Exercise3:PerformanalysisinArcGISPro

TheNorthridgeearthquakecausedaround$20billionindamagebecauseofthedurationofthe
shaking(10to20seconds)andthespeedatwhichthegroundshook.Thequakeoccurredina
majorpopulationcenter.
Inthisexercise,youwilluseahillshaderastertoinvestigatehowthelocationofthefaultsin
theareaaffectsthegeologyoftheSanFernandoValley.Youwillalsodeterminethe
approximatedistancethattheshakingtraveledthroughthesurroundingareainthefirstminute
afterthequakestarted.Finally,youwillanalyzerastersshowinghowquicklythegroundshook,
andyouwillvisualizetheamountofdamagethatoccurred.
1.
2.
3.
4.

StartArcGISProandsigninusingyourArcGISOnlineorganizationalaccountcredentials.
ClickOpenAnotherProject.
IntheRecentProjectssection,clicktheBrowsebutton.
BrowsetoC:\Esri\ArcGISPro\ProjectsandselectExercise3.ppkx.

Packagesareunpackedinthe<UserDocuments>\ArcGIS\Packagesfolderratherthanthe
C:\Esri\Projectsfolder.Youwillsavethispackageinthecorrectlocation.

1. OntheProjecttab,clickSaveAs.
IntheSaveProjectAswindow,browsetoC:\Esri\ArcGISPro\Projectsandsavetheprojectas
Exercise3.
2. ReturntotheMaptabinArcGISPro.
Forthisearthquakeproject,youwillusedatathatisnotcontainedintheArcGISProproject
structure.Youwillcreateaconnectiontoitslocationsothatyoucanworkmoreefficiently.
3.
4.
5.
6.

IntheProjectpane,rightclickFoldersandclickAddFolderConnection.
CreateaFolderconnectiontoC:\Esri\ArcGISPro\Data\Exercise3.
AddaDatabaseconnectiontoC:\Esri\ArcGISPro\Outputs\Exercise3.gdb
Ifnecessary,clicktheNorthridge2Dtabatthetopoftheviewareatoreturntothe2D
mapview.
7. IntheContentspane,turnofftheStations,Earthquakes,andBuildingDamagelayers.

Step1:Usearasterprocessingfunctiontocreateahillshade
LikemanyotherSouthernCalifornialocations,theSanFernandoValleyissurroundedby
earthquakefaults,whichhaveshapedthelocallandscape.Withthedataalreadyinyour
project,youcanseewherethefaultslieandobservetheirrelationshiptothetopographyinthe
area.Butahigherresolutionviewofthelocalelevationwillgiveyouabettersenseofhowthe
faultsandthelandformsinteract.Youwilluseanelevationrastertocreateahillshadeonthe
fly.

1. IntheContentspane,turnontheElevationraster.
2. Ifnecessary,zoomtotheextentoftheElevationraster(rightclicklayerthenselect
ZoomtoLayer).
3. MakesurethattheElevationrasterisselectedintheContentspane.
TheAnalysistabcontainsthreegroups.TheGeoprocessinggroupletsyousearchfortools,
createmodelsandPythonscripts,andsetthegeoprocessingenvironmentsfortheproject.In
theAnalysisgroup,youcanchoosethemostcommonanalysistoolsfromagallery.Finally,in
theRastergroup,youcanaccessrasterfunctions.Youwillusethoserasterfunctionsinthis
step.
4. OntheAnalysistab,intheRastergroup,clickRasterFunctions.
Note:TheRasterFunctionspanecontainsmanyfunctionsdesignedforrasteranalysis.Youwill
searchforthefunctionyouwant.
5. IntheRasterFunctionssearchboxintheRasterFunctionpane,typeHillshade.
6. ClicktheHillshadefunction,theHillshadePropertiespaneopens.
7. KeepallthedefaultsfortheHillshadefunction.
8. ClickCreatenewlayer,thenclosetheRasterFunctionpane.
9. TurnofftheElevationraster.
10. TurnontheMajorFaultsfeatureclass.
Thenew,higherresolutionhillshademakesiteasiertoseetherelationshipbetweenmountains
andearthquakefaults.
11. Saveyourproject.

