G&P GEOTECHNICS SDN BHD

Specification for Coastal Reclamation

7 October 1999

SPECIFICATION FOR COASTAL RECLAMATION

1.0

SCOPE OF WORKS
The areas to be reclaimed are as shown in the drawings consisting mainly:
(a)
Parcels A (comprising of A1 & A2), Parcel B (comprising of B1 & B2) and Parcel
C and C1.
(b)

Land reclamation generally along the Jelutong Expressway alignment.

The filling operation shall be by hydraulic pumping method and shall follow the recommended
EIA guidelines.
It is expressly stated that the Contractor shall be fully responsible to investigate, identify sand
borrow sources, and secure necessary permit or approval for supply of fill materials all at his own
costs.

2.0

SEABED CLEARING
This work shall consist of wreck clearing (whether visible or hidden) unless of historical value,
large obstruction/debris clearing, existing jetty structures and fishtraps clearing.
Incombustible material, including where appropriate the remains of burning, shall be disposed of
in a safe and tidy manner at solid waste dumps approved by the Local Town Council but outside
the Site, unless otherwise approved or directed by the Engineer. The Contractor shall be solely
responsible for making the necessary agreements, and paying expenses and claims arising from
the use of such solid waste dumps whether on Government or private land.

3.0

SUPPLY, DELIVERY AND STORAGE OF FILL MATERIALS

The Contractor shall make his own investigation prior to Tendering to ascertain the most suitable
borrow sources. Full details of such information shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval
for the hydraulic fill material (sand) and non-hydraulic fill material. The Contractor shall also
determine the most suitable mode of delivery of fill materials from the proposed borrow sources
to the site, including type of plants, vessels and methods to be used.
If the delivery of sand fill material involves pumping via a pipeline, the entire length of the pipeline
shall be visually monitored at all times during operation for evidence of breaks or leakages. In
the event a leak is detected, pumping shall be stopped as soon as practicable and shall not be
started again until the leakage is repaired to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

4.0

SAND FILL MATERIALS FOR RECLAMATION

Fill materials for the reclamation works shall be sand obtained from Contractors borrow sources
as mentioned above. The fill material shall be free from organic or other deleterious matters and
shall contain less than 10% fines. The acceptable range of fill materials is given in the sieve
envelope of Figure 1 of Appendix A herein. Materials marginally deviated from the above shall
only be accepted with written approval of the Engineer
The Contractor shall carry out trial dredging to identify areas where suitable fill material can be
obtained. For this purpose, Particle Size Distribution Tests for coarse grain soils in accordance
to BS1377 (1990) shall be carried out on samples obtained from such trial dredging. The results
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Specification for Coastal Reclamation
7 October 1999

indicating the grading of sand obtained from such trial dredging shall be submitted to the
Engineer for his approval prior to the reclamation works.
The strength tests shall be carried out also:
1.

Compaction tests.
2.
Shear box tests.

And the minimum effective shear strength of c'= 0 and '= 30 shall be achieved unless
otherwise agreed by the Engineer.
Once placed, the fill material shall be sampled and tested at regular intervals not less than once
every placed 5,000 cubic metres as directed by the Engineer to determine its
uniformity/conformity with the source samples. Materials found not conforming with the approved
samples shall be removed from the Site and replaced at the Contractor's own costs.
The frequency of laboratory testing on the fill material samples shall be as directed by the
Engineer, depending on the uniformity of sand fill materials at source and as delivered to the site
by the Contractor.
The original soil at the reclamation area is of relatively low strength. The filling procedure which
the Contractor intends to adopt shall take cognisance of this and shall avoid inducing slips,
slides, mudwaves, erosion or displacement of the original soil and the rates and prices entered in
the Bill of Quantities are deemed to allow for carrying out the work in such a manner. The
Contractor should also submit a full detailed method statement of the reclamation for the
Engineer's approval.
It is of importance that the procedure should allow for depositing the hydraulic fill uniformly over
the site in thin layers with height agreed by the Engineer and with sufficient interval between
successive increases in the depth of fill so as to ensure that the underlying soil does not fail.
Under no circumstances should the first layer of fill result in abrupt differences in surface
elevations or more than 0.6m anywhere over distances of less than 6.0 metres.

4.1

Compaction
Compaction of hydraulic fill below water level or +1.8m CD whichever is higher shall be by tidal
flooding with sea water or with sea water ponding as applicable.
Compaction shall be by mechanical means for above water where practicable in accordance to
Clause 2.6. The Contractor shall submit his proposals for compaction for the approval of the
Engineer.
Hydraulic fill material placed at approximately the top 2 metres of the reclamation shall be
densified to achieve an in-situ density 90% of the maximum possible density (4.5kg hammer)
derived from compaction tests according to B.S. 1377 Part 4: 1990.

5.0

HYDRAULIC FILLING WORKS

5.1

Filling Procedure
(a)
Prior to commencement of actual construction, the Contractor shall submit to
the Engineer for his approval the proposed construction method.
(b)
The filling procedures that the Contractor intends to adopt shall take cognisance
of the soil condition and marine environment at the Site and shall avoid inducing slips,
slides and excessive mud waves.
(c)

The Contractor shall indicate the intended sequence of filling from the starting

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Specification for Coastal Reclamation
7 October 1999

point and the direction which the filling is expected to progress until completion.
(d)
Whatever method initially proposed by the Contractor, a trial section is to be
carried out to prove his feasibility.

5.2

Methods to be Approved
(a)

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for his approval:

(i)

A detailed sequence and programme of operations complying with requirements

of the Contract;

(ii)

Pre-reclamation Survey drawings showing the extent of proposed reclamation

works under this Contract and a detailed survey plan;

(iii)

The general layout, and detailed design of all temporary works including bunds,
drains, sluices, pipelines, culverts, access roads and bridges, docks, jetties,
sumps, etc. which the Contractor intends to establish for handling and placing the
reclamation fill.

(iv)

Drawings showing the location, dimensions and elevations of any stockpiles of

material which the Contractor intends to establish on the Site;

(v)

Details of the plants, equipment and machinery to be employed and is capacity

and how they are to be deployed on the Site; and

(vi)

Such other information as the Engineer may require for the proper control and
supervision of the Works.

(vii)

All settlement markers and rod settlement gauges if so desired by the Contractor
shall be set in position and level just prior to filling and the details recorded and
shown on a drawing of 1:200 shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer.

(viii)

Field (In-situ) testing method to determine the strength profile of the subsoils
during staged construction. The locations and frequency of testing shall be
discuss and agreed by the Engineer.

(b)
These submissions shall be made at least three (3) weeks before the intended
date for commencement of the reclamation works in order that any modification which
may be required by the Engineer be given effect to. No claim for delay in commencing
the reclamation works can be entertained arising from these requirements. The cost of
preparing and submitting the above to the Engineer and of making whatever
modifications may be required by the Engineer before giving his approval shall be
deemed to have been allowed for in the Contract Sum.
(c)
Approval of the Contractor's proposed Method of Construction shall not in any
way relieve the Contractor of his responsibilities under the Contract. Nor can the
Contractor claim any loss in time and money, if his proposed method is not successful in
actual construction, even though prior approval has been obtained.

