Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

CHAPTER 11
MULTINATIONAL ACCOUNTING: FOREIGN CURRENCY TRANSACTIONS AND
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q11-1 Indirect and direct exchange rates differ by which currency is desired to be
expressed in another currency. An indirect exchange rate is the number of foreign
currency units that may be obtained for one local currency unit. The indirect exchange
rate has the foreign currency unit in the numerator. As a fraction, the indirect exchange
rate is expressed as follows:
Number of foreign currency units
One local currency unit
A direct exchange rate is the number of local currency units needed to acquire one
foreign currency unit. The direct exchange rate has the local currency units in the
numerator (the U.S. dollar for the direct exchange rate for the U.S. dollar). As a fraction,
the direct exchange rate is expressed as follows:
Number of local currency units
One foreign currency unit
The indirect and direct exchange rates are inversely related and both state the same
relationship between two currencies.
Q11-2 The direct exchange rate can be calculated by taking the inverse of the indirect
exchange rate. Such a computation follows:
Number of foreign currency units
One local currency unit

C$1.3623 (Canadian dollars)

$1.00 (U.S. dollars)

The inverse of the indirect exchange rate is:

$1.00 (U.S. dollars)
C$1.36 (Canadian dollars)

$0.7340

Q11-3 When the U.S. dollar strengthens against the European euro, imports from
Europe into the U.S. will be less expensive in U.S. dollars. The direct exchange rate
decreases, indicating that it takes fewer dollars to acquire European euros.
Q11-4 A foreign transaction is a transaction that does not involve the exchange of
currencies on the part of the reporting entity. An example of a foreign transaction is the
sale of equipment by a U.S. company (the reporting entity) to a Japanese firm that is
denominated in U.S. dollars.
A foreign currency transaction is a transaction that does involve the exchange of
currencies on the part of the reporting entity. An example of a foreign currency
transaction is the sale of equipment by a U.S. company (the reporting entity) to a
Japanese firm that is denominated in Japanese yen.

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

Q11-5 There are many types of economic factors that affect currency exchange rates,
among which are the level of inflation, the balance of payments, changes in interest
rates and investment levels, and the stability and process of governance. One example
of an economic factor that results in a weakening of the U.S. dollar versus the European
euro is a higher level of inflation in the U.S. relative to the inflation in Europe.
Q11-6 Assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency are measured according
to the requirements in FASB 52 (ASC 830) for those arising from normal purchase and
sale transactions, and by FASB 133 (ASC 815) for forward exchange contracts and
hedging activities. FASB 52 (ASC 830) specifies that the valuation at the transaction
date and each subsequent balance sheet date should be at the local currency equivalent
using the spot rate of exchange. Forward exchange contracts are valued at fair value,
typically by using the forward rate for the remainder of the term of the forward contract.
Q11-7 Foreign currency transaction gains or losses are recognized in the financial
statements in the period in which the exchange rate changes. These gains or losses are
reported on the income statement.
Q11-8 If the direct exchange rate increases, the Sun Company will experience a foreign
currency transaction loss on its $200,000 account payable that is denominated in
Canadian dollars. The increase in the direct exchange rate shows that the U.S. dollar
has weakened relative to the Canadian dollar, requiring more U.S. dollars be used to pay
the debt owed.
Q11-9 Four ways a U.S. company can manage the risk of changes in the exchange
rates for foreign currencies are to (1) use a forward contract to offset an exposed foreign
currency position, (2) hedge a firm foreign currency commitment as a fair value hedge,
(3) hedge an anticipated foreign transaction as a cash flow hedge, or (4) speculate in
foreign currency markets. One example of a U.S. company hedging against the risk of
changes in the exchange rates for foreign currencies is to use a forward exchange
receivable contract to partially offset the effects of changes in the exchange rates of the
foreign currency liability.
Q11-10 An exposed net asset position occurs when a company's trade receivables and
other assets denominated in a foreign currency are greater than its liabilities
denominated in that currency. An exposed net liability position occurs if a company's
liabilities denominated in a foreign currency exceed receivables denominated in that
currency.
Q11-11 A difference usually exists between a currency's spot rate and forward rate
because of the different economic factors involved in the determination of a future
versus present rate of exchange. This difference is usually positive because of
uncertainty and conservatism toward the future. For example, if inflation is assumed to
continue into the future in the foreign country whose currency is being acquired, the
forward rate will be higher than the spot rate because of the decreasing purchasing
power of the currency. In addition, the time value of money factor will typically result in a
higher forward exchange rate than the spot exchange rate.

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

Q11-12 (a) When an exposed foreign currency position exists, either an exposed net
asset or net liability position is created. The forward contract is valued at fair value,
usually by the forward exchange rate for the remainder of the term of the forward
contract. The underlying payable or receivable from the foreign currency transaction is
valued at the spot rate at the time of the transaction and adjusted to the current spot rate
at each balance sheet date. (b) For a hedge of an identifiable foreign currency
commitment, both the financial instrument and the forward contract aspects of the hedge
are valued at the forward rate. An account, termed firm commitment, is created during
the term of the forward contract to recognize the change in value of the financial
instrument aspect of the firm commitment. (c) For a cash flow hedge of a forecasted
transaction, the forward contract is valued at the forward rate, but the effective portion of
the change in the fair value of the forward contract is recognized in other comprehensive
income. The gain or loss on the re-measured foreign currency denominated account
payable or receivable is offset from a reclassification of other comprehensive income so
that there is no net exchange gain or loss from this hedge. (d) A speculative forward
contract is not a hedge, but rather is a derivative that is valued at fair value by using the
forward exchange rate for the remainder of the forward contracts term.
Gains or losses on these forward contracts are recognized in income in the period in
which they occur.
Q11-13 a. A foreign currency receivable from broker would be shown on the balance
sheet for the period valued at its fair value by using the contracted amount of foreign
currency multiplied by the forward rate.
b. A foreign currency transaction loss would be shown on the income statement at the
end of the period as a separate item in the "Other" category.
c. A foreign currency transaction gain would be shown on the income statement at the
end of the period as a separate item in the "Other" category.
d. A payable to exchange broker would be shown on the balance sheet for the period
valued at the contracted amount of foreign currency multiplied by the forward exchange
rate. This is the dollar amount agreed upon by the forward contract and will not change
during the term of the forward contract.
e. A premium on forward contract is not separately accounted for but rather is indirectly
included in the gain or loss through the process of revaluing the forward contract from its
forward rate at the time the contract is entered into to its eventual fair value using the
spot rate at the maturity date of the forward contract.
f. Foreign currency units will be shown on a U.S. company's balance sheet as an
investment at their U.S. dollar equivalent value as of the balance sheet date. The U.S.
dollar equivalent value is determined using the spot rate at each balance sheet date.
g. Accounts payable denominated in a foreign currency would be shown on the balance
sheet for the period at the contracted amount of foreign currency multiplied by the
current exchange rate. Note that FASB 52 (ASC 830) requires that the spot rate be used
for foreign currency-denominated payables or receivables arising from normal operating
transactions, but that FASB 133 (ASC 815) requires that forward exchange contracts be
valued using the forward rate.

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

SOLUTIONS TO CASES
C11-1 Effects of Changing Exchange Rates
a. The major factors influencing the demand for the U.S. dollar on the foreign exchange
markets are (1) rate of inflation, (2) the interest and investment rates, (3) balance of
payments, and (4) alternative investment opportunities. For example, the demand for the
U.S. dollar weakens as inflation rates increase, interest rates decrease, the balance of
payments becomes an increasingly high deficit, and alternative investments in other
countries are more readily available.
b. As the dollar drops in value in relation to other currencies:
(1) Exports from the U.S. to the other country become less expensive and foreign
buyers tend to increase their orders for U.S. goods. For example, assume the U.S.
dollar weakened relative to a foreign currency unit (FCU) as follows:
direct exchange rate
after weakening

=
=

$0.50 / 1 FCU
$0.60 / 1 FCU

This would mean that a U.S.-manufactured machine selling for $10,000 would cost
the foreign customer 20,000 FCU before the weakening of the dollar ($10,000 =
20,000 FCU x $0.50). After the weakening of the dollar, this same machine would
cost the foreign customer 16,667 FCU ($10,000 = 16,667 FCU x $0.60). This
means a significant price reduction for the foreign buyer, thereby increasing the
foreign demand for the U.S.-manufactured machine.
(2) The opposite effect occurs for the U.S. business firm as the dollar weakens.
Foreign-made goods are now more expensive as it takes more dollars to acquire
imports. For example, a foreign-made part selling for 10 FCU before the weakening
costs the U.S. company $5.00 ($5.00 = 10 FCU x $0.50). After the dollar weakens,
the same part now costs the U.S. company $6.00 ($6.00 = 10 FCU x $0.60). This
increase of $1.00 per part is due solely to the weakening of the U.S. dollar relative
to the foreign currency. Nevertheless, the U.S. business firm is subject to a very
significant increase in the cost of its inputs.
c. As the dollar weakens, imports become more expensive for the U.S. consumer. In
addition, as in case b(2) above, the U.S.-based manufacturer using foreign-made
components for its products must now pass the higher costs on to its customers. Thus,
U.S. consumers have to pay higher prices for their goods that have foreign elements.

