EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION

Submitted by
M Shanmugam
M.Plan [ P.T]

Department of Planning
School of Architecture and Planning campus
Anna University
Chennai.

CONTENT:
1. Introduction
2. History of Industrial Revolution
3. Causes of Industrial Revolution
4. Innovations of Industrial Revolution
5. Changes took place during Industrial Revolution
6. Negative effects of Industrial Revolution
7. Inference
INTRODUCTION
In the later part of 1700s there occurred a transition in the parts of great britains
previously manual labor based economy towards machine based
manufacturing.
This developments transformed a largely rural population from making a living from
agricultural to a town centered society engaged in manufacture. it is a combination
of agriculture revolution and mechanical revolution.
Introduce new methods of cultivation of corps in agriculture revolution and modern
methods of manufacturing good in mechanical revolution.
The industrial revolution was a period in the late 18th century and early 19th
centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing and
transportation had a profound effect on the socio economic and cultural
conditions in Britain
Man Power (labour)

Animal Power

Mechanical Power

It also brought major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation.

The industrial revolution began an era of per capita economic growth in capitalist
economies.
Steam engine propelled the industrial revolution in Britain and it spread throughout
the world. Introduction of steam power (coal) and power machine (textile) brought
major changes in production capacities.
The changes subsequently spread through out Europe, north America and
eventually the world.

Shift from the Agrarian World

Agricultural Revolution New farming methods invented

Lord Townshend in England introduced crop rotation land could now be

used year-round; certain crops revitalized soil

Enclosure movement had large land owners buying and then fencing public
land

Smaller farmers pushed off of land to work as wage laborers for various land
owners or to move to the growing cities

Textile Industry Takes Off

HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:

1700 - Domestic system (cottage industry) had dominated; merchants dropped off
raw
materials at peoples homes, picked up finished products later
-

Series of inventions modernize textile manufacturing,

including:

1733 - Flying Shuttle (John Kay) Used to weave cloth

1760 Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) Allowed for multiple threads to be
woven together
1769 Water Frame (Richard Arkwright) Used water to power the spinning frame
1785 Water Loom (Edmund Cartwright) First machine that could weave cloth
1793 Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney) Machine that separated cotton seeds from the
cotton. Plans for the Cotton Gin
These advancements resulted in the movement of work from the home to the
factory

Britain Industrializes First

1715 1850 Many natural resources available in Britain, including large

amounts of coal and iron
Britain Industrializes First
- Geographical advantages include a large river system for water
power and many
natural harbors for easy trade
-A strong, stable government allowed a strong, stable economy to
develop which
resulted in extra money to invest
-Colonial empire provided much needed raw materials and markets

Spreads to continental Europe, United States of America, and Japan

between 1850
and 1914

Changes Brought by the Industrial Revolution

Invention of the steam engine in 1763 by James Watt shifts labor

from humans and animals to
machines

Inventions continue to make life, manufacturing, and farming easier

and better

Continuous reinvestment of profits fuel even greater growth

Inventions in one area often led to inventions in others

Transportation and communication systems are greatly enhanced

Cities begin to dominate the western world

Creates a new social order with the rise of an influential middle class

Poor working conditions for lower classes eventually lead to new

social and political movements

Need for markets and resources force Europeans to take over foreign
lands (imperialism)

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
Britain needed more food. New ideas and machinery were being develop
Change in method in civilization of crops to increase production for commercial
purpose
mixed farming
In the 18th century drills for sowing seed and machines for threshing were invented
Agricultural Revolution leads to:

More dependable food supplies

Ends cyclical famine

Better nutrition leads to longer lifespan

More positive outlook on life

MECHANICAL REVOLUTION

Many new machines were invented during the 18th century. Early inventions
were related to cloth manufacture

There a few example of new invention and the maker

(1) in 1733 john k invented the flaying shuttle to weave cloth

(2) in 1764 james hargreaves invented the spinning jenny for making thread

(3) in 1767 richard arkwright invented the waret frame

In 1769 James watt invented the steam engine by end of the 18th century.

CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN IN ENGLAND

Agriculture revolution was the forerunner the industrial revolution

England had suitable land for agriculture

Increase in population by about 50% between 1750 until 1801

Support from government with regard to land ownership construction of

roads and canals- they was also
political stability

Inventors were given patent rights. A group of citizen called puritan had
invest money to this industry after their politic rights have been denied

Major cause of Industrial revolution

supply and demand of materials

Early Inventions

Trade growth

Population explosion

INNOVATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

James brindley
- Person who made the changes (Transportation/Communication)
- Built a network of first class canals.
- Built the bridge water canal in 1759-1761 between worsely and
manchester.
- The grand trank canal between trent and mersey, and staffordshire
and orcestershire
canal between trent and sovern were also build by
him
- over 350 miles of canals

George stephenson
- Invented the first train in 1829
- First train in england was between liverpool and manchester
- it was called the rocket

Samuel morse
- Invented a telegraph system
- In 1844 telegraph services began between washington and baltimore

Alexender graham bell

- Invented the telephone in 1876

Thomas telford
- Best known for planning roads and building bridges

Henry Bessemer
- Revolutionized the steel industry by making it lighter and stronger.

Alfred Nobel
- Invented dynamite but felt guilty about his invention and donated
large sums of his
money to people who benefited society.

Thomas Edison
- Invented the light bulb as well as many other inventions.

Karl Benz
- Although no one individual can be given credit for inventing the
automobile, Benz was
the first to receive
a patent in 1886.

