chapter from Stif
Long ago our we were clueless and how the body worked internally and now
we know tons of stuff about the human body.

1.2

Anatomy and Physiology

A.
Anatomy: branch of science that deals with the structure of body
parts-their forms and how they are organized.
B.
Physiology: concerns the functions of body parts-what they do
and how they do it.

1.3

Levels of Organization
Draw a diagram (scrap paper) that helps you remember the levels of
organization of the body. Make sure it makes sense to you!
A=atoms
M=macromolecules
M=molecules
C=cells
O=organelles
T=tissues
O=organs
O=organ
systems
O=organisms

1.4

Characteristics of Life
A.

Characteristics of life include:


1. Movement
2. Responsiveness
3. Growth
4. Reproduction

B.

1.5

5. Respiration
6. Digestion
7. Absorption
8. Circulation
9. Assimilation
10. Excretion
Metabolism:

Maintenance of Life
A.

Requirements of Organisms

Requirement

Use

Water

Metabolic processes and provides the environment in which


most of them take place. Water also transports substances
within the organism and is important in regulating body
temperature.

Foods

Provide the body with necessary chemicals ( nutrients ) in


addition to water. Some of these chemicals are used as
energy sources, others supply raw materials for building
new living matter, and still others help regulate vital
chemical reactions.

Oxygen

It is used to release energy from food substances. This


energy, in turn, drives metabolic processes.

Heat

It is a form of energy. It is a product of metabolic reactions,


and the degree of heat present partly determines the rate at
which these reactions occur. Generally, the more heat, the
more rapidly chemical reactions take place.

Pressure

Is an application of force to something. For example, the


force on the outside of the body due to the weight of air
above is called atmospheric pressure. In humans, this
pressure is important in breathing. Similarly, organisms
living under water are subjected to hydrostatic pressure- a
pressure a liquid exerts- due to the weight of water above
them. In humans, heart action produces blood pressure
(another form of hydrostatic pressure), which forces blood
through blood vessels.

B.

Homeostasis:
1.
Receptors: Provide information about specific conditions (stimuli)
in the internal environment.
2.
Set Point: tells what a particular value should be (such as body
temperature at 98.6 F)
3.
Effectors: causes responses that alter conditions in the internal
environment.

Negative Feedback Mechanism:


Examples: furnace/air conditioner
Positive Feedback Mechanism:
Examples:
Child birth

1.6

Organization of the Human Body

A.
B.
partition in
C.
functions.

Cavities empty space within the human body


Membranes a pliable sheetlike structure acting as a boundary, lining, or
an organism.
Organ Systems a group of organs that work together to perform one or more

Organ System

Function

Integumentary

Protect underlying tissues, help regulate body temperature,


house a variety of sensory receptors, and synthesize
certain products.

skeletal

Provide frameworks and protective shields for softer


tissues, are attachments for muscles, and ac with muscles
when body parts move.

muscular

By contracting and pulling their ends closer together,


muscles provide forces that move body parts. They also
maintain posture and are the main source of body heat.

nervous

Nerve cells within these organs communicate with each


other and with muscles and glands using electrochemical
signals called nerve impulses.

endocrine

Glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones.


The hormones in turn, move away from the glands in body
fluids such as blood or tissue fluid.

cardiovascular

Includes the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, and blood.


They act as transporters for certain fluids, gases, nutrients,
hormones, and wastes.

lymphatic

Lymphatic vessels, lymph fluids, lymph nodes, thymus, and


spleen. Transports some of the tissue fluid back to the
bloodstream and carries certain fatty substances away
from the digestive organs and into the bloodstreams. Cells
of the lymphatic system are called lymphocytes and they
can defend against infections by removing disease-causing
microorganisms and viruses from tissue fluid.

digestive

Receives food from the outside. Then they break down the
food molecules into simpler forms that can pass through

cell membranes and be absorbed.


respiratory

Moves air in and out and exchange gases between blood


and the air.

urinary

Kidney removes wastes from blood and helps maintain the


bodys water and salt concentrations.

Reproductive

Produces whole new organisms like itself. Male-produces


sperm Female-produces egg cells or oocytes.

1.7 Anatomical Terminology


A. Relative Positions
Superior-that a body part is above another part or is closer to the head.
Inferior-that a body part is below another part or is toward the feet.
Anterior-means toward the front.
Posterior-means toward the back.
Medial-body part is closer to the imaginary midline of the body.
Lateral-means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline.
Bilateral-refers to paired structures, one of which is on each side.
Ipsilateral-refers to structures on the same side.
Contralateral-refers to structures on the opposite side.
Proximal-describes a body part closer to a point of attachment to the trunk of
another body part.
Distal-means that a particular body part is farther from a point of attachment
to the trunk than another body part.
Superficial-means situated near the surface.
Deep-describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts.
B.

Body Sections
Sagittal-refers to a lengthwise plane that divides the body into left and right

portions.
Transverse-refers to a plane that divides the body into superior and inferior
portions.
Coronal-refers to a plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior
portions.
C. Body Regions
Epigastric region- refers to the upper middle portion.
Left and right hypochondriac regions-lie on each side of the epigastric region.
Umbilical regions-refers to the middle portion.
Left and right lumbar regions-lie on each side of the umbilical region.
Hypogastric region-refers to the lower middles portion.
Left and right iliac regions- lie on each side of the hypogastric region.

Abdominal-the region between the thorax and pelvis.


Acromial-the point of the shoulder.
Antebrachial-the forearm.
Antecubital-the space in front of the elbow.
Axillary-the armpit.
Brachial-the arm.
Buccal-the cheek.
Carpal-the wrist.
Celiac-the abdomen.
Cephalic-the head.
Cervical-the neck.
Costal-the ribs.
Coxal-the hip.
Crural-the leg.
Cubital-the elbow.
Digital-the finger or toe.
Dorsal-the back.
Femoral-the thigh.
Frontal-the forehead.
Genital-the reproductive organs.
Gluteal-the buttocks.
Inguinal-the groin.
Lumbar-the loin.
Mammary-the breast.
Mental-the chin.
Nasal-nose.
Occipital-the lower posterior region of the head.
Oral-the mouth.
Orbital-the eye cavity.
Otic-the ear.
Palmar-the palm of the hand.
Patellar-the front of the knee..
Pectoral-the chest.
Pedal-the foot.
Pelvic-the pelvis
Perineal-the perineum.
Plantar-the sole of the foot.
Popliteal-the area behind the knee.
Sacral- the posterior region between the hipbones.
Sternal-the middle of the thorax, anteriorly.
Sural-the calf of the leg.
Tarsal-the instep of the foot.
Umbilical-the navel.

Vertebral-the spinal column.

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