5.3

Loss of Fill
The Contractor shall allow in the Contract Sum for all risks and for any loss of fill which may
occur during the course of the works including but not limited to marine erosion and loss of fill
around the seaward perimeter, wind erosion, drainage, losses due to any settlement which may
not be disclosed by the method of measurement specified. No claims for payment for filling other

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Specification for Coastal Reclamation
7 October 1999

than in accordance with the Specifications and in the Preamble to the Bills of Quantities will be
allowed.

5.4

Tolerances During Filling

The fill shall be placed to within a tolerance of 150 mm above or below the levels profiles or
thickness required by the filling procedure or shown on the Drawings. This tolerance does not
apply to the finished work nor to the method of measurement which are elsewhere specified.
Add all temporary and permanent slope profiles gradient shall not exceed 1:5 unless the design
drawing specified otherwise.

5.5

Resting Period
Resting period is the time required for the subsoil to gain strength after each stage of filling.
Contractor shall not be allowed to proceed to next stage of filling until the following have been
submittal and approved by the Engineer:
(a)
(b)

5.6

In-situ tests: Results from in-situ test carry out on subsoil.

Monitoring: Readings from all the instrumentation.

Adjoining Property and Drains

(a)
Methods shall be adopted and care taken so as not to cause flooding to
adjoining property and that no materials are deposited thereon from the Works.
(b)
Should any siltation of the drains in the vicinity occur as a result of the Works, it
shall be cleared forthwith by the Contractor at no additional cost to the Contract.
(c)
The insurance provided under the Contract shall provide full coverage against
any claims for damages which may arise in these respects from parties having an
interest of any kind in the adjoining lands and drains.

6.0

NON-HYDRAULIC FILLING

6.1

General
Non-hydraulic filling may be performed after the underwater filling at the reclamation area has
been completed to a stage above the water level if approved and directed by the Engineer. Nonhydraulic fill may be placed within the tidal range provided the work is performed during periods
of non-submergence and only with the approval of the Engineer.
Non-hydraulic filling materials shall be obtained from borrow areas approved by the Engineer. All
fill materials under this category shall be deposited in layers as determined from trial compaction
tests. Each layer shall be compacted layer and shall be maintained at all times with a sufficiently
even surface in order to drain away the surface water.
All fill materials shall be compacted as soon as practicable after being placed and spread.
Compaction shall be undertaken to the requirements of this Section by equipment approved by
the Engineer. All compaction requirements shall be controlled by means of field density
measurements.

6.2

Compaction Trials
The B.S. 1377 compaction Test (4.5kg rammer method) shall be used in determining the

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Specification for Coastal Reclamation
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moisture versus density relation of soil.

The compacted soil samples (sufficient samples shall be prepared) shall be subjected to
Isotropically Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Test ( CIU ) and shear box tests to determine the
shear strength of the soil. The minimum effective shear strength of c'=0 and '= 30 shall be
achieved unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer. If the compacted samples can not achieve
the specified shear strength, the borrowed materials will be considered not suitable and other
borrow sources shall be proposed by the Contractor. The Contractor will not be allowed to claim
for extension of time and additional cost for the sourcing of new borrow materials due to the
above failure. The range of particle size distribution of the soil samples to be used shall also be
submitted to the Engineer for approval prior to the trials.
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for his approval the proposed method of compaction
for each main type of material to be used. This shall include the type of compaction equipment
and number of passes to achieve the desired compaction. The maximum compacted thickness
of fill for these trials shall be limited to 300mm unless otherwise approved by the Engineer. The
Contractor shall carry out field compaction trials supplemented by any necessary laboratory
investigations as required by the Engineer. The method of compacting shall be exactly the same
as that proposed for the permanent filling. Each trial area shall not he smaller than 8m x 15m. All
expenses incurred shall be deemed to have been included in the rates and prices entered in the
Bill of Quantities.

6.3

Degree of Compaction
Based on the in-situ density measurements, the materials shall be compacted to not less than
90% of the maximum dry density determined in accordance to B.S. 1377 Compaction Test
(4.5kg rammer method).
The earthfill shall be processed as necessary to bring its moisture content to a uniform level
throughout the material, suitable for compaction. The optimum moisture content as determined
by the B.S. 1377 Compaction Test (4.5kg rammer method) shall be used as a guide in
determining the proper moisture content at which each soil type shall be compacted.
Field density tests on each layer of compacted earthfill as specified elsewhere and at a minimum
rate of once in every 200 sq.m. shall be carried out using the sand replacement method in
accordance with B.S. 1377 or other means of testing of comparable accuracy approved by the
Engineer.
Work on subsequent layers shall not proceed until satisfactory compaction of the preceding
layers have been confirmed by the Engineer. The Contractor shall supply all samples to the
Engineer from locations and depths as directed for the necessary tests.

7.0

PRE- AND POST-RECLAMATION SURVEYS

The Contractor shall be responsible for the setting out of the whole reclamation works under the
Contract. He shall engage the services of a competent survey team approved by the Engineer to
set out and level all the works including instrumentation, so as to enable the Engineer to carry out
design cross-checking and adjustments where necessary.
The following surveys shall be carried out:(a)
Survey of the Site before commencement of the reclamation works (PreReclamation Survey).
(b)
Survey of the Site on completion of the reclamation works (Post-Reclamation
Survey)
(c)

Interim Surveys when required in connection with interim payments.

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Specification for Coastal Reclamation
7 October 1999

All surveys to be used as basis for progress payment shall be carried out jointly between the
Contractor's competent surveyor and the Engineer's representative. The Contractor shall give
notice (minimum one week) to the Engineer and shall send approved Licensed Surveyor with all
necessary equipment to carry out the joint survey. All readings shall be mutually verified by the
Contractor and the Engineer representative to the agreement of both parties.
Notwithstanding sub-paragraph 6.3 above, the Engineer may when he requires the joint survey
to be carried out, give notice to the Contractor or his authorised agent/representative, who shall
forthwith attend or send a qualified agent and an approved competent surveyor to carry out the
survey jointly with the Engineer or his representative. Should the Contractor not attend, or
neglect/omit to send such agent and neglect/omit to send such competent surveyor, then the
survey made by the Engineer or approved by him shall be taken to be correct and be used for
the measurement.
The Contractor shall confirm the correctness of the Site with the Engineer before proceeding with
the setting out and reclamation works. Notwithstanding whatever assistance or checks on the
surveys/setting out by the Engineer or his representative, the Contractor shall not be relieved of
his responsibility for the correctness of the setting out and levelling. The Contractor shall remedy
any work wrongly performed as a result of incorrect setting out or levelling at his own costs.
The surveys and the location, number and construction of bench marks and survey points shall
be carried out and completed as directed and to the satisfaction of the Engineer, and the survey
plans executed to his approval. All surveys relating to the beach nourishment works shall be
reduced to Chart Datum (ACD).

