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Load Flow Analysis

Load flow studies analyze power systems by modeling the relationship between bus voltages and injected currents throughout the system. The power flow equations relate active and reactive power injections at each bus to the voltage magnitude and phase angle at that bus and all other buses. These nonlinear equations are linearized and solved using an iterative method like Gauss-Seidel to obtain estimates of voltage phase angles and magnitudes that satisfy the power flow. The Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives of active and reactive power with respect to voltage angles and magnitudes is formed and used to solve the linearized system of equations at each iteration until voltages converge.

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Sumathi Ambunathan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
24 views

Load Flow Analysis

Load flow studies analyze power systems by modeling the relationship between bus voltages and injected currents throughout the system. The power flow equations relate active and reactive power injections at each bus to the voltage magnitude and phase angle at that bus and all other buses. These nonlinear equations are linearized and solved using an iterative method like Gauss-Seidel to obtain estimates of voltage phase angles and magnitudes that satisfy the power flow. The Jacobian matrix of partial derivatives of active and reactive power with respect to voltage angles and magnitudes is formed and used to solve the linearized system of equations at each iteration until voltages converge.

Uploaded by

Sumathi Ambunathan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOAD FLOW STUDIES

[][

I1
Y 11
I2
Y 21
=
Ii
Y i1

Y n1
In

Y 1i
Y 2i

Y ii

Y

Y 12
Y 22

Y i2

Y n2

Y 1n
Y 2n

Y

Y nn

or
[ I BUS ]=[ Y BUS ][ V BUS ]

(1)

Current flowing at ith bus in an n bus system


I i =Y i 1 V 1 +Y i 2 V 2 ++Y ii V i+ +Y V n

Or
n

I i = Y ip V p
p=1

Or
n

I i =Y ii V i + Y ip V p
p=1
P i

1
V i=
I Y V
Y ii i p=1 ip p
P i

Complex power injected into ith bus


S i=Pi + jQi=V i I i

(2)

LOAD FLOW STUDIES

Taking complex conjugate


S i =Pi jQ i=V i I i

Or
Ii =

Pi jQ i
V i

(3)

Substituting (3) in (2)

n
1 Pi jQ i
V i=
Y ip V p
Y ii
V i
p =1
P i

(4)

Since the convergence rate in Gauss Seidal method is slow, an


acceleration factor ( = 1.6) is used to speed up the convergence.
So for (k+1)th iteration
k
k+1
k
V k+1
i(acc)=V i + ( V i V i )

Where k = iteration number

Let

Y ip =Gip jB ip

V p=e p + jf p

; and

V i=e i + jf i

S i =Pi jQ i=V i Y ip V p
p=1

Pi jQi=( ei + jf i )

( Gip jB ip) ( e p + jf p )
p=1

Pi jQi=( ei jf i ) ( Gip jB ip ) ( e p + jf p )
p=1

LOAD FLOW STUDIES

Separating real and imaginary parts


n

Pi= { ei ( e p Gip + f p Bip ) + f i ( f p G ipe p Bip ) }


p=1

Q i= { f i ( e p G ip + f p B ip ) e i ( f p G ip e p Bip ) }
p=1

The active and reactive powers at each bus are functions of e and
f.
Expanding the power equations in Taylors series about the initial
estimate and neglecting all higher order terms results in the
following set of linear equations. Bus 1 designated as slack bus

[ ]

P2
e 2

P2
Pn

Pn
e 2
=
Q2
Q2

e 2
Qn

Qn
e 2

[]

P2
en

Pn
en
Q2
en

Qn
en

P2
f2

Pn
f2
Q2
f2

Qn
f2

P2
fn

Pn
fn
Q2
fn

Qn
fn

[]
e2

en
f2

f n

In short

[ ][

][ ]

P = J 1 J2 e
Q
J 3 J4 f

In case, the system contains all types of buses,

[ ] [ ][

J1 J2
P
e
Q = J 3 J4
f
V p 2
J 5 J6

LOAD FLOW STUDIES

The off-diagonal elements of J1 are


Pi
=e G f B , p i
e p i ip i ip

The diagonal elements of J1 are


n
Pi
=2 e i Gii + ( e p Gip +f p Bip )
ei
p=1
p i

The off-diagonal elements of J2 are


Pi
=e B + f G , p i
f p i ip i ip

The diagonal elements of J2 are


n
Pi
=2 f i Gii + ( f p Gip e p Bip )
fi
p =1
p i

The off-diagonal elements of J3 are


Qi
=e B + f G , p i
e p i ip i ip

The diagonal elements of J3 are


n
Qi
=2 e i Bii + ( f p Gip e p Bip )
ei
p=1
p i

The off-diagonal elements of J4 are

LOAD FLOW STUDIES

Qi
=e i Gip +f i Bip , p i
f p

The diagonal elements of J4 are


n
Qi
=2 f i Bii + ( e p Gip f p Bip )
fi
p =1
p i

The off-diagonal and diagonal elements of J 5


are
2

|V i|
ep

=0, p i

|V i|
=2e i
ei

The off-diagonal and diagonal elements of J 6


are
2

|V i|
f p

=0, p i

|V i|
=2 f i
fi

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