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

C11-2

Reporting a Foreign Currency Transaction on the Financial Statements

[AICPA Adapted]

a. Bow should report a foreign exchange loss on its 20X5 income statement. This loss is
calculated by taking the number of pounds that are due in 20X6 and multiplying them by
the change in the direct exchange rate from the transaction date to the balance sheet
date. Since the U.S. dollar weakened, the direct exchange rate on December 31, 20X5,
would be higher than the direct exchange rate on November 30, 20X5. The increase in
the direct exchange rate means that more U.S. dollars would be needed to purchase
pounds at December 31, 20X5, than at November 30, 20X5. Therefore, a foreign
currency transaction loss should be reported in 20X5 because the exchange rate
changed during 20X5. In addition, the accounts payable denominated in pounds should
be reported at the exchange rate at December 31, 20X5. This means that the accounts
payable recorded on November 30, 20X5, would have to be increased in order to reflect
a weakening U.S. dollar.
b. Reporting a foreign exchange loss in 20X5 is appropriate because, consistent with
accrual accounting, the exchange rate on December 31, 20X5, should be used to value
the accounts payable denominated in pounds. Bow's beliefs as to future exchange rate
movements are excluded from the financial statements.
C11-3 Changing Exchange Rates
Note to Teacher: Currency exchange rates may be found in a variety of places on the
Internet. A good site is http://finance.yahoo.com/currency-investing. Note that to obtain
the direct exchange rate, students will have to specify the conversion as the foreign
currency units into U.S. Dollars. After clicking the link for the conversion, both the current
exchange rate and a chart of historical exchange rates are presented. There are various
options for the length of time shown on the chart; the student should select the 2-year
chart. Other sites can be found using a search engine and search terms such as
historical currency exchange rates.
Japanese Yen:

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

C11-3 (continued)
European Euro:

British Pound:

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

C11-3 (continued)
Mexican Peso:

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

C11-4 Accounting for Foreign Currency-Denominated Accounts Payable

MEMO
TO:

Marie Lamont, Manager, Mardi Gras audit

From:

______________ _______________, CPA

Re:

Mardi Gras Corporations Foreign Currency Transactions

Our client, Mardi Gras Corporation, needs to change its method of accounting for the
effects of changes in the exchange rate for Swiss francs. Currently, any difference
between the liability recorded when the merchandise is received and the amount that is
paid (in U.S. dollars) when the liability is settled is recorded by our client as an
adjustment to the cost of the inventory purchased. However, this difference is the result
of changes in the exchange rate for Swiss francs between the date of the inventory
purchase and the payment date and is not the result of changes in the price of the
merchandise.
Mardi Grass purchases from the Swiss company are foreign currency transactions that
result in Mardi Gras recording a payable denominated in Swiss francs. The liability is
fixed in terms of the amount of Swiss francs that must be paid.
Mardi Gras is recording the payable appropriately since they are using the exchange
rate on the date of the inventory purchase to convert the francs to dollars. This is
consistent with requirements in FASB Statement No. 52 (ASC 830). However, the
accounting for subsequent changes in the U.S. dollar equivalent of the Swiss franc
liability is not acceptable. Rather than an adjustment to the cost of inventory, changes in
the liability that result because of changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar
and the Swiss franc must be recognized as a foreign currency transaction gain or loss
and must be included in net income in the period in which the rate change occurs.
Mardi Gras should also be aware that any outstanding foreign currency payables at the
balance sheet date should be adjusted to their U.S. dollar equivalent using the exchange
rate in effect on the balance sheet date, with any resulting foreign currency transaction
gains or losses included in earnings of the current period.
Disclosure of the aggregate gain or loss from foreign currency transactions used in
determining net income for a given period is also required.
Authoritative support for the above memo can be found in the following references:
FASB 52, Par. 15, Par. 16, and Par. 30 (ASC 830)

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

C11-5 Accounting for Foreign Currency Forward Contracts

MEMO
To:

Lindsay Williams, Treasurer

From:

__________ ___________, CPA, Assistant Treasurer

Re:

Financial Statement Effects of Foreign Currency Forward Contract

Avanti has entered into a contract to purchase equipment for a fixed price of 4.5 million
euros. This agreement meets the definition of an unrecognized firm commitment that has
both contractual rights and contractual obligations. The fixed price of the firm
commitment exposes the company to the fair value risk of changes in the price of the
equipment. However, because the purchase price is denominated in euros, the contract
also exposes the company to the risk of changes in the value of the foreign currency.
The company may enter into a derivative contract. FASB Statement No. 133 (ASC 815)
allows such a derivative contract of a foreign currency exposure of an unrecognized firm
commitment to be designated as a hedge.
If Avanti elects to use a forward exchange contract to fix the exchange rate to purchase
euros, the company can designate the forward contract as a foreign currency fair value
hedge of the foreign currency exposure in the firm commitment if there is formal
documentation of the hedging relationship and the rationale for the managements
decision to use the hedge, and if the effectiveness of the hedge is assessed before
every reporting date and at least every three months.
If the forward contract qualifies as a foreign currency fair value hedge, the gain or loss
on the hedge and the offsetting gain or loss on the hedged firm commitment should be
recognized in earnings in the same accounting period.
Therefore, during the commitment period, there will be no effect on the income
statement; the gain or loss on the derivative will be offset by the loss or gain on the firm
commitment.
After the equipment is delivered, a foreign currency denominated payable will be
recorded and accounted for under FASB Statement No. 52 (ASC 830). Transaction
gains or losses on the foreign currency liability may continue to be offset by changes in
the fair value of the forward contract.
Authoritative support for the memo can be found in the following references:
FASB 133, Par. 4, Par. 4 (footnote), FASB 133, Par. 18(d), and FASB 133, Par. 20; (ASC
815)

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

C11-6 Accounting for Hedges of Available-for-Sale Securities

MEMO
To:

Mark Becker, CFO

From:

___________ _______________, CPA, Investment Division

Re:

Hedge AccountingBond Portfolio

The proposal has been made to use an interest rate futures contract to hedge the
interest rate risk associated with Rainy Days portfolio of bond investments. Although the
use of the derivative may be expected to offset the changes in the value of the bond
portfolio, the issue that must be considered is whether the use of this derivative would
qualify for hedge accounting under FASB Statement No. 133 (ASC 815). If hedge
accounting cannot be used, the changes in the fair value of the futures contract will be
included in net income. However, the changes in the fair value of the bond portfolio will
continue to be reported as other comprehensive income, but not in net income.
FASB 133 (ASC 815) does allow a portfolio of similar assets or similar liabilities to be
designated as the hedged item under certain conditions. The change in value of any
item in the portfolio must be generally proportionate to changes in value for the entire
portfolio. To meet this condition, Rainy Day should be able to demonstrate that the
values of the individual bonds within the portfolio respond to interest rate changes in a
proportionate manner to the overall portfolio response. Given the wide range of maturity
dates on the bonds in the portfolio, this condition may be difficult to meet.
If the aggregation criteria are not met, Rainy Day could consider aggregating bonds of
similar maturities into several sub-portfolios and using multiple derivatives to hedge the
interest rate risk associated with each group of bond investments. This subdividing of the
bond portfolio would also make it easier to demonstrate if the hedge is effective.
If hedge accounting is allowed, the effect on earnings of the derivative will be offset by
the changes in the fair value of the bond investment.
Authoritative support for the above memo can be found in the following references:
FASB 133, Par. 18, Par. 20, Par. 21, Par, 23 (ASC 815)
FASB 115, Par. 13, amended by FASB 130, Par. 3 (ASC 320)

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
E11-1 Exchange Rates
a. Indirect exchange rates for pounds and dollars:
$1.00 = .625 British pounds
(1 pound / $1.60)
$1.00 = 1.3514 Canadian dollars (1 Canadian dollar / $0.74)
b.