Step2:Addandsymbolizealayer
Torunsomeoftheanalysistoolsinthisexercise,youmustbeabletoeasilyidentifythepoint
thatrepresentsthemainshockoftheNorthridgeearthquake.Tosavetime,theepicenterof
thequakehasbeenaddedtoaseparatefeatureclass,whichyouwilladdtothemapand
symbolizeinthisstep.
1. IntheProjectpane,browsetoFolders>Exercise3>Database>Northridge.gdb.
2. AddtheEpicenterfeatureclassbydraggingittothemap.
Nowyouwillsymbolizetheepicenteroftheearthquake.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

IntheContentspane,clicktheEpicentersymboltoopentheSymbologypane.
ChoosetheTriangle4symbol.
IntheSymbologypane,clickProperties.
Increasethesymbolsizeto12point.
ClickApply.
SaveyourProject.

Changingthesymbologymakesthemainearthquakemorevisibleonthe2Dmap.

Step3:Usegeoprocessingtocreateamultipleringbuffer
Theshakingfromanearthquakeisnotactuallyasinglecontinuousevent,althoughitcanfeel
thatway.Infact,twodifferenttypesofwavestravelthroughtheearththatcreateshaking:P
waves(orprimarywaves)arepressurewaves,andwilltravelthroughanymaterial(liquids,
solids,orgases).TheytravelmuchfasterSwaves,thesecondtypeofseismicwave.
SeismographstationsusuallyregisterPwavesfirst.Inthisstep,youwillexaminethedistance
thattheNorthridgequakePwavestraveled.
1. Ifnecessary,clicktheAnalysistabontheribbon.
2. IntheGeoprocessinggroup,clickTools.
3. IntheGeoprocessingpane,searchforandopentheMultipleRingBuffertool.
Youwillcreatebufferringsfor6.1,30.5,and61kilometersfromthequake'sepicenter.The
bufferringsrepresenttheapproximatedistancethatPwaveswouldhavetraveledinone,five,
andtensecondsaftertheshakingstarted.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

IntheGeoprocessingpane,clickEnvironments.
ForOutputCoordinateSystem,chooseEarthquakes.
ClickParameters.
ForInputFeatures,chooseEpicenter.
ForOutputFeatureClass,browsetotheExercise3
geodatabaseintheDatabasesconnectionandenter
thename:QuakeBuffer_PWave.
9. ForDistances:
Inthefirstfield,type6.1andthenpressEnter.
Inthesecondfield,type30.5andthenpressEnter.
Inthethirdfield,type61.
10. ForBufferUnit,chooseKilometers.
11. ClickRun.
Note:Donotclosethegeoprocessingpane.
12. ZoomtotheextentoftheQuakeBuffer_PWavelayer

ThebufferringsrepresenttheapproximatedistancethattheinitialPwavesfromthemain
shocktraveledinthefirstsecond,fiveseconds,andtensecondsaftertheearthquakestarted.

Step4:Symbolizethemultipleringbufferoutput
1. IntheContentspane,makesurethattheQuakeBuffer_PWavelayerisselected.
2. OntheAppearancetab,clicktheSymbologydownarrowandchooseGraduatedColors.
3. OntheSymbologypane,changethecolorschemetoCyanToPurple.

4.
5.
6.
7.

UnderClassBreaks,clickMore.
ClickSymbols>ReverseOrder.
ClosetheSymbologypane.
OntheAppearancetab,changethetransparencyto40%.

