INTRODUCTION

Sewerage must be taken into care before release it into water system. Sewage treatment is the
process of removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily from household sewage. It
includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove these contaminants and
produce environmentally safe treated wastewater or treated effluent. A by-product of sewage
treatment is usually a semi-solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge that has to undergo
further treatment before being suitable for disposal or land application.
Sewage is generated by residential, institutional, commercial and industrial establishments. It
includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, and sinks draining into
sewers. In many areas, sewage also includes liquid waste from industry and commerce.
Sewage may include stormwater runoff or urban runoff. Sewerage systems capable of handling
storm water are known as combined sewer systems. As rainfall travels over roofs and the
ground, it may pick up various contaminants including soil particles and other sediment, heavy
metals, organic compounds, animal waste, and oil and grease. Some jurisdictions require
stormwater to receive some level of treatment before being discharged directly into waterways.
Examples of treatment processes used for stormwater include retention basins, wetlands, and
media filters.
Sewage collection and treatment is typically subject to local, state and federal regulations and
standards. Treating wastewater has the aim to produce an effluent that will do as little harm as
possible when discharged to the surrounding environment, thereby preventing pollution
compared to releasing untreated wastewater into the environment.
In general, these processes are divided into three stages: preliminary (physical), primary
treatment (physical) and secondary treatment (biological). Minimally, wastewater should receive
physical removal and biological treatment, which can be followed by disinfection before
discharge. More advanced processes or tertiary treatment may be required for special wastes.
When the effluent from secondary treatment is unacceptable, a third level of treatment, tertiary
treatment, can be employed where; industrial area required special treatment. There are many
basic types of sewage treatment plants employing both primary and secondary treatment stages
that are in use today for treating large quantities of sewage.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Designing sewerage treatment plant is not easy as we though as effluent produce by certain
area contain different amount of bacteria, nutrient, turbidity, odor, toxin residue, etc. Some of the
treatment plant doesnt have tertiary treatment whilst others might have more than one process
of tertiary treatment. Basically the purpose of tertiary treatment is to provide a final treatment
stage to further improve the effluent quality before it is discharged to the receiving environment;
sea, river, lake, wet lands, ground, etc. More than one tertiary treatment process may be used at
any treatment plant depending on the influent. If disinfection is practiced, it is always the final
process and also called effluent polishing.
Engineers must know when, why, where to choose tertiary treatment plant during planning
stage. This might involve desk study and site investigation for further details of the sewerage
produce. Some industrial area required this type of treatment plant, hence engineers must know
what they want to treat. They cannot simply choose what type of removal process to be used
and it is affected by effluent.
The reason tertiary treatment required is to provide a final treatment stage to raise the effluent
quality to the desired level as certain place might need nitrogen or phosphorus removal.

OBJECTIVE
1. To study the process involves in sewerage treatment plant including tertiary treatment
process.
2. To investigate what is the tertiary treatment process that widely been used.
3. To analyze what is the new technology used on tertiary treatment plant.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Figure 1: Sewerage Treatment Process

Primary process start with bar screening which the raw influent first goes through a self-cleaning
screen and then into one end of a shallow and rather fast moving basin so that sand and gravel
can settle out. The screen removes coarse and floating solids from the sewage. Many systems
have a grinder known as a comminutor used either with or instead of a bar screen for grinding
large particles which might clog the pumps. Then, a grit chamber is being used, in which the
velocity of waste flow is reduced to a point where the denser sand and other grit will settle out,
but the organic solids will remain in suspension. Next is primary settling tank that usually large
tanks in which solids settle out of water by gravity where solids are pumped away while oils float
to the top and are skimmed off. Sludge will be digest in digestor by anaerobic bacteria and
channeled to the drying bed to remove water from sludge.
Secondary treatment is where aerobic decomposition completes the stabilisation. Trickling filter
is a fixed bed, biological filter that operates under aerobic conditions. Water is being sprayed
where organics are degraded by the biomass covering the filter material. It is sprayed over
using a rotating sprinkler. The filter media goes through cycles of being dosed and exposed to
air where oxygen is depleted within the biomass and the inner layers may be anoxic or
anaerobic. Then, secondary settling tank take place. Chlorination of the effluent from the
secondary settling tank takes place in accordance with state and local laws. From the chlorine
contact chamber the treated sewage is normally discharged into a receiving body of water.

The effluent from secondary treatment systems is unacceptable because of increased

recreational, domestic, and industrial requirements on the receiving body of water and more
stringent stream standards. In such cases tertiary treatment can be employed to further reduce
the solids and organic content of the effluent. This treatment can employ conventional
processes with an increased detention time to allow for greater removals, or the operations
installed for tertiary treatment can involve more exotic and expensive equipment such as
electrodialysis units or ion exchange columns. In tertiary treatment, emphasis is placed on
absorptive processes, such as the use of activated carbon; more efficient oxidation, as with
ozone; foam separation of impurities; and demineralisation using reverse osmosis or distillation.
One of the example process is nitrogen removal. The biological reaction tank is partitioned into
an anaerobic tank and an aerobic tank, and by adding nitrifying pellets, which contain highly
concentrated, immobilized microorganisms. This nitrogen treatment process promotes nitrifying
reactions. This process can also be combined with physiochemical phosphorus removal
methods such as biological phosphorus removal methods and adding coagulants to remove
phosphorus. The function of this tank are it can operate simultaneous BOD/nitrogen treatment
with a residence period of 6-8 hour. Nitrogen removal efficiency is stable, even at low
temperatures and even when combined with simultaneous coagulation methods.

Figure 2: Process of Nitrogen Removal

This nitrogen removal used immobilization principle. Nitrifying pellets are inclusively immobilized
supports whose objective is to hold nitrifying bacteria. Each side of the cube is about 3 mm. If
these supports are acclimated in an environment where nitrifying bacteria easily multiply, the
nitrifying bacteria multiply on the inside surface of the supports. When they acclimate, nitrifying
bacteria multiply on the inside surface of the supports. Keeping supports where nitrifying
bacteria have multiplied in an aerobic tank efficiently performs nitrification treatment.

Figure 3: Nitrifying Pellets Process

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, all of the objective are achieved where the process involves in sewerage
treatment plant including tertiary treatment process is well studied. Besides, the tertiary
treatment process that widely been used was reviewed and investigated. New technology used
in tertiary treatment process is also identified. Thus, tertiary treatment process is very important
to produce effluent with safe water pollution index level.

RECOMMENDATION
1. Tertiary treatment must be provide on high nutrient place such as agricultural area where
it can promote eutrophication to the water system.
2. It is also need to well-revised regarding tertiary treatment before constructing sewerage
treatment plant to avoid less removal of nutrient.

REFERENCES
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2. "Tertiary Treatment of Wastewater - Municipal Wastewater Treatment." WPL Tertiary
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