MA241 STATISTICAL METHODS FOR THE LIFE SCIENCES

FINAL EXAMINATION FORMULA SHEET

2016 FALL TERM
1. Random variables (discrete and continuous)
(1). (Bernoulli Random Variable) Suppose that a trial, or an experiment, whose outcome can be
classified as either a success or a failure is performed. If let X = 1 when the outcome is a
success and X = 0 when it is a failure, the the probability mass function of X is given by
p(0) = 1

p and p(1) = p

where 0 p 1, is the probability that the trial is a success. E(X) = p and V ar(X) =
p(1 p).
(2). (Binomial Random Variable) Suppose that n independent trials, each of which results in a
success with probability p and in a failure with probability 1 p, are to be performed. If X
represents the number of successes that occur in the n trials, then X has the below probability
mass function with parameters (n, p),

n x
p(x) =
p (1 p)n x , x = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n
x
Therefore, E(X) = np and V ar(X) = np(1

p).

(3). (Poisson Random Variable) A random variable X that counts number of a certain event
occurring in a unit of measurement is called poisson random variable. X takes on one of the
values 0, 1, 2, . . . has the below probability mass function with parameter > 0,
x

p(x) = e
Therefore, E(X) =

x!

, x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .

and V ar(X) = .

(4). (Geometric Random Variable) Suppose that independent trials, each having a probability p,
0 < p < 1, of being a success, are performed until a success occurs. Let X equal the number
of trials required , then X has the below probability mass function with parameters p,
p(x) = (1
Therefore, E(X) =

1
p

and V ar(X) =

p)x 1 p , x = 1, 2, . . .

1 p
.
p2

(5). (Negative Binomial Random Variable) Suppose that independent trials, each having probability p, 0 < p < 1, of being a success are performed until a total of r successes is accumulated.
Let X equal the number of trials required, then X has the below probability mass function
with parameters (r, p)

x 1 r
p(x) =
p (1 p)x r , x = r, r + 1, . . .
r 1
Therefore, E(X) =

r
p

and V ar(X) =

r(1 p)
.
p2

(6). (Uniform Random Variable) A random variable that has probability density function defined
as below is called uniform random variable f (x) = b 1 a for a x b. Therefore, E(X) = a+b
2
and V ar(X) =

(b a)2
.
12

(7). (Regular Normal Random Variable) A random variable that has probability density function
defined as below is called normal random variable f (x) =
Therefore, E(X) = and V ar(X) = 2 .

p1
2

(x )2
2 2

, for

1 < x < 1.

(8). (Standard Normal Random Variable) A standard normal random variable is a special case of
a regular normal random variable with = 0 and = 1.
2. Probability
(1). P (A [ B) = P (A) + P (B) if A, B are mutually exclusive
(2). P (A [ B) = P (A) + P (B)

P (A \ B) if A, B are not mutually exclusive

(3). P (A \ B) = P (A)P (B) if A, B are independent events

(4). P (A|B) =

P (A\B)
P (B)

(5). P (Ac ) = 1

P (A) rule of complement

3. Statistical Inference for 1

(a). Large sample confidence interval for 1 q

2:
2
1
1 X
2 ) Z/2 X X , where X X =
(X
+
1
2
1
2
n1

2
2
n2

(b). Large sample test of hypothesis for

q12 22 : q 2
1 X
2 ) D0
s
(X
Z=
, where X1 X2 = n11 + n22 n11 +

X1

X2

s21
n1

s22
.
n2

s22
.
n2

(c). Small sample confidenceq

interval for 1 2 (pooled t procedure):
1 X
2 ) t/2,n +n 2 s2p ( 1 + 1 ), where s2p = (n1 1)s21 +(n2 1)s22 .
(X
1
2
n1
n2
n1 +n2 2

(d). Small sample test of hypothesis for 1 2 (pooled t procedure):

(n 1)s21 +(n2 1)s22

t = (qX12 X12 ) 1D0 , where s2p = 1 n1 +n
.
2 2
sp ( n + n )
1

4. Statistical Inference for P1

P2

(a). Large sample confidence interval for P1 P2 : (P1 P2 ) Z/2

q
q

P1 (1 P1 )
P2 (1 P2 )
where P1 P2 =
+ n2
P1 (1n1 P1 ) + P2 (1n2 P2 ) .
n1

P1 P2 ,

(b). Large sample test of hypothesis for P1 P2 : Z = (P1 P2) 0 ,

P1 P2
q
q
P1 (1 P1 )
P2 (1 P2 )
where P1 P2 =
+ n2
P (1 P )( n11 + n12 ), P =
n1

x1 +x2
.
n1 +n2

Standard Normal Cumulative Probability Table

Cumulative probabilities for POSITIVE z-values are shown in the following table:
z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4