FCU

$
Direct Exchange Rate

$8,000
$1.60

5,000 British pounds

c. 4,000 Canadian dollars x $0.74 = $2,960

E11-2 Changes in Exchange Rates

a. Exchange rates:
Arrival Date

Direct
Exchange Rate

Indirect
Exchange Rate

b.

Departure Date

1 florin = $0.20

1 florin = $0.15

($200 / 1,000 florins)

($15 / 100 florins)

$1.00 = 5 florins

$1.00 = 6.67 florins

(1,000 florins / $200)

(100 florins / $15)

The direct exchange rate has decreased. This means that the dollar has
strengthened during Mr. Alt's visit. For example, upon arrival, Mr. Alt had to pay
$0.20 per each florin. Upon departure, however, each florin is worth just $0.15. This
means that the relative value of the dollar has increased or, alternatively, the value
of the florin has decreased.

c. The U.S. dollar equivalent values for the 100 florins are:
Arrival date
100 florins x $0.20 =
Departure date
100 florins x $0.15 =
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss

$20
15
$5

Mr. Alt held florins for a time in which the florin was weakening against the dollar.
Thus, Mr. Alt experienced a loss by holding the weaker currency.

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-3 Basic Understanding of Foreign Exposure

a. If the direct exchange rate increases, the U.S. dollar weakens relative to the foreign
currency unit. If the indirect exchange rate increases, the U.S. dollar strengthens relative
to the foreign currency unit.
b.
Transaction

Settlement
Currency

Importing
Importing
Exporting
Exporting

Dollar
LCU
Dollar
LCU

Direct Exchange Rate

Increases
Decreases
NA
L
NA
G

NA
G
NA
L

11-12

Indirect Exchange Rate

Increases
Decreases
NA
G
NA
L

NA
L
NA
G

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-4 Account Balances

Foreign Currency Units ()
From receivable:
(250,000 x $0.58)

(7) 2/1/x7

145,000

Bal. 2/2/x7

72,500

To payable:
(125,000 x $0.58)

(8) 2/1/x7

72,500

[250,000
x ($0.58 - $0.62)]

(5) 2/1/x7 AJE

10,000

(250,000 x $0.58)

(7) 2/1/x7 Settle

Accounts Receivable ()
(250,000 x$0.60)

(1) 11/1/x6

[250,000 x
($0.62 - $0.60)]

(3) 12/31/x6 AJE

(250,000 x $0.62)

Bal. 12/31/x6

(250,000 x $0.58)

150,000
5,000
155,000

Bal. 2/1/x7

145,000

Bal. 2/2/x7

-0-

145,000

Accounts Payable ()

[125,000
x ($0.58 - $0.62)]
(125,000 x $0.58)

(6) 2/1/x7 AJE

(8) 2/1/x7 Settle

5,000
72,500

(125,000 x $0.60)

(2) 11/1/x6

[125,000
x ($0.62 - $0.60)]

(4) 12/31/x6 AJE

(125,000 x $0.62)

Bal. 12/31/x6

(125,000 x $0.58)

Bal. 2/1/x7
Bal. 2/2/x7

75,000
2,500
77,500

72,500
-0-

Foreign Currency Transaction Loss

[125,000
x ($0.62 - $0.60)]
[250,000
x ($0.58 - $0.62)]

(4) 12/31/x6 AJE

(5) 2/1/x7 AJE

2,500
10,000

Foreign Currency Transaction Gain

[250,000
x ($0.62 - $0.60)]

(3) 12/31/x6 AJE

5,000

[125,000
x ($0.58 - $0.62)]

(6) 2/1/x7 AJE

5,000

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-5 Determining Year-End Account Balances for Import and Export

Transactions
Accounts
Receivable

Accounts
Payable

Foreign Currency
Transaction
Exchange Loss

Foreign Currency
Transaction
Exchange Gain

Case 1

NA

$16,000(a)

NA

$2,000(b)

Case 2

$38,000(c)

NA

NA

$2,000(d)

Case 3

NA

$27,000(e)

$3,000(f)

NA

Case 4

$6,250(g)

NA

$1,250(h)

NA

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)

LCU 40,000 x $0.40

LCU 40,000 x ($0.40 - $0.45)
LCU 20,000 x $1.90
LCU 20,000 x ($1.90 - $1.80)
LCU 30,000 x $0.90
LCU 30,000 x ($0.90 - $0.80)
LCU 2,500,000 x $0.0025
LCU 2,500,000 x ($0.0025 - $0.003)

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-6 Transactions with Foreign Companies

a.

b.

May 1

Inventory (or Purchases)

Accounts Payable
Foreign purchase denominated in U.S. dollars.

8,400

June 20

Accounts Payable
Cash
Settle payable.

8,400

July 1

Accounts Receivable
Sales
Foreign sale denominated in U.S. dollars.

10,000

August 10

Cash
Accounts Receivable
Collect receivable.

10,000

May 1

Inventory (or Purchases)

8,400
Accounts Payable ()
8,400
Foreign purchase denominated in yen: $8,400 / $0.0070 = 1,200,000

June 20

Foreign Currency Transaction Loss

600
Accounts Payable ()
600
Revalue foreign currency payable to U.S. dollar equivalent value:
$9,000 = 1,200,000 x $0.0075 June 20 spot rate
- 8,400 = 1,200,000 x $0.0070 May 1 spot rate
$ 600 = 1,200,000 x ($0.0075 - $0.0070)
Accounts Payable ()
Foreign Currency Units ()
Settle payable denominated in yen.

9,000

8,400

10,000

10,000

9,000

July 1

Accounts Receivable (BRL)

Sales
Foreign sale denominated in Brazilian reals:
$10,000 / $0.20 = BRL50,000

August 10

Accounts Receivable (BRL)

1,000
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
1,000
Revalue foreign currency receivable to U.S. dollar equivalent value:
$ 11,000 = BRL50,000 x $0.22 Aug. 10 spot rate
- 10,000 = BRL50,000 x $0.20 July 1 spot rate
$ 1,000 = BRL50,000 x ($0.22 - $0.20)
Foreign Currency Units (BRL)
Accounts Receivable (BRL)
Receive Brazilian reals in settlement of receivable.

11-15

10,000

8,400

11,000

10,000

11,000

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-7 Foreign Purchase Transaction

a.

Denominated in Swiss francs

Rone Imports reports in U.S. dollars
12/1/X1

Direct Exchange Rate

b.

12/31/X1

Transaction
Date
$0.70

Balance Sheet
Date
$0.66

December 1, 20X1
Inventory (or Purchases)
Accounts Payable (SFr)
$10,500 = SFr 15,000 x $0.70

Accounts Payable (SFr)

Foreign Currency Units (SFr)
$10,200 = SFr 15,000 x $0.68

600

300

300

10,200

Accounts Payable (SFr)

(SFr 15,000 x
$0.70)
600
(SFr 15,000 x
$0.66)

10,200

10,500

600

January 15, 20X2

Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Accounts Payable (SFr)
Revalue payable to current U.S. dollar equivalent:
$10,200 = SFr 15,000 x $0.68 Jan. 15, 20X2, value
- 9,900 = SFr 15,000 x $0.66 Dec. 31, 20X1, value
$ 300 = SFr 15,000 x ($0.68 - $0.66)

1/15/X2 Settlement

Settlement
Date
$0.68
10,500

December 31, 20X1

Accounts Payable (SFr)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency payable to
equivalent U.S. dollar value:
$ 9,900 = SFr 15,000 x $0.66 Dec. 31 spot rate
-10,500 = SFr 15,000 x $0.70 Dec. 1 spot rate
$ 600 = SFr 15,000 x ($0.66 - $0.70)

AJE 12/31/X1

1/15/X2

(SFr 15,000 x
$0.68)

11-16

12/1/X1

10,200

10,500

Bal 12/31/X1

9,900

AJE 1/15/X2
Bal 1/15/ X2

300
10,200

Bal 1/16/X2

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-8 Adjusting Entries for Foreign Currency Balances

a.

