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Bandlimited Functions: Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem Fourier Transform

Bandlimited functions have infinite duration and if sampled at a high enough rate determined by the bandwidth, the original function can be perfectly reconstructed from the infinite set of samples. Sometimes aliasing is used intentionally on bandpass signals, which have no low-frequency content. Undersampling can produce the same result as frequency-shifting the signal to lower frequencies before sampling at a lower rate. Understanding how aliasing affects individual sinusoids is useful for understanding its effect on signals composed of sums of sinusoids. Sinusoids that fit the same set of samples could be produced by trigonometrically identical functions with positive or negative frequencies.

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25 views

Bandlimited Functions: Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem Fourier Transform

Bandlimited functions have infinite duration and if sampled at a high enough rate determined by the bandwidth, the original function can be perfectly reconstructed from the infinite set of samples. Sometimes aliasing is used intentionally on bandpass signals, which have no low-frequency content. Undersampling can produce the same result as frequency-shifting the signal to lower frequencies before sampling at a lower rate. Understanding how aliasing affects individual sinusoids is useful for understanding its effect on signals composed of sums of sinusoids. Sinusoids that fit the same set of samples could be produced by trigonometrically identical functions with positive or negative frequencies.

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Bandlimited functions

Main article: NyquistShannon sampling theorem


Actual signals have finite duration and their frequency content, as defined by the Fourier
transform, has no upper bound. Some amount of aliasing always occurs when such functions
are sampled. Functions whose frequency content is bounded (bandlimited) have infinite
duration. If sampled at a high enough rate, determined by the bandwidth, the original function
can in theory be perfectly reconstructed from the infinite set of samples.

Bandpass signals
Main article: Undersampling
Sometimes aliasing is used intentionally on signals with no low-frequency content, called
bandpass signals. Undersampling, which creates low-frequency aliases, can produce the same
result, with less effort, as frequency-shifting the signal to lower frequencies before sampling
at the lower rate. Some digital channelizers[3] exploit aliasing in this way for computational
efficiency. See Sampling (signal processing), Nyquist rate (relative to sampling), and Filter
bank.

Sampling sinusoidal functions


Sinusoids are an important type of periodic function, because realistic signals are often
modeled as the summation of many sinusoids of different frequencies and different
amplitudes (for example, with a Fourier series or transform). Understanding what aliasing
does to the individual sinusoids is useful in understanding what happens to their sum.

Two different sinusoids that fit the same set of samples.


Here, a plot depicts a set of samples whose sample-interval is 1, and two (of many) different
sinusoids that could have produced the samples. The sample-rate in this case is
. For
instance, if the interval is 1 second, the rate is 1 sample per second. Nine cycles of the red
sinusoid and 1 cycle of the blue sinusoid span an interval of 10 samples. The corresponding
number of cycles per sample are
sampling functions

and

and

. If these samples were produced by

, they could also have been produced by the

trigonometrically identical functions


negative frequency.

and

which introduces the useful concept of

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