Cankaya University Faculty of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department ME 313 Heat Transfer Chapter 8 Internal Flow Examples 1) Engine oil is heated by flowing through a circular tube of diameter D= 50 mm and length L= 25 m and whose surface is maintained at 150 C. (a) If the flow rate and inlet temperature of the oil are 0.5 kg/ s and 20°C, what is the outlet temperature T,,,,? What is the total heat transfer rate q for the tube? (b) For flow rates in the range 0.5< m2 kg/s , compute and plot the variations of T,, and q with mass flow rate m. For what flow rate( s) are q and T,,, maximized? Explain your results. KNOWA: Inlet temperature end flowrate of oil flowing through a tube of prescribed surface temperature and geometry. FIND: (a) Oil outlet temperature and total heat transfer rate, and (b) Effect of flowrate SCHEMATIC: Coil 05 Zthe 2.0 kgis Tj = 20°C 7 ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Negligible temperature drop across tube wall, (2) Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation. PROPERTIES: Table 4.5, Engine oil (assume Tye = 140°C, hence Tm = 80°C = 353K); p= 852 kg/m’, v= 37.5 x 10% m/s, k= 138 « 10° Wim K, Pr = 490, 1 = p-v = 0.032 kg/ms, cy = 2131 kg. ANALYSIS: (a) For constant surface temperature the oil outlet temperature may be obtained from Eq, 8.41b, Hence «DL, T, im,0 h ees To determine fi, first calculate Rep from Eq. 8.6, _ 4t 4(0.5kg/s) = 9 =e. = 398 Du {0.05m)(0.032kg/m-s) Rep‘Hence the flow is laminar. Moreover, from Eq. 8.23 the thermal entry length is xeg,p © 0.05D Rey Pr = 0.05 (0.05m)(398)( 490) = 486m 51m the flow is fr from being thermally fully developed. Since Pr> 5, hmay be determined since from Eq. 8.57 0.0668Gzp 3 0.05Gzp; (0,05/25)398 x 490 = 390, it follows ‘that Nup = 1.95. Nup =3.66+, 1214 1.95 0438 Wim K 33 w/m?-K and it follows that 0.05m Continued ae 0.03) (25 Tmo =150°C-(150°C- 20 exp (0.05) (25mm) sa wfn?-K " OSkg/sx213 1 kg-K Tana = 35°C. < From the overall energy balance, Eq. 8.34, it follows that q=thep (Tino ~ Imi) =0. Skg/sx2131J/kg-K (35-20) C = 15,980 w. < ‘The value of Taya has been grossly overestimated in evaluating the properties. The properties should be re-evaluated at T = (20+ 35)2 = 27°C and the calculations repeated. Iteration should continue until sitisfactory convergence is achieved between the calculated and assumed values of Tao. Following such 1 procedure, one would obtain Tas = 364°C, Rep =27.8, h = 32.8 Wim?-K, and q = 15,660 W. The ‘small effect of recvaluating the properties i attributed to the compensating effects on Rep (a large decrease) and Pr (a lange increase), (b) The effect of flowrate on Tine and q was determined by using the appropriate THT Correlations and Properties Toolpads. 7 T 0000 : g = | i a <1 ; 8 g a H q | Bo - LH 5 2 20000 | § af : vo es pps ‘The heat rate increases with increasing th due to the corresponding increase in Rep and hence fi. However, the inerease is not proportional to rh, causing (Ths,0 =Typ,i) = /thep . and hence Ty, t0 decrease with increasing rh. The maximum heat rate corresponds to the maximum flowrate (rh = 0.20 kois),:2) In the final stages of production, a pharmaceutical is sterilized by heating it from 25 °C to 75°C as it moves at 0.2 m/ s through a straight thin-walled stainless steel tube of 12.7- mm diameter. A uniform heat flux is maintained by an electric resistance heater wrapped around the outer surface of the tube. If the tube is 10 m long, what is the required heat flux? If fluid enters