8.0

PRE-RECLAMATION SURVEY
The pre-nourishment survey shall be carried out before commencement of the beach
nourishment works by a Licensed Surveyor to be approved by the Engineer and the survey of the
site shall be plotted to a scale of 1:500 or to other scale approved by the Engineer.
Survey lines shall be set out spaced at 20m intervals. Levels shall be taken at not more than
10m intervals along the survey lines; these levels shall be recorded on the Survey Drawing.
Additional levels shall be taken where there are significant changes in level or gradient or for the
purpose of identifying ground features. Cross-sections of the reclaimed land profile shall be
plotted as directed by the Engineer and shall extend up to at least 100 metres beyond the toe of
the sandfill.
The limit of reclamation may be pegged out and used as base line for the Survey. Grid
references, bearing, lines of sight and reduced levels of survey stations and bench marks shall
be shown on the Survey plan. All existing roads, tracks, structures, drains and other salient
features within the construction limits shall also be shown.
The Pre-reclamation Survey drawings shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval at least
three (3) weeks prior to the intended date of commencement of filling works. The limits and
extent of the reclamation areas shall be determined and confirmed by the Engineer after
examining the pre-reclamation survey plans.
In all cases, NO filling work under this Contract can commence until the complete Primary Survey
drawings have been submitted to the Engineer and his approval, which shall not be withheld
unreasonably, has been obtained.

9.0

INTERIM SURVEYS
Interim surveys of the reclaimed site shall be carried out jointly between the Contractor's
competent surveyor and Engineer's representative in connection with interim monthly payments
or as and when directed by the Engineer.

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Specification for Coastal Reclamation
7 October 1999

9.1

Post-Reclamation (Final) Survey

The post-reclamation survey shall be carried out by a Licensed Surveyor on completion of full or
part areas for the purpose of taking over. The survey shall be plotted on the same scale and
covering the same areas as in the pre-reclamation survey. The survey shall show the levels and
profile of the completed reclamation works.

10.0

SURVEY RECORDS AND PLOTTING

All survey results shall be properly booked, computed and plotted to the required scale as
directed by the Engineer.
All field books and drawings shall be carefully documented and handed over to the Engineer for
his use.

11.0

TAKING OVER OF COMPLETED WORKS

The whole or part of the reclamation works shall only be considered as complete for taking over
purpose when all the following criteria have been achieved :
-

The said whole or part of the reclamation areas has been filled to the design level or
such other level approved by the Engineer within the tolerance of +150mm.

The reclamation edge has satisfied the specified limits lines and slopes.

The subsoil has achieved the 95% degree of consolidation unless otherwise specified by
the Engineer.

The above completion shall be verified by the monitoring results and joint post-reclamation
survey.

12.0

DIVERSION AND CARE OF WATER DURING CONSTRUCTION

12.1

General
(a)
The Contractor shall construct and maintain all diversion and protective works
which are necessary for construction and to prevent surface, drainage and ground water
from entering the various parts of the Works and shall furnish all materials and
equipment required therefore, in accordance with the requirements of this Clause.
(b)
It is pointed out to the Contractor that high water levels can be expected in the
rivers, streams and drains and adjacent swamp or non-swamp areas during rainy
season and at other times following heavy rain. The Contractor shall take note of this
and other information made available to him to construct and maintain diversion and
protection works so that the river or drainage discharge may be safely controlled without
overtopping any part of the embankment or other constructional work.
(c)

(i)

Diversion and protection works shall comprise, but are not necessarily limited to
cofferdams, levee banks, channels, flumes, conduits, drains and when required,
settling ponds.

(ii)

Where diversion and protection works constructed by the Contractor are not
required as components of the Permanent Works, they shall be removed and
disposed of or levelled to give a sightly appearance and so as not to interfere with
the operation or usefulness of the Permanent Works as approved by the

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Specification for Coastal Reclamation
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Engineer.

12.2

Maintenance of Existing Irrigation and Drainage System

(a)
During the construction period, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, unless the
Contract otherwise provides, take all steps to ensure that there is no disruption or
interference in the use or in the flow of water in the natural water courses, existing
irrigation and/or drainage system owing to any factors within his control.
(b)
Where interference with existing drains and natural watercourses is necessary
to permit the proper construction of the works, the Contractor shall submit Drawings and
Specifications of proposed diversion or protective works to the Engineer for approval
prior to their construction. In general, such diversion or protective works shall have at
least equal discharge capacity to the existing drains and watercourses.
(c)
Where construction of the works, including spoil disposal will result in
interference with local run off flow paths, the Contractor shall construct diversion drains
generally running around the spoil disposal areas and connecting to the drains or to the
river channel.

12.3

Dewatering
(a)
The Contractor shall furnish, install, maintain and operate all necessary
pumping and other equipment for dewatering and maintaining the various parts of the
Works free from water during construction and, as required, for inspection and safety
and for any reason determined to be necessary by the Engineer after any part of the
Works is completed.
(b)
All diverted and pumped water shall be discharged at location on the surface
from which it cannot re-enter the works and in a manner which does not cause erosion,
pollution or nuisance to landowners, other contractors employed by the Employer or
other persons within or adjacent to the Site.

12.4

Pollution
The Contractor shall construct, maintain and operate suitable settling ponds, bunded areas,
separating plant or other works necessary to prevent any discharge into rivers, streams or
existing drainage systems of water containing polluting matter or visible suspended materials.

12.5

Responsibility for Works

The Contractor shall be fully responsible for any damage or delay to the Works caused by failure
of the dewatering, diversion and protective works during diversion. All damage to the foundations
and other parts of the works shall be repaired by the Contractor, at his own expense.

13.0

SOIL FAILURE
Should slips, slides or displacements occur the Contractor shall do everything necessary to
rectify the defect and stabilise the ground to the satisfaction of the Engineer and shall bear all
expenses and with no claim for extension of time, including replacing at his own expense any fill
lost or rendered unsuitable as a consequence of the defect or providing any additional fill which
would not have been necessary had the defect not occurred.
No claim shall be allowed for rectification of slips and displacements and the rates and prices
entered in the Bill of Quantities and the Contractor Programme and the Completion Times

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entered in the Tender are deemed to provide for all costs, expenses and delays which may be
incurred.

14.0

SILT : SEA POLLUTION

The Contractor shall take whatever measures as required to prevent the escape of silt and fines
into the Sea.
In this connection advantage may be taken for tidal working and for using the changes in the
direction of the stream.

15.0

MUD WAVE
Filling shall be carried out in an approved manner so as to ensure the minimum loss of the
original ground and to avoid, as far as possible, the formation of a mud wave due to the
displacement of the original ground. In this connection the advancing face of the fill should be
restricted in height and kept as flat as possible.
Should such a mud wave develop, the Engineer may direct the removal of the excess material
and the cost of so doing shall be borne by the Contractor and the expense incurred shall be
deemed to have been allowed in the rates and prices entered in the Bill of Quantities.

16.0

EROSION
When placing hydraulic fill care shall be taken not to erode or wash out the existing soil. Should
this occur the cost of replacing the eroded material shall be borne by the Contractor.