0.00
0.5000
0.5398
0.5793
0.6179
0.6554

0.01
0.5040
0.5438
0.5832
0.6217
0.6591

0.02
0.5080
0.5478
0.5871
0.6255
0.6628

0.03
0.5120
0.5517
0.5910
0.6293
0.6664

0.04
0.5160
0.5557
0.5948
0.6331
0.6700

0.05
0.5199
0.5596
0.5987
0.6368
0.6736

0.06
0.5239
0.5636
0.6026
0.6406
0.6772

0.07
0.5279
0.5675
0.6064
0.6443
0.6808

0.08
0.5319
0.5714
0.6103
0.6480
0.6844

0.09
0.5359
0.5753
0.6141
0.6517
0.6879

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9

0.6915
0.7257
0.7580
0.7881
0.8159

0.6950
0.7291
0.7611
0.7910
0.8186

0.6985
0.7324
0.7642
0.7939
0.8212

0.7019
0.7357
0.7673
0.7967
0.8238

0.7054
0.7389
0.7704
0.7995
0.8264

0.7088
0.7422
0.7734
0.8023
0.8289

0.7123
0.7454
0.7764
0.8051
0.8315

0.7157
0.7486
0.7794
0.8078
0.8340

0.7190
0.7517
0.7823
0.8106
0.8365

0.7224
0.7549
0.7852
0.8133
0.8389

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4

0.8413
0.8643
0.8849
0.9032
0.9192

0.8438
0.8665
0.8869
0.9049
0.9207

0.8461
0.8686
0.8888
0.9066
0.9222

0.8485
0.8708
0.8907
0.9082
0.9236

0.8508
0.8729
0.8925
0.9099
0.9251

0.8531
0.8749
0.8944
0.9115
0.9265

0.8554
0.8770
0.8962
0.9131
0.9279

0.8577
0.8790
0.8980
0.9147
0.9292

0.8599
0.8810
0.8997
0.9162
0.9306

0.8621
0.8830
0.9015
0.9177
0.9319

1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

0.9332
0.9452
0.9554
0.9641
0.9713

0.9345
0.9463
0.9564
0.9649
0.9719

0.9357
0.9474
0.9573
0.9656
0.9726

0.9370
0.9484
0.9582
0.9664
0.9732

0.9382
0.9495
0.9591
0.9671
0.9738

0.9394
0.9505
0.9599
0.9678
0.9744

0.9406
0.9515
0.9608
0.9686
0.9750

0.9418
0.9525
0.9616
0.9693
0.9756

0.9429
0.9535
0.9625
0.9699
0.9761

0.9441
0.9545
0.9633
0.9706
0.9767

2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

0.9772
0.9821
0.9861
0.9893
0.9918

0.9778
0.9826
0.9864
0.9896
0.9920

0.9783
0.9830
0.9868
0.9898
0.9922

0.9788
0.9834
0.9871
0.9901
0.9925

0.9793
0.9838
0.9875
0.9904
0.9927

0.9798
0.9842
0.9878
0.9906
0.9929

0.9803
0.9846
0.9881
0.9909
0.9931

0.9808
0.9850
0.9884
0.9911
0.9932

0.9812
0.9854
0.9887
0.9913
0.9934

0.9817
0.9857
0.9890
0.9916
0.9936

2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

0.9938
0.9953
0.9965
0.9974
0.9981

0.9940
0.9955
0.9966
0.9975
0.9982

0.9941
0.9956
0.9967
0.9976
0.9982

0.9943
0.9957
0.9968
0.9977
0.9983

0.9945
0.9959
0.9969
0.9977
0.9984

0.9946
0.9960
0.9970
0.9978
0.9984

0.9948
0.9961
0.9971
0.9979
0.9985

0.9949
0.9962
0.9972
0.9979
0.9985

0.9951
0.9963
0.9973
0.9980
0.9986

0.9952
0.9964
0.9974
0.9981
0.9986

3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

0.9987
0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997

0.9987
0.9991
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997

0.9987
0.9991
0.9994
0.9995
0.9997

0.9988
0.9991
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9988
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9989
0.9992
0.9994
0.9996
0.9997

0.9989
0.9992
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997

0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9996
0.9997

0.9990
0.9993
0.9995
0.9997
0.9998

Table of the Student's t-distribution

The table gives the values of t ; where

Pr(T > t ; ) = , with degrees of freedom

t ;

0.1

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

0.001

0.0005

1
2
3
4
5

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015

12.076
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571

31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365

63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032

318.310
22.326
10.213
7.173
5.893

636.620
31.598
12.924
8.610
6.869

6
7
8
9
10

1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372

1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812

2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228

3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764

3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250
3.169

5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297
4.144

5.959
5.408
5.041
4.781
4.587

11
12
13
14
15

1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341

1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753

2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.131

2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624
2.602

3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977
2.947

4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787
3.733

4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140
4.073

16
17
18
19
20

1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325

1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725

2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086

2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539
2.528

2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845

3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579
3.552

4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883
3.850

21
22
23
24
25

1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318
1.316

1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708

2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060

2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485

2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787

3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467
3.450

3.819
3.792
3.767
3.745
3.725

26
27
28
29
30

1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.310

1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.697

2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
2.042

2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.457

2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.750

3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396
3.385

3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659
3.646

40
60
120

1.303
1.296
1.289
1.282

1.684
1.671
1.658
1.645

2.021
2.000
1.980
1.960

2.423
2.390
2.358
2.326

2.704
2.660
2.617
2.576

3.307
3.232
3.160
3.090

3.551
3.460
3.373
3.291

You can use this page for your rough work!