International Journal of Computer Application

Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijca/ijca_index.htm

Issue 3, Volume 1 (February 2013)

ISSN: 2250-1797

On Supra g**-closed sets

Pauline Mary Helen, Associate Professor, Nirmala College, Coimbatore.
Veronica Vijayan,Aassociate Professor, Nirmala College, Coimbatore.
Punitha Tharani, Associate Professor,St.Marys College, Tuticorin.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract: In this paper we introduce and study a new type of sets called supra g**-closed sets
and supra g**-continuous maps. We also introduce the concept of supra g**-closed maps and
supra g**-open maps and investigated the properties and characteristics of all these new
concepts.
Key Words: supra g**-closed sets, supra g**-closure, supra g**-interior, supra g**-continuous,
supra g**-open.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

1.Introduction: Levin[2] introduced generalized closed set in topological spaces in the year
1970 and Veerakumar[8] introduced g*-closed sets in topological space in the year 2000.
A.S.Mashhour et al [3] introduced the concept of supra topological spaces in the year 1983.
Successively O.Ravi et al [6],O.R. Sayed and T.Noiri [7] g-open sets and b-open sets in supra
topological space respectively

in the year 2010. We have introduced g**-closed sets in

topological spaces in the year 2012 [4] and also have introduced supra g*-closed sets [5]. In this
paper we introduce g**-closed sets in supra topological space and investigated certain
characteristics of the same.
2.Preliminaries
Definition 2.1:[2] A topological space ( X , ) is said to be generalized closed (briefly g-closed)
set if cl ( A) U whenever A U and U is open ( X , ) .
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Definition 2.2:[8] A topological space ( X , ) is said to be generalized star closed (briefly g*closed) set if cl ( A) U whenever A U and U is g-open ( X , ) .
Definition 2.3:[4] A topological space ( X , ) is said to be generalized star star closed (briefly
g**-closed) set if cl ( A) U whenever A U and U is g*- open ( X , ) .
Definition 2.4:[3] Let X be a non empty set. The subfamily (X ) where (X ) is the power
set of X is said to be a supra topology on X if X and is closed under arbitrary unions.
The pair ( X , ) is called a supra topological space. The elements of are said to be supra open
in ( X , ) . Complements of supra open sets are called supra closed sets.
Definition 2.5:[7] Let A be a subset of ( X , ) . Then the supra closure of A is denoted by

cl ( A) {B / B is a supra closed set and A B}.

Definition 2.6:[7] Let A be a subset of ( X , ) . Then the supra interior of A is denoted by

int ( A) {B / B is a supra open set and A B}.

Definition 2.7:[1] Let ( X , ) be a topological space and be a supra topology on X. We call
is supra topology associated with if .
Definition 2.8:[3] Let ( X , ) and (Y , ) be two topological spaces and . A map
f : ( X , ) (Y , ) is called supra continuous if the inverse image of each open set of Y is a

supra open set in X.

Definition 2.9:[5] Let ( X , ) be a supra topological space. A subset A of X is said to be supra
g*-closed if cl ( A) U whenever A U and U is supra g-open.
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3. Supra g**-closed sets and Supra g**-open sets

Definition 3.1: Let ( X , ) be a supra topological space. A subset A of X is said to be supra g**closed if cl ( A) U whenever A U and U is supra g*-open.
The collection of all supra g**-closed sets is denoted by S-G**C(X).
Theorem 3.2: Every supra closed set is supra g**-closed.
Proof: Let A X be a supra closed set and A U and U is supra g*-open. Since A is supra
closed, cl ( A) A and hence cl ( A) U . Therefore A is supra g**-closed.
Corollary 3.3: Every closed set is supra g**-closed.
Proof: Every closed set is supra closed. Therefore by theorem (3.2), every closed set is supra
g**-closed.
Remark 3.4: The converse of theorem (3.2) is not true in general as seen in the following
example.
Example 3.5: Let X {a, b, c, d}, { , x,{b, d},{a, b, d},{a, c, d},{b, c, d}}. In this case the set

A {a, b, c} is supra g**-closed but not supra closed.

Theorem 3.6: Every supra g**-closed set is supra g-closed.
Proof is obvious.
Remark 3.7: The union of two supra g**-closed sets need not be supra g**-closed as seen in the
following example.

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Example 3.8: In example (3.5), {a} and {b} are supra g**-closed but not their union {a, b} is not
supra g**-closed.
Remark 3.9: The intersection of two supra g**-closed sets need not be supra g**-closed as seen
in the following example.
Example 3.10: Let X {a, b, c, d}, { , x,{a},{a, d},{b, c, d}}. In this case the set A {b, d}

B {c, d} are supra g**-closed but A B {d} is not supra g**- closed.
Remark 3.11: The intersection of supra g**-closed set and supra open set is neither supra g**closed nor supra open.
Example 3.12: In example (3.10), A {a, d} is supra open B {b, d} is supra g**-closed but

A B {d} is neither supra open nor supra g**-closed.