17.0

BUNDS AND DRAINS

The Contractor shall provide such bunds, silt traps, settling ponds, drains and sluices and other
temporary works, including temporary access roads and bridges, as may be necessary for the
proper execution of the work and in fulfilment of his obligations under the Contract.

18.0

REHANDLING (RECLAMATION) UNITS

The attention of the Contractor is drawn to Clause 2.13 of the Specification in so far as the
requirements of that item may affect the use of systems of reclamation employing bottom dump
barges and redredging pumping units or other methods requiring the spoil to be rehandled in the
sea.
Such equipment and methods may be permitted only in accordance with EIA requirements if
suitable arrangements are made to contain the escape of silt and to avoid pollution. The
Contractor shall give details of his proposals with his tender though acceptance of his proposals
shall not in any way relieve the Contractor of his obligation to comply with the requirements of
Clause 2.13 of the Specification and his obligations and responsibilities under the Contract.

19.0

SURCHARGING
Where indicated in the Drawings, the Contractor shall fill to the levels and outlines of the
surcharge areas or as directed by the Engineer. Such surcharge shall be placed and compacted
all in accordance with Clauses 2.4 and 2.5 hereof as appropriate.
When settlement designed for has taken place the surplus surcharge materials shall be removed
and placed elsewhere on the site as and when directed by the Engineer. The site after removal

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of surcharge materials shall be trimmed to the required finished levels, properly compacted and
graded all to the satisfaction of the Engineer. This however, shall be carried out only when it is
within the completion period.

20.0

GROUND IMPROVEMENT USING PREFABRICATED VERTICAL DRAINS

20.1

General
Where shown on the Drawings prefabricated vertical drains shall be installed after partial
placement of the drainage layer or from levels as stated in the Drawing.

20.2

Installation of Prefabricated Vertical Drains

The prefabricated vertical drains shall be installed after partial placing of the drainage layer to the
spacing shown in the Drawings. The drains shall be of sufficient length to penetrate the full depth
of the drainage layer, the geotextile sheet (if any) and the underlying compressible layer and
shall be equipped with an end shoe to prevent damage to the drain faces.
Installation of the drains shall be by the displacement method preferably using a static machine
of sufficient capacity to install the drain within a mandrel through the different levels and
subsequently to retract the mandrel. Vibro driven machines may be needed in certain locations.
All machines shall be approved by the Engineer.
Installation of the drains and retraction of the mandrel shall be carried out in a single downward
and single upward stroke and no alternative raising and lowering of the mandrel will be permitted.
The installation procedure shall be such as to ensure that the vertical drains are not damaged,
kink or distorted.
Prior approval of the Engineer shall be obtained on the suitability of the type of mandrel to be
used.
The size and shape of the mandrel shall be as close as possible to the size and shape of the
drains in order to minimise disturbance to the soil. The length of the mandrel shall be not less
than the maximum length of the drain. The mandrel shall be capable of making a clean puncture
through any geotextile if necessary.
The drains shall be installed with a tolerance of 100mm in plan from the proposed location and
to a vertical tolerance of 1 in 75.
Splicing of drains may be allowed subject to the approval of the Engineer. Wherever splicing is
allowed the Contractor shall ensure an overlap of at least 1.5m of inner core of the drain
enclosed within the filter. In no case shall external laps be permitted. The details of the method
and frequency of splicing shall be submitted by the Contractor prior to the actual splicing for the
approval of the Engineer.
The installation of the drains shall be terminated at the depths indicated in the Drawings or where
refusal is met, if lesser, but after the Engineer has been satisfied that the drains have
successfully penetrated the underlying soft compressible layer.
After installation of the drains, the debris around the drain position shall be cleaned away and not
allowed to contaminate the fill material.

20.3

Fill
Fill shall be placed and properly compacted according to the rate and height of each stage of
filling to be agreed by the Engineer according to the design.

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Extra fill shall be placed to thickness specified on the Drawings as surcharge to speed up rate of
embankment settlement depending on the design. Surcharging fill shall be maintained for a
period of time indicated in the Drawing and shall be removed only with the approval of or when
instructed by the Engineer.

20.4

Material
Prefabricated vertical drains shall be from an approved manufacturer and consist of an polymer
core and an external non-woven filter membrane, and shall comply with the requirements as
indicated on the Drawing and Table 1.

Property
Material

Dimension of
drain

Unit

Specified
Requirements

Remarks

Core

Continuous plastic drain core

Filter

Wrapped in non-woven
geotextile material

Width

Mm

100 2

Thickness

Mm

3 to 4

Coefficient of permeability of
drain filter

M/s

> 5 x 10-5

Discharge capacity of drain

M3/s

25 x 10-6

Soil retention capacity

Microns

75

Dry

kg/10cm

> 100

Wet

kg/10cm

> 100

Dry

Kg/cm

>3

At elongation minimum 2%
maximum 10%

Wet

Kg/cm

>3

Tested at 1% strain/mm after

saturation in water at 10 for
48hrs

< 10

At 100kg/10cm width

< 10

At 3kg/cm

Tensile
strength of
entire drain

Tensile
strength of
filter

Elongation of entire drain

Elongation of
filter

Dry
Wet
TABLE 1

21.0
21.1

INSTRUMENTATION AND MONITORING

General
Instrumentation shall be installed to measure horizontal and vertical displacement or structures

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and water pressures in the soil. Instrumentation is part of the permanent works and shall remain
in good condition and operational both during and after the construction contract, unless as
agreed by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall follow the instructions of the manufacturer and
the requirements of this specification in the installation, calibration and testing of all measuring
instruments and equipment, which shall be carried out under the direct supervision of the
Engineer. The Contractor shall inform the Engineer at least 2 day prior to undertaking installation
of the equipment. The Contractor shall make due allowances in his construction programme for
delays which may arise on account of the installation of the instruments and of their
maintenance.

21.2

Protection and Maintenance of Instruments

The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to protect the instruments and maintain the
instruments in good working order after commissioning. For all instruments which project
through and above the ground, special precautions shall be taken to provide protection from
vehicles and plant including substantial and readily visible barriers at a distance of 750mm
around each instrument. Heavy compaction equipment shall not approach within 1.5m of
projecting instruments. Damaged instruments shall be replaced or repaired by the Contractor at
his own expense within seven days unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer.

21.3

Stabilising Electronic Readout Devices

All electronic readout devices and transducers shall be shaded from direct sunlight during use.
Probes which are used inside access tubes shall be placed inside the tube and allowed to come
to a stable temperature for at least 10 minutes before use. Zero or starting values shall only be
taken once temperature stabilisation is complete.

21.4

Labelling and Marking of Instruments

All instruments shall be labelled with their reference number at the location where readings or
measurements are taken. The labelling shall be permanent using a method or material to be
agreed with the Engineer.
For instruments which are located beneath a drainage blanket where vertical drains are later to
be installed, their locations and the locations of any connecting tubes or cables shall be marked
using 1.6m lengths of 20mm diameter steel bar. The bars shall be driven vertically 0.9m into the
ground as close as practicable to the instrument before the drainage blanket is placed. The tops
of the steel bars shall be painted in bright colours, with a colour coding if necessary. During
placing of the drainage blanket around the bars the Contractor shall ensure that the bars remain
vertical, and clearly visible on completion of the drainage blanket.