December 31, 20X6

Accounts Receivable (E)
10,000
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Adjust receivable denominated in Egyptian pounds to current U.S. dollar
equivalent and recognize exchange gain:
$83,600 = E475,000 x $0.176 Dec. 31 spot rate
- 73,600 = Preadjusted Dec. 31, 20X6, value
$10,000

10,000

Accounts Payable ()
5,200
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
5,200
Adjust payable denominated in foreign currency to current U.S. dollar equivalent
and recognize exchange gain:
$175,300 = Preadjusted Dec. 31, 20X6, value
- 170,100 = 21,000,000 x $0.0081, Dec. 31 spot rate
$ 5,200
b.

Accounts Receivable (E)

1,900
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
1,900
Adjust receivable denominated in Egyptian Pounds to equivalent U.S. dollar
value on settlement date:
$85,500 = E475,000 x $0.180 20X7 collection date value
- 83,600 = E475,000 x $0.176 Dec. 31, 20X6, spot rate
$ 1,900 = E475,000 x ($0.180 - $0.176)
Cash
Foreign Currency Units (E)
Accounts Receivable (E)
Accounts Receivable ($)
Collect all accounts receivable.

c.

164,000
85,500

Accounts Payable ()
6,300
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Adjust payable to equivalent U.S. dollar value on settlement date:
$163,800 = 21,000,000 x $0.0078 20X7 payment date value
- 170,100 = 21,000,000 x $0.0081 Dec. 31, 20X6, spot rate
$ 6,300 = 21,000,000 x ($0.0078 - $0.0081)
Accounts Payable ($)
Accounts Payable ()
Foreign Currency Units ()
Cash
Payment of all accounts payable.

86,000
163,800

11-17

85,500
164,000

6,300

163,800
86,000

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-8 (continued)
d.

Transaction gain on E:
December 31, 20X6
December 31, 20X7
Overall

$10,000
1,900
$11,900

gain
gain
gain

e.

Transaction gain on :
December 31, 20X6
December 31, 20X7
Overall

$ 5,200
6,300
$11,500

gain
gain
gain

f.

Overall foreign currency transactions gain:

Gain on E transaction
Gain on transaction

$11,900
11,500
$23,400

Chocolate De-Lites could have hedged its exposed position. The exposed
positions are only those denominated in foreign currency units. The accounts
receivable denominated in E could be hedged by selling E in the forward market,
thereby locking in the value of the E. The accounts payable denominated in
could be hedged by buying in the forward market, thereby locking in the value of
the .

11-18

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-9 Purchase with Forward Exchange Contract

3/10

6/8

Transaction Date
- Account payable in C$
- Sign 90-day FEC to receive C$

Settlement Date
- Receive C$ from
FEC completion
- Settle payable in C$

March 10
Inventory (or Purchases)
17,100
Accounts Payable (C$)
Foreign purchase of engines: $17,100 = C$30,000 x $0.57
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (C$)
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Signed 90-day forward exchange contract to receive C$:
$17,400 = C$30,000 x $0.58 forward rate

17,400

17,100

17,400

June 8
Foreign Currency Receivable from Broker (C$)
600
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
600
Revalue foreign currency receivable to current equivalent U.S. dollar value:
$18,000 = C$30,000 x $0.60 June 8 spot rate
- 17,400 = C$30,000 x $0.58 Mar. 10 forward rate
$ 600 = C$30,000 x ($0.60 - $0.58)
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
900
Accounts Payable (C$)
900
Revalue foreign currency accounts payable to current U.S. dollar value:
$900 = C$30,000 x ($0.60 - $0.57)
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Cash
Pay U.S. dollars to exchange broker for forward contract.

17,400

Foreign Currency Units (C$)

Foreign Currency Receivable from
Exchange Broker (C$)
Receive Canadian dollars from exchange broker:
$18,000 = C$30,000 x $0.60 spot rate

18,000

Accounts Payable (C$)

Foreign Currency Units (C$)
Settle foreign currency payable.

18,000

11-19

17,400

18,000

18,000

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-10

Purchase with Forward Exchange Contract and Intervening Fiscal

Year-End

12/16

12/31

Transaction Date
Payable in SFr
Sign FEC to
receive SFr
Forward rate:
SFr 1 = $0.67
Spot rate:
SFr 1 = $0.68

2/14

Balance Sheet
date

Settlement Date
Receive SFr
from FEC
Settle payable
in SFr

SFr 1 = $0.695
SFr 1 = $0.70

SFr 1 = $0.69

PART I: Forward contract not a designated hedge.

a.

December 16, 20X7

Equipment
Accounts Payable (SFr)
Purchased equipment with payable denominated in SFr:
$95,200 = SFr 140,000 x $0.68 spot rate
Foreign Currency Receivable from Broker (SFr)
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Signed 60-day forward exchange contract:
$93,800 = SFr 140,000 x $0.67 forward rate

95,200

93,800

December 31, 20X7

Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
2,800
Accounts Payable (SFr)
Revalue accounts payable to current U.S. dollar equivalent:
$98,000 = SFr 140,000 x $0.70 Dec. 31 spot rate
- 95,200 = SFr 140,000 x $0.68 Dec. 16 spot rate
$ 2,800 = SFr 140,000 x ($0.70 - $0.68)
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (SFr)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency receivable:
$97,300 = SFr 140,000 x $0.695 Dec. 31 forward rate
- 93,800 = SFr 140,000 x $0.67 Dec. 16 forward rate
$ 3,500 = SFr 140,000 x ($0.695 - $0.67)

11-20

3,500

95,200

93,800

2,800

3,500

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-10 (continued)
February 14, 20X8
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
700
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (SFr)
Revalue foreign currency receivable to current equivalent U.S. dollar value:
$96,600 = SFr 140,000 x $0.69 Feb. 14, 20X8, spot rate
- 97,300 = SFr 140,000 x $0.695 Dec. 31, 20X7, forward rate
$ 700 = SFr 140,000 x ($0.69 - $0.695)

700

Accounts Payable (SFr)

1,400
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency accounts payable to current U.S. dollar value:
$96,600 = SFr 140,000 x $0.69 Feb. 14, 20X8, spot rate
- 98,000 = SFr 140,000 x $0.70 Dec. 31, 20X7, spot rate
$ 1,400 = SFr 140,000 x ($0.69 - $0.70)

b.

c.

Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)

Cash
Pay U.S. dollars to exchange broker for forward contract.

93,800

Foreign Currency Units (SFr)

Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (SFr)
Receive francs from exchange broker:
$96,600 = SFr 140,000 x $0.69 spot rate

96,600

Accounts Payable (SFr)

Foreign Currency Units (SFr)
Settle foreign currency payable.

96,600

Foreign Currency Exchange Loss (with Swiss Co.)