Theorem 3.13: A subset A of X is supra g**-closed if and only if cl ( A) / A contains no non
empty supra g*-closed set.
Proof: Necessity: Let F be a supra g*-closed subset of cl ( A) / A . That is F cl ( A) / A. Now

A F c where F c is supra g*-open. Since A is supra g**-closed cl ( A) F c F [cl ( A)]c .

Therefore F cl ( A) [cl ( A)]c . Hence F is empty.
Sufficiency: Suppose A U and U is supra g*-open. Suppose cl ( A) U . Then cl ( A) U c is
a supra g*-closed subset of cl ( A) / A. Hence cl ( A) U c and hence cl ( A) U . Therefore
A is supra g**-closed.

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Corollary 3.14: A supra g**-closed set A of X is supra closed if and only if cl ( A) / A is supra
g*-closed.
Proof: The supra g**-closed set A is supra closed. Then cl ( A) A and hence cl ( A) / A is
supra g*-closed. Conversely suppose that cl ( A) / A is supra g*-closed. Since A is supra g**closed cl ( A) / A does not contain a non empty supra g-closed set. But since cl ( A) / A is itself
supra g*-closed, cl ( A) / A which implies cl ( A) A. Therefore A is supra closed.
Theorem 3.15: Every supra g*-closed set is supra g**-closed.
Proof: Let A be supra g*-closed. Let A U where U is supra g*-open. Then A U where U is
supra g-open. Hence cl ( A) U ,since A is supra g*-closed. Therefore A is supra g**-closed.
Remark 3.16: The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen in the following
example.
Example 3.17: In example (3.10) A {c} is supra g**-closed but not supra g*-closed.
Theorem 3.18: If A is supra g**-closed in X and A B cl (A) then B is supra g**-closed.
Proof: Let A be supra g**-closed. By theorem (3.13) cl ( A) / A contains no non empty supra g*closed set. Since cl ( A) / B cl ( A) / A, cl ( A) / B does not contain a non empty supra g*closed

set.

A B cl ( A) cl ( A) cl ( B) cl ( A).

cl ( B) cl ( A).

cl ( B) / B cl ( A) / B has no non empty supra g*-closed sets. Therefore B is supra g**-closed.

Theorem 3.19: In a supra topological space ( X , ) the set of all supra g*-open sets is equal to
the set of all supra closed sets then every subset of X is supra g**-closed.
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Proof: Suppose the set of supra g*-open sets equals the set of all supra closed sets. Let A be a
subset of X and A U where U is supra g*-open. Then cl ( A) cl U ( A) U (since U is supra
closed).Therefore A is supra g**-closed.
Theorem 3.20: A subset a of X is supra g**-open if and only if F int ( A) whenever F is
supra g*-closed and F A.
Proof: Let F int ( A) whenever F is supra g*-closed and F A. Let Ac U when U is supra
g*-open in X. Now U c A and U c is supra g*-closed in X. U c int ( A). Hence

cl ( A ) [int ( A)]c U . Therefore A c is supra g**-closed and hence A is supra g**-open.

Conversely, suppose A is supra g**-open. Let F A and F is supra g*-closed. F c is supra g*open and Ac F c . Since A c is supra g*-closed, cl ( Ac ) F c . But cl ( Ac ) [int ( A)]c and
hence F int ( A).
Theorem 3.21: If int ( A) B A where A is supra g**-open in X then B is supra g**-open.
Proof: Since Ac B c [int ( A)]c cl ( Ac ) and A c is supra g**-closed it follows from
theorem (3.18), B c is supra g**-closed and hence B is supra g**-open.
Theorem 3.22: If a set A of X is supra g**-closed then cl ( A) / A is supra g**-open.
Proof: Suppose that A is supra g**-closed and that F int (cl ( A) / A. By theorem (3.13),

F and hence F int (cl ( A)) / A. By theorem (3.20), cl ( A) / A is supra g**-open.

4.Supra g*-closure and supra g*-interior

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Definition 4.1: Let ( X , ) be a supra topological space and A be a subset of X then supra g**closure of A denoted by cl g** ( A) is defined as cl g** ( A) {F / A F} and F is supra g**-closed.
Definition 4.2: Let ( X , ) be a supra topological space and A be a subset of X then supra g**interior of A denoted by int g** ( A) is defined as int g** ( A) {G / G A} and G is supra g**open.
Theorem 4.3: For the subsets A and B of a supra topological space ( X , ) the following
statements hold:
1. A cl g** ( A) cl ( A).
2. If A is supra g**-closed then A cl g** ( A).
3. x cl g** ( A) if and only if for any supra g**-open set U containing x , A U .
4. If A B then cl g** ( A) cl g** ( B).
5. cl g** ( A) is supra g**-closed.
Proof:(1):It follows from the fact that every supra closed set is supra g**-closed.
(2) It is obvious.
But if A cl g** ( A) then A need not be supra g**-closed. In example (3.10), cl g** ({d}) {d} but
{d } is not supra g**-closed.