21.5

Survey Equipment and Temporary Benchmark

All surveying equipment used in conjunction with the monitoring of instrumentation, including
measuring tapes, precise levels and theodolites shall be maintained and calibrated as required
by the manufacturers. Certificates of calibration for all equipment shall be submitted to the
Engineer and approved by the Engineer prior to carry out the field work. Levels shall be checked
for horizontality of the line of sight every four weeks.
The temporary benchmarks shall be installed at the nearby structure or remote from the
reclamation area and marked on an end bearing pile or similar structure. The levels for all TBMS
shall be checked/survey every three months or sooner as instructed by the engineer.

21.6

BOREHOLES FOR INSTRUMENTS

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Boreholes for instruments may be drilled by approved method provided that it results in a clean
and stable hole of the required diameter to the correct depth. Boreholes shall be cased to their
full depth unless strata are sufficiently competent for the hole to stay open under dry conditions.
Boreholes shall be drilled using clean water. Drilling mud or polymer additives shall only be
used with the approval of the Engineer. In the case of installation of piezometers, drilling mud
or polymer additives shall not be permitted.
During drilling care shall be taken to ensure that minimum material is lost from outside the
casing. Surging of casing shall not be allowed, and flushing of drilling water up the outside of
the casing shall be minimised.
The method of forming boreholes, including the procedure for advancing casing, shall be
submitted to the Engineer for approval before commencement of the works.

21.7

GROUTING OF BOREHOLES
For all instruments placed in boreholes, grouting is required of part or all of the borehole during
installation. The grout shall be a bentonite : cement mixture with sufficient water to achieve a
pumpable mix. The proportions of the mix shall be such as to imitate as closely as possible the
strength or consistency of the natural soils present. The Contractor shall conduct trials on
different mixes of bentonite : cement (from 4:1 to 8:1) to ascertain the relationship with strength.
Specimens shall be cured and stored, then tested in undrained triaxial compression after 1 day,
2 days, 7 days, 14 days, 1 month and 3 months. 3 specimens shall be tested on each
occasion, and the sources of bentonite and cement shall be the same as used for eventual
installation. On the basis of these trials, the Engineer shall decide on the bentonite : cement
proportions to be used, which may be varied depending on the application. Grout shall be
poured or pumped into boreholes using a tremie pipe.
For inclinometer installed in the wall, the annulus between inclinometer access tube and wall
shall be filled up with neat grout of grade 35.

21.8

Installation and Monitoring

21.8.1 Settlement Markers

Details of settlement markers shall be as shown in the drawings. The contractor shall install
settlement markers in locations indicated in the drawing or as directed by the Engineer. For each
layer of fill, the Contractor must survey, relocate, transfer and reinstall the settlement markers to
the next level. The Contractor must take readings on the settlement markers prior to relocation
to the next level. Base readings are to be taken on all relocated settlement markers immediately
after relocation. The period and frequency of monitoring shall follow the requirements as
stipulated by the Engineer.
Levels of the top of the rods of settlement markers shall be measured using standard levelling
techniques. The datum used shall preferably require only one set up of the level, and levelling
shall be closed back to the datum.

21.8.2 Rod Settlement Gauges

Rod settlement gauges shall be as shown in the Drawings and the Contractor shall be
responsible for installation of all gauges at locations specified by the Engineer as work proceeds.
The base plate and first length of rod shall be placed before any significant filing (including any
drainage blanket) has been placed. Extension lengths shall be installed when the level of
compacted embankment is 250mm below the top of the preceding lengths.

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Should a rod settlement gauge be damaged or should the Contractor fail to extend the gauge
when required, he shall stop all filing in the vicinity of the gauge until the necessary remedial
works have been carried out. The Contractor shall be liable for any delay in his programme, or
any additional work that has to be done as a result of such damage.
Should any rod settlement gauge be damaged in such a way as to make it useless for its
purpose, the Engineer shall assess the settlement for measurement purposes and this
assessment shall be accepted by the Contractor as final.
Rod settlement gauges shall be monitored by precise levelling techniques. Levels shall be taken
of the top of the rod itself and the fill adjacent to the gauge on each occasion. The datum used
shall preferably require only one set up of the level, and levelling shall be closed back to the
datum. When rods are extended, levels shall be measured immediately before and immediately
after adding the extension.

21.8.3 Inclinometers
The Contractor shall install inclinometer at locations, and with depths and details as specified by
the Engineer.
Inclinometer access tube shall consist of broached PVC tubing with four keyways set at right
angles to each other and shall be supplied in 3.0m lengths with 0.3m long couplings and end
caps. The spiral twisting of the keyways shall not exceed 0.75 degrees per metre length of the
tubing. Where necessary, the Engineer may instruct the Contractor to obtain spiral metric
measurements of the keyways in the inclinometer tubing after installation. After assembly joints
and rivets shall be coated in sealing mastic and wrapped in sealing tape. The tube shall be
coated with thick grease over its upper part when it passes through compressible subsoils. The
assembled tube shall be lowered into a 125mm diameter borehole backfilled with a suitable
bentonite : cement grout mix. Alternatively the tube may be placed in an open borehole and
grout placed afterwards. In granular material, the backfill may be sand or pea gravel. The
keyways shall be orientated such that movements are measured parallel to and right angles to
the embankment/slope axis.
Where the access tube passes through upper stiff crusts or fill material, it shall be sleeved by a
larger diameter tube so that it can pass freely through these materials as settlement takes place.
Where the access tube passes through fill which is being placed, the access tube and outer
sleeve shall be extended in lengths which are multiples of 0.5m as filling progresses. The top of
the access tube, and the larger diameter sleeve where present, shall be protected with a suitable
cover.
Angular movements shall be measured by an inclinometer torpedo which shall be a biaxial type
with a gauge length of 500mm, and the system shall be capable of measuring lateral deformation
to an accuracy of 10mm over a depth of 30m. The casing of the inclinometer probe shall be
constructed of stainless steel and the probe shall be fully waterproof and corrosion proof. The
inclinometer probe shall be supplied with a rigid carrying case fully lined with shockproof padding.
The cable supplied for use with the inclinometer shall be a polyurethane sheathed cable with a
minimum length of 40m, incorporating a central kelvar straining wire. The cable shall be
graduated in intervals of 500mm and shall be supplied complete with a portable cable reel.
The inclinometer data logger unit shall display the readings from the inclinometer torpedo on an
alphanumeric display. The readout unit shall be powered by a re-chargeable battery with a
minimum life of 12 hours continuous use between charges. A suitable automatic battery charger
shall be supplied with the readout unit. The readout unit shall incorporate an RS232C port and a
solid state data storage unit with the capacity to store at least 30000 readings directly from the
inclinometer probe together with time and date of reading. The following facilities are also
required within the readout unit :
a.
b.