Foreign Currency Exchange Gain (with Broker)
Net effect on income
Overall effect of transactions:
20X7 Foreign Currency Gain
20X8 Foreign Currency Loss on receivable
20X8 Foreign Currency Transaction Gain on payable
Overall effect

11-21

1,400

93,800

96,600

96,600

$(2,800)
3,500
$ 700
$

700
(700)
1,400
$ 1,400

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-10 (continued)
PART II: Forward contract designated as a cash flow hedge.
December 16, 20X7
Equipment
Accounts Payable (SFr)
Purchased equipment with payable denominated in SFr:
$95,200 = SFr 140,000 x $0.68 spot rate
Foreign Currency Receivable from Broker (SFr)
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Signed 60-day forward exchange contract:
$93,800 = SFr 140,000 x $0.67 forward rate
December 31, 20X7
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Accounts Payable (SFr)
Revalue accounts payable to current U.S. dollar equivalent:
$98,000 = SFr 140,000 x $0.70 Dec. 31 spot rate
- 95,200 = SFr 140,000 x $0.68 Dec. 16 spot rate
$ 2,800 = SFr 140,000 x ($0.70 - $0.68)

95,200

93,800

2,800

95,200

93,800

2,800

Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (SFr)

3,500
Other Comprehensive Income
3,500
Revalue foreign currency receivable with effective portion of change in fair
value of cash flow hedging derivative recorded in other comprehensive income:
$97,300 = SFr 140,000 x $0.695 Dec. 31 forward rate
- 93,800 = SFr 140,000 x $0.67 Dec. 16 forward rate
$ 3,500 = SFr 140,000 x ($0.695 - $0.67)
Other Comprehensive Income
2,800
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
2,800
In accordance with FASB 138 (ASC 815), an amount is reclassified from other
comprehensive income to fully offset the foreign currency transaction loss on the
revaluation of the foreign currency denominated account payable.
February 14, 20X8
Other Comprehensive Income
700
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (SFr)
700
Revalue foreign currency receivable to current equivalent U.S. dollar value and
record effective portion of change into other comprehensive income in
accordance with FASB 138 (ASC 815). Forward contract has now expired.
$96,600 = SFr 140,000 x $0.69 Feb. 14, 20X8, spot rate
- 97,300 = SFr 140,000 x $0.695 Dec. 31, 20X7, forward rate
$ 700 = SFr 140,000 x ($0.69 - $0.695)

11-22

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-10 (continued)
Accounts Payable (SFr)
1,400
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
1,400
Revalue foreign currency accounts payable to current U.S. dollar value
using the spot rate in accordance with FASB 52 (ASC 830):
$96,600 = SFr 140,000 x $0.69 Feb. 14, 20X8, spot rate
- 98,000 = SFr 140,000 x $0.70 Dec. 31, 20X7, spot rate
$ 1,400 = SFr 140,000 x ($0.69 - $0.70)
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
1,400
Other Comprehensive Income
1,400
In accordance with FASB 138 (ASC 815), an amount is reclassified from
other comprehensive income to fully offset the foreign currency transaction
gain on the revaluation of the foreign currency denominated account payable.
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Cash
Pay U.S. dollars to exchange broker for forward contract.

93,800

Foreign Currency Units (SFr)

Foreign Currency Receivable from
Exchange Broker (SFr)
Receive francs from exchange broker:
$96,600 = SFr 140,000 x $0.69 spot rate

96,600

Accounts Payable (SFr)

Foreign Currency Units (SFr)
Settle foreign currency payable.

96,600

93,800

96,600

96,600

Note that there is a remaining credit balance of $1,400 in Other Comprehensive Income.
This represents the initial discount on the forward contract and will be reclassified into
earnings in alignment with the depreciation on the equipment that was acquired.

11-23

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-11 Foreign Currency Transactions [AICPA Adapted]

1.

d
$0.4895 x
$0.4845 x

2.

3. d

30,000
30,000
Gain

20X1
$14,685
14,535
$ 150

$0.4845 x
$0.4945 x

30,000
30,000
Loss

20X2
$14,535
14,835
$ (300)

January 15
Foreign Currency Units (LCU)
300,000
Exchange Loss
15,000
Accounts Receivable (LCU)
315,000
Collect foreign currency receivable and recognize foreign currency
transaction loss for changes in exchange rates:
$300,000 = (LCU 900,000 / LCU 3) Jan. 15 value
- 315,000 = Dec. 31 U.S. dollar equivalent
$ 15,000 Foreign currency transaction loss
$120,000
$140,000

=
=

-105,000

$(35,000)

July 1, 20X1, U.S. dollar equivalent value

December 31, 20X1, U.S. dollar equivalent value
(LCU 840,000 / $140,000) = LCU 6 / $1
July 1, 20X2, U.S. dollar equivalent value
(LCU 840,000 / 8) = $105,000
Foreign currency transaction loss

4. c

C$1 / $0.90 (C$1.11 = $1.00)

5. d

$280,000 =
-240,000 =
$ 40,000

July 1, 20X5, U.S. dollar equivalent value

December 31, 20X4, U.S. dollar equivalent value
Foreign currency transaction loss

6. d
7. d

11-24

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-12 Sale in Foreign Currency

a.

Direct
exchange
rates
P1 =

October 1

December 1

Transaction
Date

Balance Sheet
Date

$0.0068

$0.0078

Dollar
Weakened
(rate increased)
b.

April 1
Settlement
Date

$0.0076
Dollar
Strengthened
(rate decreased)

October 1, 20X6
Accounts Receivable (P)
34,000
Sales Revenue
Sold equipment with receivable denominated in pesetas(P):
$34,000 = P 5,000,000 x $0.0068

34,000

December 31, 20X6

Accounts Receivable (P)
5,000
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
5,000
Revalue foreign currency receivable to current U.S. dollar equivalent:
$39,000 = P 5,000,000 x $0.0078 Dec. 31 spot rate
- 34,000 = P 5,000,000 x $0.0068 Oct. 1 spot rate
$ 5,000 = P 5,000,000 x ($0.0078 - $0.0068)
April 1, 20X7
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
1,000
Accounts Receivable (P)
Revalue foreign receivable to current U.S. dollar equivalent:
$38,000 = P 5,000,000 x $0.0076 April 1 spot rate
- 39,000 = P 5,000,000 x $0.0078 Dec. 31 spot rate
$ 1,000 = P 5,000,000 x ($0.0076 - $0.0078)
Foreign Currency Units (P)
Accounts Receivable (P)
Collect foreign receivable:
$38,000 = P 5,000,000 x $0.0076
c.

38,000

Net foreign currency transaction gain = $4,000

October 1 to December 31 = $5,000 gain
January 1 to April 1
= (1,000) loss
$4,000 gain
Proof: $4,000 = P 5,000,000 x ($0.0076 - $0.0068)

11-25

1,000

38,000

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-13 Sale with Forward Exchange Contract

April 20

June 19

Transaction Date
Receivable in kronor
Sign FEC to deliver
kronor

Settlement Date
Receive kronor from receivable
Complete FEC with delivery of
kronor

Forward rate: SKr 1 = $0.167

Spot rate:
SKr 1 = $0.170
a.

SKr 1 = $0.165

April 20
Accounts Receivable (SKr)
Sales Revenue
$34,000 = SKr 200,000 x $0.17 spot rate

34,000

Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker

Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (SKr)
Sign 60-day forward exchange contract to deliver kronor:
$33,400 = SKr 200,000 x $0.167 forward rate

33,400

34,000

33,400

June 19
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
1,000
Accounts Receivable (SKr)
1,000
Revalue foreign currency receivable to current equivalent U.S. dollar value:
$33,000 = SKr 200,000 x $0.165 June 19 spot rate
- 34,000 = SKr 200,000 x $0.170 April 20 spot rate
$ 1,000 = SKr 200,000 x ($0.165 - $0.170)
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (SKr)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency payable to current U.S. dollar value:
$33,000 = SKr 200,000 x $0.165 June 19 spot rate
- 33,400 = SKr 200,000 x $0.167 April 20 forward rate
$ 400 = SKr 200,000 x $0.002
Foreign Currency Units (SKr)
Accounts Receivable (SKr)
Receive kronor from foreign receivable:
$33,000 = SKr 200,000 x $0.165 spot rate

400

33,000

400

33,000

Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange

Broker (SKr)
33,000
Foreign Currency Units (SKr)
33,000
Pay foreign currency units to exchange broker for forward payable contract.
Cash
33,400
Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker ($)
33,400
Receive U.S. dollars in accordance with rate established in forward exchange
contract.

11-26

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-13 (continued)
b.