Guglielmo Marconi
-Developed the first radio

CHANGES TOOK PLACE DURING INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Politics

Economy

Social

POLITICAL EFFECT

Capitalism vs Socialism
Capitalism - Individuals, rather than governments, control the factors
of
production (land, labor, capital); businesses are
privately owned
Socialism - Government owns the means of production and operate
them on
behalf of the people reform movements

ECONOMY EFFECT

Goods were produced more efficiently

Supply of goods increased

Prices of goods decreased

More consumer demand due to lowered prices

Jobs were created in factories and on rail lines

Social changes as well

SOCIAL

EFFECT
Industry changed the way of life

Urbanization: a movement of people to cities

Changes in farming, demand for workers

Dirty and disease ridden from factories

Cities were unsafe

Shabby apartment buildings

No light, no running water, many to one room, no sanitation system

HAZARDS OF FACTORY LIFE

Long work days (12-16 hours)

No safety devices (loss of limbs, lives)

Pollution (coal dust, lint into lungs of workers)

Women were paid less than men

Many employers preferred women to men

Men could adapt to machines better, easier to manage Grim family life
(double-shift)

CHILDREN SUFFERED IN MILLS AND MINES

Orphaned children worked for food and board

Many families needed the extra money

Very few received an education Factory Act of 1833: minimum 13 years old,
work maximum 8 hour day

Middle Class Expanded

Rise of factory owners, shippers and merchants

Lived in nice housing, dressed and ate well, women did not work

Viewed the poor as lazy or ignorant; responsible for their own misery

POPULATION GROWTH

Population begins to grow especially in England.

Population growth resulted from:

- Agricultural revolution
- Expansion of trade

Openness to innovation

Population Growth

Dependable food supplies + good job opportunities = Younger average age of

marriage
- Earlier marriage increases the birthrate per couple
- Early 19 th century 40% of England under the age of 15
- Migration from countryside to cities
CHANGES IN TRADE

Bettering Transportation

Cottage Industries

Sweet Tooth for Europe

Sugar Cane from plantations most profitable item in international trade

Developing infrastructure The development of the railway stimulated the

economy by providing cheap and efficient transport which lowered the
carriage cost of goods.

Greater income disparity

England becomes the major power in Europe through its successful trade

Capitalism beats out mercantilism as the way to run a country

In this modern textile mill many machines whir busily in an initial stage of
processing fiber into fabric.

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Haves - The entrepreneurs (Individuals who start a new business) who
opened factories and shipping companies became very rich during the early
industrial revolution.

The Have-Not - The people who worked in the factories for the
entrepreneurs (the working class), were soul-crushingly poor

Urbanization
- The movement of people to the cities . The Industrial
revolution brought rapid
urbanization.

Causes of Urbanization - Population explosion

- High demand for workers

City Life - Cities grew around factories

- These cities grew rapidly, without planning
- Working people lived in tenements in hellish slums
- The lack of planning meant that there was no sewage, running
water, or sanitation
system
- No sanitation meant the streets were filled with trash
- The crowded, filthy slums were a breeding ground for diseases such

as cholera
Working Life in Factories

Factory work was difficult and dangerous

Typical shifts lasted 12 to 16 hours

If you complained, you were fired.

If you got sick, you were fired.

If you got hurt and could no longer work, you were fired.

Women at Work

Factory owners hired women because they could pay them less
Women with families worked 12 hours a day and were still expected
to cook, clean, etc. when they finally got home.

Children at Work

Families needed the income working children could provide.

Children could be hired at very low wages
Children worked in the same dangerous factories, for the same long
hours

Communism & Capitalism

Karl Marx and Frederic Engels witnessed the horrors of industrialization

Together they wrote The Communist Manifesto .

The following chart outlines the differences between capitalism &

communism

The Communist Manifesto Das Kapital The Wealth of Nations Books Karl Marx
Adam Smith Founder
Everything is owned by the government .Government closely regulates the
economy (sets prices, tells factories what to make, etc.) Government should not
interfere with economy:
laissez-faire View of Government Communism Capitalism People should cooperate
to achieve success, no competition Everyone should have an equal share of the
wealth/property People become wealthy because they offer a good or service that
people want to buy View of people.
Government ownership of the economy will end hunger, poverty, and slave-like
working conditions From each according to their abilities to each according to their

needs If people work hard enough, they can lift themselves out of poverty How to
improve social conditions?

People should cooperate to achieve success, no competition Everyone should

have an equal share of the wealth/property People become wealthy because
they offer a good or service that people want to buy View of people.

Government ownership of the economy will end hunger, poverty, and slavelike working conditions From each according to their abilities to each
according to their needs If people work hard enough, they can lift
themselves out of poverty How to improve social conditions?

Legislation & Reform

Early attempts to regulate factories were weak and ineffective

Unions were outlawed because they would interfere with the natural
orderremember Ricardo

Legislation & Reform

Child labor was only limited, not abolished Kids in textile mills only
were limited to 12 hour workdays. Those in mines, shipyards and
factories worked more than 12 hours a day

Legislation & Reform

Factory Acts of 1833, 1842 & 1847 limited child labor Prohibited
children under 10 in the mines Set the maximum number of working
hours for women and children at 10.

Inference:
Finally there is the modern day and the future. Technology and industry has
dominated our world improving it to a point that would have been un imaginable
one hundred years ago, and with help of people, the sacrificing and hardships
progress continues.