Scan stored data.

Display of face errors as readings are being obtained.

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c.
d.
e.

Display of mean deviation and cumulative deviation of any one set of readings.
Graphical display of displacement profile between any two sets of readings.
Backlit LCD display.

A calibration frame shall be supplied to enable the inclinometer calibration to be checked at

vertical and 10 degrees either side of vertical.
Immediately before or after taking a series of readings, the level of the top of the access tube
shall be measured by standard levelling techniques. Before passing the torpedo down the
access tube, a dummy torpedo should be lowered to the base of the tube and pulled up to check
for obstructions or constrictions. The inclinometer torpedo shall then be lowered to the base of
the access tube and raised taking readings every 0.5m until the torpedo reaches the top. The
readings shall be read by and stored in the data logger. The procedure shall be repeated on the
opposite face following the manufacturer's method and sign convention.

21.8.4 Magnetic Extensometer

Magnetic extensometers provide a method of measuring settlement or heave at a point or a
series of points below the ground surface. The Contractor shall install magnetic extensometers
at locations and with depths and details as specified by the Engineer.
The magnetic extensometer shall consist of an access tube and a series of magnetic targets
which are free to slide down the tube, together with a datum magnet which is fixed to the tube
near its base. The access tube shall be a rigid PVC tube 33.5mm o.d. and 24.5mm i.d. with
threaded ends which provide both an internal and external flush coupling. A rigid PVC endcap
shall be fixed to the lower end of the series of tubes. Compression/extension tubes shall be
provided where required by the Engineer. All joints shall be sealed with a suitable PVC solvent
cement.
The compression/extension tubes shall allow axial movement of access tubes to minimize
distortion due to vertical strain. The tubes shall have treaded ends to provide an internally and
externally flush coupled joint. The smaller diameter end tubes are fitted with O rings or
equivalent, and are free to slide within the larger diameter central cylinder. The minimum
allowable compression and extension length shall not be smaller than 0.6m and 1.0m
respectively.
A datum ring magnet shall be fixed approximately 2m above the lower end of the tube. Spider
magnets shall be used within the subsoil, and plate magnets within fill where magnets can be
placed during construction.
The tubes and magnets shall be assembled prior to installation in such a way that the magnets
remain in the correct position in relation to the tube. The tube shall be coated with a thick
grease over its upper part where it passes through compressible subsoils. It shall then be
lowered together with all magnets and necessary accessories fixed in position into a 100mm
diameter borehole backfilled with a suitable bentonite : cement grout mix of equivalent strength
of the surrounding soil. Once in position the spider magnets shall be released.
Where the access tube passes through upper stiff crusts or fill material, it shall be sleeved by a
larger diameter tube so that it can pass freely through these materials as settlement takes
place. Where the access tube passes through fill which is being placed, the access tube and
outer sleeve shall be extended as filling progresses. The top of the access tube, and the larger
diameter sleeve where present, shall be protected with a suitable cover with facility for locking.
The readout device shall consist of a nickel plated brass probe containing a reed switch
encapsulated in silicone rubber. The probe shall be connected via a nylon coated steel tape to
a reel buzzer.
Magnetic extensometers shall be monitored by passing the probe down to the base of the
access tube. The probe shall then be pulled upwards measuring the position of each magnet

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from the top of the tube. The position of each magnet shall be measured twice, once while
moving upwards and once while moving downwards towards the magnet. Immediately before
or after taking a series of readings, the level of the top of the access tube shall be measured by
standard levelling technique.

21.8.5 Combined Inclinometers and Magnetic Extensometers

Combined inclinometers and magnetic extensometers provide a method of measuring both
vertical settlement and horizontal displacement at a series of points below the ground surface.
The Contractor shall install combined inclinometers and magnetic extensometers at locations,
and with depths and details as specified by the Engineer.
This specification should be read in conjunction with the specifications for inclinometers and
magnetic extensometers; and only specifies requirements where they differ from the individual
systems.
The access tube shall be telescopic inclinometer access tube, and magnetic targets shall be
suitable for use with this tube .
The magnets shall be positioned in relation to sleeved joints such that they can move
downwards without obstruction sufficiently to monitor the expected settlement. The borehole
shall be 150mm diameter or size agreed by the Engineer.

21.8.6 Pneumatic Piezometers

Pneumatic piezometers are used to measure water pressures at specific depths within variety of
soil types. The Contractor shall install pneumatic piezometers at locations, and with depths and
details as specified by the Engineer. 'Push-in installation method shall be used.
Pneumatic piezometer tips shall be of high air entry ceramic type with an average pore diameter
of 1 micron using marine brass or stainless steel bodies. The piezometer system shall be
capable of measuring water pressures to an accuracy of 0.2m head of water in the range 0 100m head of water.
The piezometers shall be connected to tubing comprising suitably coded twin 1.9mm i.d. and
3.2mm o.d. nylon tubes and covered with a polythene sheath 1mm thick. Joints in the tubes
other than at the piezometer tip or at the terminal panel shall not be permitted. The tubes from
individual piezometers shall be colour-coded and marked every 3m. The tubing shall be
connected either to suitable quick release couplings or a terminal panel which shall be housed in
a lockable steel cabinet.
The arrangement of the equipment and the three methods of installation are shown in the
Drawings.
Installation shall be by pushing into the base of the borehole method. A 100mm diameter
borehole shall be terminated 0.3m above the required position of the piezometer tip. The
piezometer tip with cable attached shall be pushed into the base of the borehole to the required
depth using an arrangement of sufficiently stiff tubes. The borehole shall then be sealed with
bentonite pellets and bentonite: cement grout as shown on the Drawings.
The piezometer leads shall either be connected to quick release couplings set inside a suitable
cover, or be taken to a terminal panel fixed inside a lockable steel cabinet. The cabinet shall be
set on a concrete plinth typically 0.6x1.0x0.3m thick (plan dimensions may be adjusted to suit the
cabinet size). Where cables are laid in trenches the backfill shall be sand. The cable shall be
laid with sufficient slack to take up any lateral movements that are expected to occur due to
settlement of embankments or structures.

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The pneumatic readout unit shall be capable of storing 500 readings and shall incorporate an
electronic pressure transducer, backlit digital display, RS232C interface and cable link,
rechargeable battery providing at least 12 hours continuous are between charges, a
rechargeable gas reservoir bottle, a reservoir pressure gauges, return + flow indicator, flow
control valve and quick release self sealing leads for connection to the supply and return
manifolds of the terminal panel. The readout unit shall be housed in a rigid weatherproof case
with carrying handles and shall be capable of resolving readings to 1 kPa. An automatic charger
for the readout unit battery shall be supplied suitable for 240V, 50Hz electricity supply. The
Contractor shall make facilities available for recharging the gas reservoir with nitrogen.
Before installation and taking initial readings the Contractor shall pressure test the pneumatic
piezometer tip in a container of water after connection to the tubing with a pressure of 500 kPa to
check for leaks or poor connections. The ceramic element shall be deaired under vacuum and
precautions shall be taken to ensure that it remains saturated during installation. During
installation readings shall be taken when the piezometer tip is lowered down the borehole, when
it is pushed in or placed in the sand pocket and at various times after installation to check the
response of the piezometer and help find the static pressure value before the initial base
readings are taken.
Readings shall be taken by and stored on the readout device. Care shall be taken to ensure that
the flow and return leads are connected correctly.