the tube with a fully developed velocity profile and a uniform temperature profile, what is the surface temperature at the tube exit and at a distance of 0.5 m from the entrance? Fluid properties may be approximated as p=1000kg/ m’ ,c, = 4000] /kg.K x=2*107 kg/ms k=0.8W/m.K,Pr=10. r KNOWN: Inlet and outlet temperatures and velocity of fluid flow in tube, Tube diameter and length FIND: Surface heat flux and temperatures at x = 0.5 and 10 m. SCHEMATIC: "ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible heat loss to Surroundings, (4) Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation, (5) Negligible axial conduction PROPERTIES: Pharmaceutical (given): p= 1000 kg/m’, ¢, = 4000 JikgK, w= 2 10° ke/sm, 0.80 Wim-K, Pr= 10. ANALYSIS: With, m= pVA =1000 kg/m 2 mis)z(0. 7 my" /4 = 0,025: Is kg/m? (0.2 mis) (0.0127 m)? /4= 0.0253 Eq. 8.34 yields = they (Tm,o ~ Tm) = 0.0253 eg/s(4000 J/kg -K)50 K = 5060 W. The required heat flux is then af = Ag = 5060 W/a (0.0127 m)10 m =12,682 Wim, < With Rep = pYDiu=1000 kg/m? (0.2 mis) 0.0127 mv2x10 ke/s-m = 1270 the flow is laminar and Eq, 8.23 yields = 0.05Rep PrD =0.05(1270)10(0,0127 m)=8.06 m. Xfi, Hence, with fally developed hydrodynamic and thermal conditions at x = 10 m, Eq, 8.53 yields (10 m)= Nup gq (K/D) = 4.36(0.80 Wim-K/0.0127 m.Henee, from Newton’s law of cooling, +(ag/h)=78°C+ (12,682 Wim? /274.6 Win?-K) Tyo=Tmo 2re. < |Atx=0.5 m, (/DY(RepPr) = 0,0031 and Figure 8.10 yields Nup = 8 for a thermal entry regien with ‘uniform surface heat flux. Hence, h(0.5 m)= 503.9 Wim!K and, since Ty inereases linearly with x, ‘To(X = 0.5 mt) = T+ Pag“ Ts) (UL) = 27.5°C. It follows that ‘T(x = 05 m)=27.5°C+(12,682 Win?/503.9 Win? K)=52.7°C, <in eens 5 fes 3) Water flowing at 2 kg/ s through a 40- mm- diameter tube is to be heated from 25 to 75 °C by maintaining the tube surface temperature at 100 °C. What is the required tube length for these conditions? KNOWN: Flow rate, inlet temperature and desired outlet temperature of water passing through a tube of prescribed diameter and surface temperature, FIND: (a) Required tube length, L, for presetibed conditions, (b) Required length using tube diameters over the range 30 < D < 50 mm with flow rates th = 1, 2 and 3 kg’s; represent this design information ‘graphically, and (c) Pressure gradient asa function of tube diameter for the three flow rates assuming the tube wall is smooth, SCHEMATIC: Tyg 15°C T.= 100°C : D=0.04m ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, 2) Incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation, (3) Constant properties. PROPERTIES: Table 4.6, Water (Tp, = 323 K): ¢)=4181 Jkg-K, 1 = 547 x 10° Nim’, k= 0.643 Wink, Pr= 3.56. ANALYSIS: (a) From Ea, 8.6, the Reynolds number is 4 4x2ke/s ADH 77(0.04m)547%10°6 N-s/m? eace the flow is turbulent, and assuming fully developed conditions throughout the tube, it follows from the Dittus-Boelter corelation, Ea. 8.60, x 0.643 W/m * poraref!S Pt = 28 Wlm D 008m 416x105 ay Rep sis i 0023(1.16x10°) (3.56)"4 = 619 W/m?