Step8:Runthemultipleringbufferagain
Swaves(secondaryorshearwaves)travelmoreslowlythanPwaves,andusuallyhavegreater
amplitude,meaningthattheygenerallycausemoredamage.Swavestravelatapproximately
60percentofthespeedofPwaves,andwillnotmovethroughliquidsorgases.
TheaveragespeedofSwavesis3.5kilometerspersecondthroughsolidground.Forthisstep,
youwilldeterminetheapproximatedistancetheSwavestraveledinthefirst10secondsafter
theearthquakestarted.
1. IntheContentspane,turnofftheQuakeBuffer_PWavelayer.
2. ActivatetheGeoprocessingpane.
Note:TheMultipleRingBuffertoolisstillopenintheGeoprocessingpane,andallthe
parametersyousetearlierarestillpresent.Youwillchangesomeofthevariablesandrunthe
toolagain.
3. ForInputFeatures,keepEpicenter.
4. ChangetheOutputFeatureClasstoQuakeBuffer_SWave(makesureitissavedtothe
Exercise3geodatabaseintheDatabasesfolder).
5. ChangetheDistancestothefollowingvalues:
3.5
17.5
35
6. ForBufferUnit,keepKilometers.
7. RunthetoolandclosetheGeoprocessingpane.
UsewhatyouhavelearnedtosymbolizetheQuakeBuffer_SWave:
8. SymbolizethelayerwithGraduatedColors.
9. ChangethecolorschemetoYellowToRed.
10. Reversetheorderofthecolorssothat3.5isred(ClassBreaks>More>>Symbols>
ReverseOrder).
11. ClosetheSymbologypane.
12. ChangethetransparencyofQuakeBuffer_SWaveto40%.
13. IntheContentspane,turnontheQuakeBuffer_PWavelayer.
ComparehowmuchfartherthePwavestraveledinthefirsttensecondsoftheearthquake
thanthemoredangerousSwaves.

TheNorthridgeearthquakeitselflastedbetween10and20seconds,sotheouterbufferringis
abouthowfarthewavestraveledbeforetheearthevenstoppedmoving.
14. Saveyourproject.

Step5:Runageoprocessingtooltocreatearaster
Tocompletethisstep,youmusthaveaccesstoeitherthe3DAnalystortheSpatialAnalyst
extension.
Youwillstartbycreatingarasterrepresentingthepeakgroundaccelerationthatwasrecorded
ateachoftheearthquakestationsintheareaoftheNorthridgeearthquake.
1.
2.
3.
4.

TurnofftheEpicenter,thetwoQuakeBuffer,andtheHillshadeLayers
TurnontheElevationlayer.
ZoomtotheextentoftheElevationlayer.
IntheGeoprocessingpane(Analysispane>Tools),searchforandopentheIDWtool
fromtheSpatialAnalystTools.
5. ClickEnvironmentsandsetthe
geoprocessingenvironment:
OutputCoordinateSystem:Elevation
Extent:SameAsLayerElevation
CellSize:SameAsLayerElevation
Keepallotherdefaults
6. ClickParametersandsettheIDWtool
parameters:
InputPointFeatures:Stations
ZValueField:PGA
KeeptheOutputRasterlocation
(C:\Esri\ArcGIS
Pro\Outputs\Exercise3.gdb),nameit
PGA.
Keepallotherdefaults
7. ClickRun.

Thetoolcreatesasurfaceforpeakgroundacceleration.
8. Saveyourproject.

Step6:Runageoprocessingtooltocreateanotherraster
Nowyouwillcreateasurfaceofpeakgroundvelocity.
1. DisplaytheGeoprocessingpane,ifnecessary.
2. ThesameIDWtoolshouldappearintheGeoprocessingwindow,ifnotSearchforand
opentheIDWtool.

3. Changesomeofthetoolparameters(RefertoStep5aboveifparametershavebeen
cleared):
ZValueField:PGV
OutputRaster:PGV
Keepallotherdefaults
4. ClickRun.
5. ThetoolcreatesaPGVlayerintheContentspane.
6. Saveyourproject.