21.9

Instrumentation Records

21.9.1 Commissioning and Base Readings

After installation the functioning of each instrument shall be demonstrated to the Engineer,
including the recording of measured values using the appropriate readout device. As part of the
commissioning three sets of readings shall be taken and compared. When instruments are
installed before earthwork starts, then these three sets of readings shall also be taken before
earthwork starts. If there are significant differences or anomalies, then further readings shall be
taken. Once three sets of comparable readings have been taken, these shall be averaged to
form the base readings, representing conditions before earthwork starts.
In cases where instruments are installed during earthworks, three sets of readings shall be taken
in quick succession and the results compared. These results shall be used to provide base
readings in a manner to be agreed with the Engineer.

21.9.2 General Information on All Records

All records of instrumentation, either installation, readings or monthly summaries, shall contain
the following information :-

Project name
Contract name and number
Instrument reference number and type
Dates of installation, reading or summary
Times of installation or reading
Chainage and Offset (or coordinates if appropriate)
Personnel responsible
Relevant comments or remarks
Reduced level

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21.9.3 Installation Records

The Contractor shall prepare an installation record sheet for each instrument installed. The
format of the sheet shall be prepared by the Contractor and submitted to the Engineer for
approval at least one week before installation commences. The record sheet shall include the
following information in additional to the general information required:
-

Existing ground level at the time of installation

Planned location in plan and elevation
Planned orientation
Planned lengths, widths, diameters, depths and volumes of backfill
Plant and equipment used, including diameter and depth of any drill casing used
Spaces for necessary measurements or readings required during installation to
ensure that all previous steps have been followed correctly, including
acceptance tests
A simplified log of ground conditions (obtained during rotary wash boring)
Type of backfill used
As-built location in plan and elevation
As-built orientation
As-built lengths, widths, diameters, depths and volumes of backfill
Weather conditions
A space for notes, including problems encountered, delays, unusual features of
the installation, and any events that may have a bearing on instrument
behaviour
A record of commissioning information and readings
Any colour coding used

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer the specified number of copies of each installation
report within one working day of completion on the installation, including taking of base readings.

21.9.4 Installation Report

The Contractor shall submit an installation report once installation of all instruments is completed.
Submission shall be within two weeks of completion including taking of all base readings. The
report shall include :
-

A text describing the scope of work, the site, the work carried out and the types
of instrument installed
All installation record sheets
Plans and cross section drawings at a scale of 1:200 or other agreed scale
showing the locations, elevations and details of all instruments
Photographs of all the instruments used, illustrating installation and method of
reading
Values of all base readings taken together with any subsequent readings up to
the time of submission

21.9.5 Readings
On each occasion that readings are taken from an instrument or set of instruments, the
measured values shall be recorded on a record sheet. The format of the record sheet for each
type of instrument shall be prepared by the Contractor and submitted to the Engineer for
approval at least one week before readings commence. For readings that are recorded on data
loggers, a record sheet shall be required giving references to the data stored. A computer
system including interfaces, plotter, printer and software shall be available to make the data
transfers, listings and plots required.
The format of plotted results shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval. Details of
information and values to be stored on each record sheet in addition to the general information

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required are given below :

Data required

Instrument
Settlement
marker

reduced level of top of rod (mRL)

change in reduced level of top of rod relative to base readings
and previous reading (mm)

Displacement

distance from fixed point (m) marker (details to be given)

Survey station

offset, coordinates and reduced level of top of rod (m)

Deep datum

reduced level of datum (mRL)

reduced level of toe (fixed point) (mRL)

Rod settlement

reduced level of top of rod gauge (mRL)

original ground level at gauge location (mRL)
reduced level of ground adjacent to gauge (mRL)
record of fill placed (m)
total thickness of fill (m)
record of extensions (m)
settlement of plate relative to base readings and previous
reading (mm)

Inclinometers

reduced level of top of access tube (mRL)

reduced level of ground adjacent to access tube (mRL)
horizontal movements of top of access tube by survey
file name of data stored in data logger
file name of data after transfer to floppy disk
listing of deflection values and face errors every 0.5m
graph and listing of horizontal movement of access tube relative
to base readings against depth
status of fill height

time and date

reduced level of top of tube (mRL)
reduced level of ground (mRL)
depth of water from top of piezometer tube (m)
water pressure readings (m water)
change of water head relative to base readings (m)
water pressure readings (m water)
daily weather chart

reduced level of top of access tube extensometers (mRL)

reduced level of ground adjacent to access tube (mRL)
distance of each magnet from top of tube (m)
reduced level of each magnet (mRL)
settlement of each magnet relative to base readings (mm)

as for magnetic extensometer and inclinometers

water pressure readings (m water)

file name of data stored in data logger
file name of data after transfer to floppy disk
reduced level of piezometer tip as installed (mRL)
estimated or measured settlement of piezometer tip (m)

Standpipe piezometer

Magnetic
Extensometer

Combined magnetic
extensometer and
inclinometer
Pneumatic
piezometers

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water head (mRL)

change in water head relative to base readings (m)

The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer the specified number of copies of each record sheet
with necessary listings and graphs within one working day of taking the readings unless
otherwise directed by the Engineer.

21.9.6

Frequency of Measurement
The frequency or the interval of measurement is dependent on the rate of settlement of a subsoil.
Close intervals are used during and shortly after fill has been laid. The intervals are increased
with increase in the duration of lapse time. The following can be used as a guide.
a)

During filling
- Every morning before subsequent filling commences.

b)

After a formation is reached

i)
For first three months
- Every alternative day
ii)
For fourth and subsequent months
- Between twice a week to once a fortnight depending on the
rate of settlement as shown in the Appendix B or as instructed by the
Engineer, the time interval should allow reasonable settlement to be plotted.

21.9.7 Anomalous Readings

Whenever sets of data are measured, they shall be compared to previous sets of data. If
anomalous readings are present which differ from the expected value or trend, then further
readings shall be taken immediately and the Engineer shall be informed. If the anomalous
values persist, then the Engineer shall be informed and an investigation shall be carried out to
find the reasons for the anomalous readings.

21.9.8 Monitoring Report

The Contractor shall submit a report at the end of each calendar month of monitoring but
fortnightly for treated areas with vertical drains. A proposal for the format of the report shall be
submitted to the Engineer including all graphical presentations for approval at least one month
before submission of the first monthly report. Each monthly report shall include:
a description of monitoring works which have been in operation during the
preceding month
information on reading anomalies or corrections, and factors which may
influence measured data
observations or remarks
diagrams showing installed locations of instruments (taken from installation
report)
data tabulations or plots of instrument readings as given below. The Contractor
shall have available suitable software for generating the required plots and tabulations.
Zero time to be used in all plots and tabulations shall be agreed with the Engineer. The
time axis shall be days from "day zero", and an indication of date or months shall be
included on the axis. The plots and tabulations presented each month shall be an
update of the previous plots and tabulations, giving a complete record starting from the
time of installation.