Effects on net income:

Use of forward contract:
1) Dollar strengthened from April 20 to June 19
Exchange loss of $1,000 on foreign
currency receivable
Exchange gain of $400 for foreign
currency payable to exchange broker;
therefore, net effect loss

$(600)

If Alman had not acquired the forward contract:

1) Dollar strengthened resulting in
exchange loss of $1,000 on
foreign currency receivable
from customer
Difference

(1,000)
$ (400)

Hedging with the forward exchange contract resulted in $400 less charged to net
income; thus, net income was higher as a result of acquiring the forward contract.
E11-14 Foreign Currency Transactions [AICPA Adapted]
1. c $4,000

AJE

Accounts Payable ()
(200,000 x $0.4875) 12/10/X3
4,000
(200,000 x $0.4675) 12/31/X3

Accounts Payable ()
Foreign Exchange Gain

4,000

97,500
93,500

4,000

2. d $27,000 = $6,000 + $20,000 + $1,000

Accounts Payable (FCU)
1/20/X2
AJE
3/20/X2
Foreign Exchange Loss
Accounts Payable (FCU)

6,000

11-27

90,000
6,000
96,000
6,000

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-14 (continued)
Notes Payable (FCU)
7/01/X2
AJE
12/31/X2
Foreign Exchange Loss
Notes Payable (FCU)

20,000

Interest Payable (FCU)

($500,000 x .10 x 1/2 year)
AJE
12/31X2
Foreign Exchange Loss
Interest Payable (FCU)
3. c $5,000
10/15/X1
AJE
11/16/X1

1,000

Accounts Receivable (FCU)

100,000
5,000
105,000 Settlement

Accounts Receivable (FCU)

Foreign Exchange Gain

11/16/X1
5,000

500,000
20,000
520,000
20,000

25,000
1,000
26,000

1,000

105,000

5,000

Note: The receivable is recorded on October 15, 20X1, when the goods were
shipped, not on September 1, 20X1, when the order was received.
4. b $1,000

X3 AJE

X4 AJE
Settlement

X4 AJE

Accounts Payable (FCU)

(10,000 x
$0.60)
500

1,000
4,500

4/08/X3

6,000

(10,000 x
$0.55)

12/31/X3

5,500

(10,000 x
$0.45)

3/01/X4

4,500

Bal.

-0-

Accounts Payable (FCU)

Foreign Exchange Gain

1,000

11-28

1,000

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-14 (continued)
5.

A gain should be reported because the peso weakened from December 15

(the transaction date) to the balance sheet date (December 31, 20X5).
Stevens would not record the purchase until title transferred on December 15,
20X5. The accounts payable recorded on December 15 are denominated in
pesos when the indirect exchange rate was $1 = 20 pesos. On December 31,
20X5, the indirect exchange rate was $1 = 21 pesos, meaning that the dollar
strengthened and the peso weakened. Therefore, a foreign currency
transaction gain would be reported for 20X5. This gain would be included in
net income before extraordinary items.

6.

Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are reported on the income
statements of U.S. companies when receivables and payables are
denominated in foreign currencies. Since Louis did not report any foreign
exchange gains or losses, the payable to the German company was
denominated in U.S. dollars, not European euros.

7.

$9,000 = 300,000 pounds x ($1.65 - $1.62). The foreign currency transaction

gain is computed using spot rates on the transaction date (November 30,
20X5) and the balance sheet date (December 31, 20X5). The forward
exchange rates are not used because the transaction was not hedged.

11-29

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-15 Sale with Forward Contract and Fiscal Year-End

May 14
Transaction Date
Sale with receivable
denominated in guilders
Enter into 60-day FEC
to deliver guilders
Forward rate:
G 1 = $0.541
Spot rate:
G 1 = $0.530

June 30

July 13

Balance Sheet
Date

Settlement Date
Collect receivable
in guilders
Complete FEC with
delivery of guilders

G 1 = $0.530
G 1 = $0.534

G 1 = $0.525

a.
1.

2.

3.

May 14
Accounts Receivable (G)
Sales Revenue
Foreign currency sale: $26,500 = G 50,000 x $0.530
May 14
Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (G)
Signed 60-day forward contract to deliver guilders:
$27,050 = G 50,000 x $0.541 forward rate

26,500

27,050

26,500

27,050

June 30
Accounts Receivable (G)
200
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
200
Revalue foreign currency receivable to end-of-period U.S. dollar equivalent
using spot rate according to FASB 52 (ASC 830):
$26,700 = G 50,000 x $0.534 June 30 spot rate
- 26,500 = G 50,000 x $0.530 May 14 spot rate
$ 200 = G 50,000 x ($0.534 - $0.530)
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (G)
550
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
550
Revalue foreign currency payable to year-end fair value using forward rate
according to FASB 133 (ASC 815):
$26,500 = G 50,000 x $0.530 June 30 forward rate
- 27,050 = G 50,000 x $0.541 May 14 forward rate
$ 550 = G 50,000 x $0.011

11-30

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-15 (continued)
4.

July 13
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
450
Accounts Receivable (G)
Revalue foreign currency receivable to U.S. dollar equivalent on
settlement date:
$26,250 = G 50,000 x $0.525 July 13 spot rate
- 26,700 = G 50,000 x $0.534 June 30 spot rate
$ 450 = G 50,000 x ($0.525 - $0.534)
Foreign Currency Units (G)
Accounts Receivable (G)
Collect foreign currency receivable.

5.

26,250

450

26,250

July 13
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (G)
250
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
250
Revalue foreign currency payable to fair value at settlement date using
spot rate because the term of the contract has expired:
$26,250 = G 50,000 x $0.525 July 13 spot rate
- 26,500 = G 50,000 x $0.530 June 30 forward rate
$ 250 = G 50,000 x $0.005
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (G)
Foreign Currency Units (G)
Pay guilders to exchange broker.

26,250

26,250

Cash
27,050
Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker
27,050
Receive dollars from exchange broker for guilders delivered:
$27,050 = G 50,000 x $0.541 rate established in forward contract signed
on May 14.
b.

June 30
FCT gain on account from Netherlands Company
FCT gain on account to Broker
Net increase in net income for FYE June 30

c.

July 13
FCT loss on account receivable
from Netherlands Company
FCT gain on account to Broker
Net decrease in net income
for the period from 7-1 to 7-13
Net increase in net income for the FYE 6-30
Overall gain on transaction

d.

May 14 June 30 gain

July 1 July 13 loss
Overall loss if forward contract not used

$200
550
$750

$(450)
250
$(200)
750
$ 550
$ 200
(450)
$(250)

11-31

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-16A Hedge of a Purchase (Commitment without and with Time Value of Money
Consideration)
11/1/X6

12/31/X6

Commitment
to deliver
pounds in
120 days
Sign FEC to
hedge foreign
currency
commitment

Balance Sheet
Date

Forward rate:
1 = $1.59
Spot rate:
1 = $1.61

1/30/X7

Transaction
Date
Receipt of
goods and
recognition
of foreign
currency
payable

1 = $1.62

1 = $1.60

1 = $1.65

1 = $1.59

3/1/X7

Settlement
Date
Receive British
pounds from
settlement of
FEC
Pay pounds to
settle foreign
currency accounts
payable

1 = $1.585

a. No net exposure between November 1 and March 1. Smith Imports, Inc., has hedged
its foreign currency purchase commitment with a forward contract to receive an equal
number of foreign currency units. Note that the notional amount of the forward
exchange contract, the unrecognized firm commitment, and the eventual foreign
currency-denominated account payable are each for 30,000. The impact on earnings
from the forward contract will be a total of $600, which is the amount of the discount on
the forward contract ((30,000 x ($1.61 spot rate $1.59 forward rate)). [The
subsequent analysis will show that $300 of the $600 will adjust the inventory that will
impact earnings when the inventory is sold, and the remaining $300 will be recognized
in earnings through the revaluation process.]
b.