-K 2) From Eq, 81a, we then obtain incyin(ay/4%5) _ 28/9(41810/k62 K)en(2s°e/78°c) L 7 Dh 7(0.04m)6919 W/m? -K =10.6m. < (b) Using the IHT Correlations Tool, Internal Flow, for fully developed Turbulent Flow, along with appropriate energy balance and rate equations, the required length L as @ function of flow rate is computed and plotted on the right. a) Tube sera, Drm) Ao Fem te, eat th = ngage4) Engine Oil with a mean temperature of 147 °C flows slowly at 0.00578 m/s through a 20 m Long, thin- walled pipe of 30- mm inner diameter. The pipe is | suspended in a room for which the air temperature is 20 °C and the convection coefficient at the outer tube surface is 11 W/ m’ K. Estimate the heat loss per unit length of tube. SCHEMATIC: Te —% le Loony — AfhimDtfhgrD ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Tube wall thermal resistance negligible, @) Fully developed flow, (4) Radiation exchange between pipe and room negligible PROPERTIES: Table 4-5, Unused engine oil (Tyy = 150°C = 423K): k= 0.133 Win, 5 ANALYSIS: The rate equation, for a unit length of the pipe, can be written as 1 ony = Te) Seon = RE cee ” \where the thermal resistance is comprised of two elements, “ny ESA KIO M % sree eee EEL Fre (03 tT hia@D hozD 7D \hy ho pea WP a CERAM Bas pp 7D Ga4 KIS Kédh= 005 Repb= (o.08Xas\(?He2) = OM8F MFat = 0.08 PapD Ree (oxsylaenverd (hes =3I9 is hyde yramicellg and termally oped « cavelope 122) 216, w—- hiPb=3.6, = hj= 3-00) (Se J PK “Me (ig6e-2°)_ = 0- Winn ect a aE lidar 1 (00a5) Water at a flow rate of m= 0.215 kg/s is cooled from 70 °C to 30°C by passing it through a thin- walled tube of diameter D= 50 mm and maintaining a coolant at T =15 °C in cross flow over the tube. (a) What is the required tube length if the coolant is air and its velocity is V=20 m/s? (b) What is the tube length if the coolant is water and V= 2 m/s? FIND: (a) Required tube length for air in cross flow at prescribed velocity, (b) Required tube length for water in cross flow ata prescribed velocity. SCHEMATIC: fh = 0.215 kgis ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) Constant properties, (3) Negligible tube wall conduction resistance, (4)Water is incompressible liquid with negligible viscous dissipation, PROPERTIES: Table 4.6, water (Tp, = 50°C =323 K): 6, =4181 Jkg-K, = S48 x 10" Nh? k= 0.643 Wim, Pr=3.56. Table 4.4, air (assume T;= 300 K): v= 15.89 x 10 m*/s, k= 0.0263 Wim-K, Pr= 0.707, Table 4.6, water (assume Ty= 300 K): 858 x 10% mis, k= 0.613 WimK, Pr=5.83. ANALYSIS: The required heat rate may be determined from the overall energy balance, = they (Tn, -Tn,o) = 0.21Ske/s(41811/kg-K)40°C = 35,960 W and the required tube length may be determined from the rate equation, Eq, 8.46a, zannan Canna UaDAT where and 1/0 = Thy Wh With Rep, = Ati 2Dy: = 0.860kg/s/ 1 (0.05 m)548x10-° N-s/m? =9991 the flow is turbulent and, assuming fully developed flow throughout the tube, the inside convection coefficient is determined from Eq. 8.62 pi (£/8)(Rep, — 1000) Pr (0.0315 /8)(999 1 - 1000)3.56 1D = 203 562. ip 412.7¢6/8)/2¢@Pr2/38y)14+12,7(0.0315/8)!/2(3.567 where f= (0.79 InRep; = 1.64)? = 0.0315 =611 hy Nup, k/D =61.1((0.643 W/m-K)/0.05m=786 W/m? -K(@) Por air in cross flow at 20 m/s, Repy, = VD/v = 20 mis(0.05 my/15.89 x 10° m’/s = 62,933. From the Churchill/Bernstein correlation, it follows that 0. 62Re? prl/3 Nup, =03+ 0 174 [iso ajeey?] hy = Nup, k/D=158.7(0.0263 W/m-K)/0.05m = 83.5 W/m? -K. Hence, U= (I/hj + I/hg)"! = 75.5 Win-K and GEE Hts e00Wi tno < (75.5w/m?-K)7(0.05m)30.8°C (b) For water in cross flow at 2 m/s, Rep, =2 m/s(0.05 m)/0.858 x 10° m’/s = 116,550, and the correlation yields Nup, = 527.3. Hence, hg =Nup, k/D = 527.3(0.613 W/m-K)/0.05m = 6,465 Ww/m?-K U= (hy +W/hg Hence, = 701 Win? K 35,960 (701 W/m? -K}2(0.05m)30.8°C COMMENTS: The foregoing results clearly indicate the superiority of water (relative to air) as a heat transfer Mud. Note the dominant contribution made by the smaller convection coefficient to the value of U in each of the two cases.