Instrument

Plots and Summaries required

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Settlement
marker

settlement v. time (tabulation and plot)

Rod settlement
gauge

thickness of fill and settlement of plate v. time

(tabulation and plot)

Displacement
marker

displacement vs time indicating direction of

movement (tabulation and plot)
displacement profile with distance from
(tabulation and plot)

wall

Survey station

coordinates and reduced level (tabulation)

Deep datum

reduced level (tabulation)

Inclinometer

file name of data on floppy disk

latest graph of horizontal movement of access tube
relative to base readings against depth
maximum horizontal movement relative to base
readings v. time (tabulation and plot)

Magnetic
extensometer

settlement of each magnet vs time (tabulation and

plot)
settlement of each magnet vs depth for 4 latest sets of
readings (tabulation and plot)

Combined magnetic
extensometer and
inclinometer
Standpipe piezometer

as for magnetic extensometers and inclinometers

water head (mRL) vs time (tabulation and plot )

water level profile with distance from wall (tabulation
and plot)
changes of water head (tabulation and plot)
water head
with depth for latest 4 sets of readings (tabulation and
plot)
Important
activity like excavation or ground water pumping
should be highlighted in the graph.

Pneumatic
piezometer

excess water head v. time

(tabulation and plot - all instruments in a profile plotted
on the same graph)
excess water head v. depth for latest set of readings
(plot)
excess water head v. height of fill (plot)

All plots where time is the horizontal axis shall have the same scale for the time axis. Where fill
thickness, settlement and excess water head are all available at the same location, the plots shall
be combined on the same sheet where possible. Final layouts, scales and details shall be
agreed with the Engineer at the time of submitting the format.
The Contractor shall submit the required number of copies of the monthly monitoring report to the
Engineer within 7 working days of the end of the month being reported. If there are anomalies
or sudden significant changes in the results, the Engineer should be informed within 1 day after
monitoring.

21.9.9

Presentation of Reading in Graphic Format

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The Contractor will have to submit to the Engineer for comment on the graphic presentation of
the monitored readings. The presentation will have to be agreed by the Engineer prior to the field
work. Hand plotted graphs are not acceptable.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Description

Page

1.0

SCOPE OF WORKS ................................................................................................................ CRS1

2.0

SEABED CLEARING ............................................................................................................... CRS1

3.0

SUPPLY, DELIVERY AND STORAGE OF ILL MATERIALS .................................................. CRS1

4.0

SAND FILL MATERIALS FOR RECLAMATION ..................................................................... CRS1

4.1

5.0

6.0

Compaction ................................................................................................................ CRS2

HYDRAULIC FILLING WORKS .............................................................................................. CRS2

5.1

Filling Procedure ........................................................................................................ CRS2

5.2

Methods to be Approved ............................................................................................ CRS3

5.3

Loss of Fill .................................................................................................................. CRS3

5.4

Tolerances During Filling ........................................................................................... CRS4

5.5

Resting Period ............................................................................................................ CRS4

5.6

Adjoining Property and Drains ................................................................................... CRS4

NON-HYDRAULIC FILLING ................................................................................................... CRS4

6.1

General ...................................................................................................................... CRS4

6.2

Compaction Trials ...................................................................................................... CRS4

6.3

Degree of Compaction ............................................................................................... CRS5

7.0

PRE-AND POST-RECLAMATION SURVEYS ....................................................................... CRS5

8.0

PRE-RECLAMATION SURVEY .............................................................................................. CRS6

9.0

INTERIM SURVEYS ............................................................................................................... CRS6

9.1

Post-Reclamation (Final) Survey ............................................................................... CRS7

10.0

SURVEY RECORDS AND PLOTTING ................................................................................... CRS7

11.0

TAKING OVER OF COMPLETED WORKS ........................................................................... CRS7

12.0

DIVERSION AND CARE OF WATER DURING CONSTRUCTION ....................................... CRS7

12.1

General ...................................................................................................................... CRS7

12.2

Maintenance of Existing Irrigation and Drainage System .......................................... CRS8

12.3

Dewatering ................................................................................................................. CRS8

12.4

Pollution ..................................................................................................................... CRS8

12.5

Responsibility for Works ............................................................................................ CRS8

13.0

SOIL FAILURE ........................................................................................................................ CRS8

14.0

SILT : SEA POLLUTION ......................................................................................................... CRS9

15.0

MUD WAVE ............................................................................................................................ CRS9

16.0

EROSION ................................................................................................................................ CRS9

17.0

BUNDS AND DRAINS ............................................................................................................ CRS9

18.0

REHANDLING (RECLAMATION) UNITS ............................................................................... CRS9

19.0

SURCHARGING ..................................................................................................................... CRS9

20.0

GROUND IMPROVEMENT USING PREFABRICATED VERTICAL DRAINS ..................... CRS10

20.1

General .................................................................................................................... CRS10

CRS i

G&P GEOTECHNICS SDN BHD

Specification for Coastal Reclamation
7 October 1999

21.0

20.2

Installation of Prefabricated Vertical Drains ............................................................. CRS10

20.3

Fill ............................................................................................................................. CRS11

20.4

Material .................................................................................................................... CRS11

INSTRUMENTATION AND MONITORING .......................................................................... CRS12

21.1

General .................................................................................................................... CRS12

21.2

Protection and Maintenance of Instruments ............................................................ CRS12

21.3

Stabilising Electronic Readout Devices ................................................................... CRS12

21.4

Labelling and Marking of Instruments ...................................................................... CRS12

21.5

Survey Equipment and Temporary Benchmark ....................................................... CRS12

21.6

Boreholes for Instruments ........................................................................................ CRS13

21.7

Grouting of Boreholes .............................................................................................. CRS13

21.8

Installation and Monitoring ....................................................................................... CRS13

21.8.1 Settlement Markers ..................................................................................... CRS13
21.8.2 Rod Settlement Gauges .............................................................................. CRS14
21.8.3 Inclinometers ............................................................................................... CRS14
21.8.4 Magnetic Extensometer .............................................................................. CRS15
21.8.5 Combined Inclinometers and Magnetic Extensometers ............................. CRS16
21.8.6 Pneumatic Piezometers .............................................................................. CRS16

21.9

Instrumentation Records .......................................................................................... CRS17

21.9.1 Commissioning and Base Readings ........................................................... CRS17
21.9.2 General Information on All Records ............................................................ CRS17
21.9.3 Installation Records .................................................................................... CRS18
21.9.4 Installation Report ....................................................................................... CRS18
21.9.5 Readings ..................................................................................................... CRS19
21.9.6 Frequency of Measurement ........................................................................ CRS20
21.9.7 Anomalous Readings .................................................................................. CRS20
21.9.8 Monitoring Report ....................................................................................... CRS20
21.9.9 Presentation of Reading in Graphic Format ............................................... CRS22

S2-2