November 1, 20X6
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
47,700
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
47,700
Signed 120-day forward contract to hedge foreign currency commitment:
$47,700 = 30,000 x $1.59 forward rate
December 31, 20X6
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
900
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency receivable to end-of-period fair value:
$48,600 = 30,000 x $1.62 Dec. 31 forward rate
- 47,700 = 30,000 x $1.59 Nov. 1 forward rate
$ 900 = 30,000 x ($1.62 - $1.59)
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Firm Commitment
Record the loss on the firm commitment:
$900 = 30,000 x ($1.62 - $1.59)

11-32

900

900

900

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-16A (continued)
January 30, 20X7
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
600
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
Revalue foreign currency receivable to current U.S. dollar equivalent:
$48,000 = 30,000 x $1.60 Jan. 30 forward rate
- 48,600 = 30,000 x $1.62 Dec. 31 forward rate
$ 600 = loss, 30,000 x ($1.60 - $1.62)

600

Firm Commitment
600
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
600
Record the gain on the financial instrument aspect of the firm commitment:
$600 = 30,000 x ($1.60 - $1.62)
Inventory (or Purchases)
47,400
Firm Commitment
300
Accounts Payable ()
47,700
Record foreign currency account payable at spot rate and recognize change in
value of the firm commitment as adjustment of purchase price:
$47,700 = 30,000 x $1.59 Jan. 30 spot rate
March 1, 20X7
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
Revalue foreign currency receivable to fair value:
$47,550 = 30,000 x $1.585 Mar. 1 spot rate
- 48,000 = 30,000 x $1.60 Jan. 30 forward rate
$ 450 = 30,000 x ($1.585 - $1.60)
Accounts Payable ()
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign payable to equivalent U.S. dollar value:
$150 = 30,000 x ($1.585 - $1.59)

450

150

450

150

Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)

47,700
Cash
47,700
Deliver U.S. dollars to exchange broker in accordance with forward exchange
contract:
$47,700 = 30,000 x $1.59 forward rate
Foreign Currency Units ()
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
Receive 30,000 pounds from exchange broker:
$47,550 = 30,000 x $1.585 Mar. 1 spot rate

47,550

47,550

Accounts Payable ()
47,550
Foreign Currency Units ()
47,550
Settle foreign currency payable with 30,000 pounds received from broker.

11-33

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-16A (continued)
c.

Considering the time value of money in valuing the forward contract.

November 1, 20X6
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
47,700
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
47,700
Signed 120-day forward contract to hedge foreign currency commitment:
$47,700 = 30,000 x $1.59 forward rate
December 31, 20X6
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
882
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
882
Revalue foreign currency receivable to discounted end-of-period fair value:
$48,600 = 30,000 x $1.62 Dec. 31 forward rate
- 47,700 = 30,000 x $1.59 Nov. 1 forward rate
$ 900 = 30,000 x ($1.62 - $1.59)
$ 882 = NPV (.12 x 2/12, 900)
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
882
Firm Commitment
Record the loss on the financial instrument aspect of the firm commitment:
$882 = NPV (.12 x 2/12, 900)
January 30, 20X7
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
585
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
Revalue foreign currency receivable to current U.S. dollar equivalent:
$48,000 = 30,000 x $1.60 Jan. 30 forward rate
- 47,700 = 30,000 x $1.59 Nov. 1 forward rate
$ 300 = Cumulative Gain
$ 297 = NPV (.12 x 1/12, 300)
882 = gain recognized previously
$ (585) = net change in fair value

882

585

Firm Commitment
585
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
585
Record the gain on the financial instrument aspect of the firm commitment.
Inventory (or Purchases)
47,403
Firm Commitment
297
Accounts Payable ()
47,700
Record foreign currency account payable at spot rate and recognize change in
value of the firm commitment as adjustment of purchase price:
$47,700 = 30,000 x $1.59 Jan. 30 spot rate

11-34

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-16A (continued)
March 1, 20X7
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
Revalue foreign currency receivable to fair value:
$47,550 = 30,000 x $1.585 Mar. 1, 20X7, spot rate
- 47,700 = 30,000 x $1.59 Nov. 1, 20X6, forward rate
$ 150 = cumulative, undiscounted loss over term of forward
contract
297 = previously recognized net gain
$ 447 = loss for period

447

Accounts Payable ()
150
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency payable to equivalent U.S. dollar value:
$150 = 30,000 x ($1.585 - $1.59)

447

150

Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)

47,700
Cash
47,700
Deliver U.S. dollars to exchange broker in accordance with forward exchange
contract:
$47,700 = 30,000 x $1.59 forward rate
Foreign Currency Units ()
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
Receive 30,000 pounds from exchange broker:
$47,550 = 30,000 x $1.585 Mar. 1 spot rate

47,550

47,550

Accounts Payable ()
47,550
Foreign Currency Units ()
47,550
Settle foreign currency payable with 30,000 pounds received from broker
.

11-35

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-17 Gain or Loss on Speculative Forward Exchange Contract

12/1/X1

12/31/X1

Sign speculative
forward exchange
contract

Balance Sheet
Date

Forward rate:
1 = $0.58
Spot rate:
1 = $0.60
a.

Settlement of
speculative
forward exchange
contract

1 = $0.56
1 = $0.59

1 = $0.57

Effects of speculation on 20X1 income:

December 31, 20X1
December 1, 20X1
Speculation gain in 20X1

b.

3/1/X2

120,000 x $0.56 $ 67,200

=
120,000 x $0.58 - 69,600
=
$ (2,400)

Effects of speculation on 20X2 income:

March 1, 20X2
December 31, 20X1
Speculation loss in 20X2

120,000 x $0.57 $ 68,400

=
120,000 x $0.56 - 67,200
=
$ 1,200

Foreign Currency Payable ()

12/31/X1 AJE 2,400

(120,000 x $0.58
forward rate for 3/1/X2)
(120,000 x $0.56
forward rate for 3/1/X2)
(120,000 x $0.57
spot rate on 3/1/X2)

12/1/X1

69,600

12/31/X1
3/1/X2 AJE

67,200
1,200

3/1/X2

December 31, 20X1

AJE Foreign Currency Payable ()
Foreign Exchange Gain

2,400

March 1, 20X2
AJE Foreign Exchange Loss
Foreign Currency Payable ()

1,200

11-36

68,400

2,400

1,200

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-18 Speculation in a Foreign Currency

10/1/X1

12/31/X1

Transaction Date
Balance Sheet Date
Enter 180-day
speculative forward
exchange contract to
purchase 50,000,000 yen
Forward: 1 = $0.0075
Spot:
1 = $0.0070
a.

1 = $0.0076
1 = $0.0073

3/31/X2
Settlement Date
Settle
speculative
contract

1 = $0.0072

October 1, 20X1
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Sign 180-day forward contract to receive 50,000,000 yen:
$375,000 = 50,000,000 x $0.0075 forward rate

375,000

375,000

December 31, 20X1

Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
5,000
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
5,000
Revalue speculative forward contract to equivalent end-of-period U.S. dollar
value using forward rate on Dec. 31:
$380,000 = 50,000,000 x $0.0076 Dec. 31
forward rate for Mar. 31, 20X2,
settlement
- 375,000 = 50,000,000 x $0.0075 Oct. 1
forward rate for Mar. 31, 20X2,
settlement
$ 5,000 = 50,000,000 x ($0.0076 - $0.0075)
March 31, 20X2
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
20,000
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
20,000
Revalue speculative forward contract to current date, the end of the contract
term, using March 31 spot rate:
$360,000 = 50,000,000 x $0.0072 Mar. 31
spot rate
- 380,000 = 50,000,000 x $0.0076 Dec. 31
forward rate for Mar. 31, 20X2
$ 20,000 = 50,000,000 x ($0.0072 - $0.0076)
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Cash
Deliver U.S. dollars to exchange broker.

11-37

375,000

375,000

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-18 (continued)

b.

Foreign Currency Units ()

Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
Receive yen from exchange broker:
$360,000 = 50,000,000 x $0.0072

360,000

Cash
Foreign Currency Units ()
Trade yen for dollars, at bank.

360,000

360,000

360,000

Streamline Company experienced a net loss of $15,000 ($5,000 gain in 20X1 less a
$20,000 loss in 20X2). This may be checked by determining the difference between the
dollars paid to the exchange broker on March 31, 20X2, ($375,000) and the U.S. dollar
equivalent value of the foreign currency received on March 31 ($360,000).

11-38

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

E11-19 Forward Exchange Transactions [AICPA Adapted]

1.

$400 = 10,000 foreign currency units x ($0.82 - $0.78). The loss is calculated
using only forward rates. On December 31, 20X5, the loss is the difference
between the 90-day future rate on November 1 ($0.78) and the 30-day future
rate on December 31 ($0.82).

2.

$1,000 = 50,000 European euros x ($0.74 - $0.72). The loss is calculated using
only forward rates. On September 30, 20X5, the loss is the difference between
the 60-day future rate of $0.74 on September 1 and the 30-day future rate of
$0.72 on September 30, 20X5.

