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General and Local Exhaust Ventilation

The document is the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Ventilation Manual 27th Edition. It provides guidance on ventilation systems for controlling airborne contaminants in the workplace. The manual defines common ventilation terms, describes the purpose and principles of general ventilation and local exhaust ventilation systems, and provides examples and best practices for evaluating, designing, and troubleshooting ventilation systems.

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632 views37 pages

General and Local Exhaust Ventilation

The document is the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Ventilation Manual 27th Edition. It provides guidance on ventilation systems for controlling airborne contaminants in the workplace. The manual defines common ventilation terms, describes the purpose and principles of general ventilation and local exhaust ventilation systems, and provides examples and best practices for evaluating, designing, and troubleshooting ventilation systems.

Uploaded by

LidijaSpaseska
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SAND No.

2012-1603C
Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,
for the United States Department of Energys National Nuclear Security Administration
under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Definitions
Common terminology
Purpose
Hazard assessment
General ventilation
Local exhaust ventilation
Ventilation evaluation
Troubleshooting
Exercises

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists


(ACGIH) Ventilation Manual 27th Edition
http://www.acgih.org/store/ProductDetail.cfm?id=1905

Heating, ventilating and air conditioning


(HVAC): refers to the distribution system for

heating, ventilating, cooling, dehumidifying and


cleansing air.
Replacement/Supply air: refers to replacement
air for HVAC and local exhaust ventilation.
General ventilation: refers to ventilation that
controls the air environment by removing and
replacing contaminated air before chemical
concentrations reach unacceptable levels.
Local exhaust ventilation (LEV): refers to
systems designed to enclose, or capture and remove
contaminated air at the source.

Q = volume of air in cubic meters


V = velocity of air in meters per second

Duct velocity-velocity required to transport the


contaminant
Face velocity-velocity on the front of an enclosing hood
Capture velocity-velocity required to capture
contaminant at point of generation

A = cross sectional area of hood opening


in square meters
X = distance of ventilation from the source
in meters

Protect workers from


health hazards
Dilute, capture, or
contain contaminants

Protect workers from


hot processes

Slot Hood

Ovens, foundries

Protect the product


Semiconductor
Electronics
Pharmaceuticals

Canopy Hood

Emergency ventilation

Standalone fans
Detectors connected to
ventilation or scrubber
systems
Safe room

Photo credit: Emergency Responder Products

Enclosed vented rooms


Photo credit: Advanced Specialty Gas Equipment
or cabinets

Positive pressure

Gas cabinets

Comply with health and


safety regulations

What are the airborne


contaminants?

Particles
Solvent vapors
Acid mists
Metal fumes

How do to the workers


interact with the source
contaminant?
Are workers exposed to air
contaminants in
concentrations over an
exposure limit?
*Requires air monitoring of the
task

Dilution or local exhaust


ventilation?

Picture Credit : International Labor Organization

Natural Ventilation:
Useful for hot processes
Chimney effect
Windows and doors kept open

Example: a warehouse opens the windows to


create natural ventilation
Q = 0.2 AV
A = square meters (area of open doors)
V = wind speed in kilometers/hour
Q = estimates the volumetric flow rate through the
building (m3/s)

Dilution Ventilation

-Heat control
-Dilution of odors, flammables
-Not for control of toxics

Principles

-Contaminant emissions must be widely dispersed


-Exhaust openings must be near contaminant source
-The worker must not be downstream of contaminant
-Air flow over worker should not exceed 3.5
meters/sec

Use when contaminant concentration cannot be


controlled by dilution ventilation or other controls
Select the type of LEV from hazard assessment
Which type is best to capture the contaminant?
Enclosed or capture hood?
Consider workers needs

What duct transport velocity is required to carry the


contaminant? Heavy particles?
What face or capture velocity is required?

Select duct material for the contaminant


Ensure enough replacement air/adequate fan size

Discharge

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

Air Cleaning
System

Branch

Fan
Capture Hood

Dip Tank
12

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)


Volumetric Flow Rate, Q = VA [Circular Opening]

Q = Volumetric flow rate, in cubic meters/second


V = Average velocity, in meters/second
A = Cross-sectional area in square meters

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)


Duct diameter = 1 meter
V = 600 meters/second
What is Q?

Duct diameter = 0.5 meter


What is the duct velocity (V)?