Step7:Symbolizearasterlayerforvisualanalysis
Inmostearthquakes,thegroundshakesmuchmorethanitactuallymoves.Therefore,the
damageabuildingsustainsduringanearthquakedoesnotusuallycomefromtheactual
displacementofthegroundbeneathit,butfrombeingforcedtomovequickly.
Thespeedatwhichthegroundshakesduringanearthquakeisameasureofitsvelocity.Asyou
havelearned,thehighestvelocityreachedduringanearthquakeiscalledthepeakground
velocity(PGV).Themorequicklythegroundreachesthismaximumvelocity,thegreaterits
acceleration.Thepeakgroundacceleration(PGA)isthelargestaccelerationrecordedduringan
earthquake.
TheserasterlayersPGAandPGVrepresentthepeakgroundaccelerationandpeakground
velocityrecordedatthevariousearthquakestationsduringthemainshockoftheNorthridge
earthquake.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Ifnecessary,turnoffthePGVlayer.
IntheContentspane,clickthePGAlayer.
OntheAppearancetab,clickSymbology>Stretch.
Applysymbology:
ColorScheme:YellowToRed
StretchType:StandardDeviation
NumberOfStandardDeviations:2.5
5. OntheAppearancetab,changethetransparencyofthePGAlayerto40%.
6. Ifnecessary,turnontheHillshadelayer
7. Ifnotalready,movethePGAlayersothatitisjustabovetheHillshadelayer.

InthePGAlayer,yellowareasindicateloweraccelerationrates.Orangeandredareasshow
higheraccelerationrates,andindicatewheremoredamageisexpected.

Step8:Symbolizeanotherrasterlayerforvisualanalysis
1. TurnonthePGVlayer.
2. WiththePGVlayeractive,clicktheAppearancetab>Symbology>Stretch.
3. Applysymbology:
ColorScheme:CyanToPurple

 StretchType:StandardDeviation
NumberOfStandardDeviations:2.5
4. OntheAppearancetab,changethetransparencyofthePGVlayerto40%.
5. Ifnecessary,intheContentspane,movethePGVlayerdirectlyabovethePGAlayer.
Thecyanareasindicatethelowestpeakgroundvelocityratesduringtheearthquake.Darker
purpleandfuchsiaareasindicatethehighestgroundvelocityrates.
6. Saveyourproject.

Step9:Comparebuildingdamagetorasters
Evaluatingwherethegroundvelocityandaccelerationarehighestcanhelppredictwherethe
worstdamagewillbereported,butitisnotinfallible.Otherfactorsforexample,older
buildingsnotbuiltaccordingtomodernstandards,orthegroundonwhichastructureisbuilt
(knownassiteresponse)canalsoaffecttheamountofdamagethatoccurs.
Inyourproject,theBuildingDamagelayerissymbolizedbythenumberofbuildingsthatwere
damagedineachblockgroup.Forthisstep,youwillvisuallycomparethebuildingdamagewith
thePGAandPGVrastersthatyousymbolizedearlier.
1.
2.
3.
4.

IntheContentspane,turnontheBuildingDamagelayer.
TurnofftheEarthquakesLayer.
WiththeBuildingDamagelayerselected,clicktheAppearancetab.
IntheEffectsgroup,clickSwipe.

Note:TheSwipetoolallowsyoutoviewthePGVlayerundertheBuildingDamagelayerwithout
havingtoturntheBuildingDamagelayeronandoffintheContentspane.
5. UsetheSwipetoolbyclickinganddraggingthecursorbackandforthacrossthemap.
Question:Whereonthemapdoesthereseemtobealotofdamagewithrelativelylowground
velocity?
Answer:____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
6. IntheContentspane,turnoffthePGVlayerandturnonthePGAlayer.
UsetheSwipetooltocomparetheBuildingDamagelayerwiththePGAlayer.
Question:Whereonthemapdothereseemtobediscrepanciesbetweenpeakground
accelerationandthenumberofdamagedbuildings?
Answer:____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

7. Saveyourproject.
Inthisexercise,youusedgeoprocessingtoolsandvisualanalysismethodstoinvestigatefault
lines,topography,damage,PGA,andPGVassociatedwiththeNorthridgeearthquake.
1. CloseArcGISPro.

EndExercise3