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(3)Necessity: Suppose x cl g** and let U be a supra g**-open set containing x such that

A U then A X U . But X / U is supra g**-closed. Hence cl g** ( A) X / U . Since

x X /U , we obtain x cl g** ( A) which is a contradiction. Therefore A U .
Sufficiency: If x cl g** ( A) then there exists a supra g**-closed set f of X such that A F and

x F . x X / F where X / F is a supra g**-open set. Hence X / F is supra g**-open set of X

containing x such that ( X / F ) A which is a contradiction. x cl g** ( A).
(4) and (5) are obvious.
Theorem 4.4: For the subsets A and B of a supra topological space ( X , ) the following
statements hold:
1. int g** ( A) is the largest g**-open set contained in A.
2. If A is supra g**-open then A int g** ( A).
3. int g** (int g** ( A)) int g** ( A).
4. X / int g** ( A) cl g** ( Ac ).
5. X / cl g** ( A) int g** ( Ac ).
6. If A B, then int g** ( A) int g** ( B).
7. int g** ( A) int g** ( B) cl g** ( A B).
8. int g** ( A) int g** ( B) cl g** ( A B).
Remark 4.5: The equality does not hold in (7) of the theorem (4.4) as seen in the following
example.
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Example 4.6: In example (3.5), let A {a, b} and B {a, d}. Here int g** ( A) int g ** ( B)
Therefore

int g** ( A) int g** ( B) .

int g** ( A B) int g** ({a, b, d}) {a, b, d}.

int g** ( A) int g** ( B) int g** ( A B).

Remark 4.7: The equality does not hold in (8) of the theorem (4.4) as seen in the following
example.
Example 4.8: In example (3.5), let A {a, c, d} and B {b, c, d}. Here int g** ( A) {a, c, d}

int g** ( B) {b, c, d} Therefore int g** ( A) int g** ( B) {c, d}. int g** ( A B) int g** ({c, d}) .
int g** ( A) int g** ( B) int g** ( A B).
Remark 4.9: The converse of theorem (4.4) need not be true as seen in the following example.
Example 4.10:

5.Supra topological maps

Definition 5.1: Let ( X , ) and (Y , ) be two topological spaces and be a supra topology
associated with . A map f : ( X , ) (Y , ) is called supra g**-continuous if the inverse image
of each open set of Y is a supra g**-open set in X.
Definition 5.2: Let ( X , ) and (Y , ) be two topological spaces and be a supra topology
associated with . A map f : ( X , ) (Y , ) is called supra g**-open (resp. g**-closed) if the
image of each open (resp.closed) set of X is a supra g**-open (resp.supra g**-closed) set in Y.

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Theorem 5.3: Every supra closed map in X is supra g**-closed in X.

Proof is obvious.
Remark 5.4: The converse of the above theorem is not true as seen from the following example.
Example 5.5:

Theorem 5.6: Let ( X , ) and (Y , ) be two topological spaces and be a supra topology
associated with . A map f : ( X , ) (Y , ) is called supra g*-closed if and only if for each
subset S of Y and for each open set U containing f 1 ( S ) there is a supra g**-open set V of Y
such that S V and f 1 (V ) U .
Proof: Suppose f : ( X , ) (Y , ) is a supra g**-closed map. Let S be a subset of Y and U be
an open set of X such that f 1 ( S ) U . Then V Y / f ( X / U ) is supra g**-open and S V and

f 1 (V ) U . Conversely, suppose F is a closed set of X. f 1 (Y / f ( F )) X / F and X / F is open

in X. Then by hypothesis, there is a supra g**-open set V of Y such that Y / f ( F ) V and

f 1 (V ) X / F . That is F X / f 1 (V ). Hence Y / V f ( F ) f ( X / f 1 (V ) Y / V which

implies f ( F ) Y / V . Since Y / V is supra g*-closed, f (F ) is supra g**-closed and hence f (F )
is a supra g**-closed map.
Theorem 5.7: Every supra g**-closed map is supra g-closed.
Proof: Let A be closed in ( X , ) then f (A) is supra g**-closed in Y and hence f (A) is supra gclosed. Therefore f is a supra g-closed map.
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References
[1]R.Devi, S.Sampathkumar, M.Caldas, On supra - open sets and S -continuous functions,
General Mathematics, 16(2) (2008), 77-84.
[2] N.Levine, Generalised closed sets in Topology, Rend. Circ. Palermo, 19(2)(1970), 89-96.
[3]A.S.Mashhour, A.A.Allam, F.S.Mohmoud and F.H.Khedr, On supratopological spaces, Indian
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[4] Pauline Mary Helen. M, Veronica Vijayan, Ponnuthai Selvarani, g**-closed sets in
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[5] Pauline Mary Helen. M, Veronica Vijayan, Ponnuthai Selvarani, supra g*-closed sets
(Submitted)
[6]O.Ravi, G.Ramkumar, and M.Kamaraj, On supra g-closed sets, International Journal of
Advances and Applied Mathematics,1(2)(2011), 52-66.
[7] O.R.Sayed and T.Noiri, On supra b-open sets and supra b-continuity on topological spaces,
European J.Pure and Appl.Math., 3(2)(2010),295-302.
[8] M.K.R.S. Veera Kumar, Mem. Fac. Sci.Kochi Univ. (Math.), 21 (2000), 1 19.

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