For circular ducts

A = d2/4

Q = VA

Q = VA

Q = (600 m/s)([1m]2/4)

471 meters3/s = V ([0.5m]2/4)

Q = 471 meters3/second

V = 2400 meters/second

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)


Duct
Air
Air

Capture of contaminant
is only effective within
one (1) duct diameter

30 Duct Diameters

JET

vface
D = Duct diameter

ACGIH Ventilation Manual

Capture Velocity (Vc) : [Plain Opening]


Q = vface

vcapture

Q = Vc (10x2 + A)
X = distance of source from hood face

Recommended Capture Velocities


CAPTURE VELOCITY
Range in
meters/second

CONDITION

EXAMPLES

No velocity,
Quiet air

Evaporation from tanks,


degreasers

0.25 0.5

Low velocity, moderately


still air

Spray booths, container


filling, welding, plating

0.5 1.0

Active generation into


rapid air motion

Spray painting (shallow


booths), crushers

1.0 2.5

High initial velocity into


very rapid air motion

Grinding, abrasive
blasting, tumbling

2.5 10.1

ACGIH Ventilation Manual

Recommended Duct Velocities


CONTAMINANT

EXAMPLES

DUCT VELOCITY
Meters/second

Vapors, gases, smoke

Vapors, gases, smoke

5.0 10.1

Fumes

Welding

10.1 12.7

Very fine dust

Cotton lint

12.7 15.2

Dry dusts & powders

Cotton dust

15.2 20.3

Industrial dust

Grinding dust, limestone


dust

17.8 20.3

Heavy dust

Sawdust, metal turnings

20.3 22.9

Heavy/moist dusts

Lead dusts, cement dust

> 22.9

ACGIH Ventilation Manual

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

Canopy hood:

Best for controlling hot


processes
Not good for capturing
dusts, or vapors
Not good where crossdrafts exist
Worker must not put
head under canopy

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

Elephant trunk:
Good for welding fumes,
small process tasks,
machining, disconnecting
process lines
Place close to contaminant
Ensure adequate capture
velocity at distance from
contaminant
Flanged opening captures
contaminant better

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

Downdraft hood:
Vapors pulled down
through grill
Capture velocity
depends on source
distance from grill
Not for hot
operations

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

Slot ventilation:

Best for liquid open


surface tanks
Acid baths
Plating tanks
Pulls air across the
tank away from
worker
Side enclosures
prevent cross drafts
Push-Pull design is
optional (push jet)

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

Fume hood:
Laboratory use
Best for small
amounts of chemicals
Sash must be kept at
set level
NO storage of
equipment in the
hood!

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

Enclosures:
Example:

Paint booths

Control of exposure
to liquid aerosols and
vapors
Flammability hazard
Must have scheduled
filter changeout
Operator must be
upstream

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)

Other vented enclosures


Glove boxes
Furnaces/ovens
Abrasive blasting

Photo credit: U. S. Department of Labor. OSHA

Photo credit: Borel Furnaces and Ovens

Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)


Exhaust Systems:
Do

not place exhaust stack


near air intakes
Re-entrains contaminants into the
building
Do

not use rain caps


Stack height depends on:
Contaminant temperature
Building height
Atmospheric conditions
Discharge velocity
Ideal discharge velocity is 15
meters per second

Ventilation Systems Evaluation

Evaluate capture velocity


Quantitatively-anemometers,
velometers
Qualitatively-smoke tubes,
- Visualizes air movement
- Use water vapor for clean
rooms
Photo Credit: All Products Inc.

Ventilation Systems Evaluation


Air velocity
measurements
- Measure air velocities
(meter/sec) at a number of
points
- Average the results and
determine volumetric flow
rate: Q = VA
- All instruments must be
calibrated periodically
- Types:
- Swinging vane velometer
- Hot-wire anemometer

Troubleshooting
Wrong hood for process
Example: canopy hood for toxics
Insufficient capture velocity
Insufficient duct velocity
~14 meters/second for vapors

~18 meters/second for dust


Too much air flow = turbulence
Traffic or competing air currents
Insufficient make up air
Negative pressure
Cant open doors

What is the preferred ventilation system


for the following situation?
Dilute non-toxic odors in the warehouse
A) General ventilation
B) Local exhaust ventilation

What is the preferred ventilation system


for the following situation?
Acid processing bath with open surface area
A) Lab fume hood
B) Slot ventilation
C) Elephant trunk
D) Canopy hood
E) Paint booth

What is the preferred ventilation


system for the following situation?
Welding table
A) Lab fume hood
B) Slot ventilation
C) Elephant trunk
D) Canopy hood
E) Paint booth

What is the preferred ventilation


system for the following situation?
Chemical analysis of small samples for
quality control

A) Lab fume hood


B) Slot ventilation
C) Elephant trunk
D) Canopy hood
E) Paint booth

What is the preferred ventilation


system for the following situation?
Spray painting a large piece of equipment
A) Lab fume hood
B) Slot ventilation
C) Elephant trunk
D) Canopy hood
E) Paint booth

US Standards & Guidelines


ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practice

AIHA
American Industrial Hygiene Association
Standard Z9.2, Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local
Exhaust Ventilation Systems

ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers

Standard 62.1-2010, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality


OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Ventilation, 29 Code of Federal Regulations 1910.94
http://osha.gov/

Provided ventilation definitions and terminology


Summarized the purpose of ventilation
Described general exhaust ventilation
Described local exhaust ventilation
Demonstrated volumetric flow rate and capture
velocity calculations
Described how to evaluate a ventilation system
Provided examples of ventilation problems
(troubleshooting)
Listed ventilation standards and guidelines

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