3.

Manage an exposed position:

Value the forward exchange contract (FEC) at its fair value, measured by
changes in the forward exchange rate (FER). Note that the question asks only
for the effect on income from the forward contract transaction; thus, any effect
on income from the foreign currency denominated account payable is not
included in the answer.
FER, 12/12/X5 $0.90
FER, 12/31/X5 $0.93
AJE:
Forward Contact Receivable
3,000
Foreign Exchange Gain
Revalue forward contract:
$3,000 = Fr 100,000 x ($0.93 - $0.90) change in forward rates
Foreign Exchange Loss
10,000
Account Payable (Fr)
Revalue foreign currency payable:
$10,000 = Fr 100,000 x ($0.98 - $0.88) change in spot rates

4.

Hedge of a Firm Commitment:

Value FEC based on changes in forward rate.
AJE:
Forward Contract Receivable
Foreign Exchange Gain
Revalue forward contract, using the forward rates.
Foreign Exchange Loss
Firm Commitment
Recognize loss on firm commitment.

3,000

3,000

3,000

10,000

3,000

3,000

Again, note that the question asks only about the effect on income from the
forward contract, not the underlying firm commitment portion of the transaction.
5.

Speculation:
Value forward exchange contract at fair value based on changes in
the forward rate.
AJE:
Forward Contract Receivable
3,000
Foreign Exchange Gain

11-39

3,000

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
P11-20 Multiple-Choice Questions on Foreign Currency Transactions
11/1/X8
Transaction Date

12/31/X8
Balance Sheet Date

Purchase with payable

denominated in renminbi

1.

2.

Settlement Date
Receive renminbi upon
settlement of
forward exchange
contract
Pay renminbi to
settle foreign
currency payable

Sign 90-day forward

exchange to receive
renminbi
Forward rate:
R 1 = $0.126
Spot rate:
R 1 = $0.120

1/30/X9

R 1 = $0.129
R 1 = $0.124

R 1 = $0.127

November 1, 20X8
Foreign Currency Receivable from
Exchange Broker (Renminbi)
12,600
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Signed 90-day forward exchange contract to purchase 100,000
renminbi:
$12,600 = 100,000 renminbi x $0.126 forward
rate
December 31, 20X8
Foreign Currency Receivable from
Exchange Broker (Renminbi)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency receivable to fair value:
$300 = 100,000 renminbi x ($0.129 - $0.126)

300

12,600

300

3.

January 30, 20X9

Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
12,600
Cash
12,600
Deliver U.S. dollars to exchange broker in accordance with forward
exchange contract:
$12,600 = 100,000 renminbi x
$0.126 contract rate

4.

January 30, 20X9

Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
12,600
Cash
12,600
Deliver U.S. dollars to exchange broker in accordance with forward
exchange contract:
$12,600 = 100,000 renminbi x $0.126,
the 90-day forward rate

11-40

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-20 (continued)
5.

January 30, 20X9

Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
200
Foreign Currency Receivable from
Exchange Broker (Renminbi)
200
Adjust foreign currency receivable to current U.S. dollar equivalent:
$12,700 = 100,000 renminbi x $0.127 Jan. 30 spot rate
- 12,900 = 100,000 renminbi x $0.129 Dec. 31 forward rate
$ 200 = 100,000 renminbi x ($0.127 - $0.129)
Foreign Currency Units (Renminbi)
Foreign Currency Receivable
from Exchange Broker
Receive 100,000 renminbi from exchange broker:
$12,700 = 100,000 renminbi x $0.127 spot rate

11-41

12,700
12,700

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-21 Foreign Sales

1.

June 6
Accounts Receivable (Dkr)
Sales Revenues
Foreign sale and foreign currency receivable:
$21,000 = Dkr120,000 x $0.175

21,000

21,000

July 3
Accounts Receivable (Dkr)
36
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency receivable to U.S. dollar equivalent value:
$21,036 = Dkr120,000 x $0.1753 July 3 spot rate
- 21,000 = Dkr120,000 x $0.1750 June 6 spot rate
$
36 = Dkr120,000 x ($0.1753 - $0.1750)

2.

Foreign Currency Units (Dkr)

Accounts Receivable (Dkr)
Collect accounts receivable in Dkr.

21,036

Accounts Receivable ()
Sales Revenue
Foreign sale and foreign currency receivable:
$47,400 = 30,000 x $1.58

47,400

Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker ($)

Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker ()
Signed 60-day forward contract to sell pounds:
$48,900 = 30,000 x $1.63 forward rate

48,900

36

21,036

July 22

September 20
Accounts Receivable ()
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency receivable:
$48,360 = 30,000 x $1.612 Sept. 20 spot rate
- 47,400 = 30,000 x $1.58 July 22 spot rate
$ 960 = 30,000 x ($1.612 - $1.58)
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker ()
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency payable:
$48,360 = 30,000 x $1.612 Sept. 20 spot rate
- 48,900 = 30,000 x $1.630 July 22 forward rate
$ 540 = 30,000 x ($1.612 - $1.630)
Foreign Currency Units ()
Accounts Receivable ()
Receive pounds from customer.

11-42

960

540

48,360

47,400

48,900

960

540

48,360

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-21 (continued)

3.

Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker ()

Foreign Currency Units ()
Deliver pounds to broker.

48,360

Cash
Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker ($)
Receive U.S. dollars from broker in
accordance with forward contract.

48,900

October 11
Accounts Receivable (C$)
Sales Revenue
Sale to Canadian firm denominated in Canadian dollars:
C$70,000 x $0.735
Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker ($)
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (C$)
Sign 60-day forward contract to sell Canadian dollars:
$51,100 = C$70,000 x $0.730 forward rate

51,450

51,100

November 10
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
210
Accounts Receivable (C$)
Revalue foreign currency receivable to equivalent U.S. dollar value:
$51,240 = C$70,000 x $0.732 Nov. 10 spot rate
- 51,450 = C$70,000 x $0.735 Oct. 11 spot rate
$ 210 = C$70,000 x ($0.732- $0.735)
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (C$)
Revalue foreign currency payable:
$51,240 = C$70,000 x $0.732 Nov. 10 spot rate
- 51,100 = C$70,000 x $0.730 Oct. 11 forward rate
$ 140 = C$70,000 x ($0.732 - $0.730)

140

Foreign Currency Units (C$)

Accounts Receivable (C$)
Receive Canadian dollars from customer:
$51,240 = C$70,000 x $0.732 Nov. 10 spot rate.

51,240

Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (C$)

Foreign Currency Units (C$)
Deliver Canadian dollars to broker.

51,240

48,360

48,900

51,450

51,100

210

140

51,240

51,240

Cash
51,100
Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker ($)
51,100
Receive U.S. dollars from broker in accordance with forward contract rate.

11-43

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-22 Foreign Currency Transactions

1.

January 15
Accounts Receivable
Sales Revenue
Foreign export denominated in U.S. dollars.
March 15
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Collect receivable from South Korean firm.

2.

7,400

7,400

7,400

7,400

March 8
Inventory (or Purchases)
11,760
Accounts Payable (IR)
11,760
Foreign inventory purchase with payable denominated in foreign
currency:
$11,760 = IR7,000 x $1.68
May 1
Accounts Payable (IR)
140
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency payable to current U.S. dollar equivalent:
$11,620 = IR7,000 x $1.66 May 1 spot rate
- 11,760 = IR7,000 x $1.68 Mar. 8 spot rate
$ 140 = IR7,000 x ($1.66 - $1.68)

140

Globe Shipping must settle the payable in foreign currency units. Foreign currency
units or foreign currency drafts (checks written in terms of foreign currency units)
may be obtained from most major banks.
Accounts Payable (IR)
Foreign Currency Units (IR)
Settlement of foreign currency payable:
$11,620 = IR7,000 x $1.66 May 1 spot rate
3.

11,620

11,620

May 12
Foreign Currency Rec. from Exchange Broker (NT$)
3,008
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Signed 120-day forward contract to hedge a foreign currency
commitment: $3,008 = NT$80,000 x $0.0376 forward rate

11-44

3,008

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-22 (continued)
August 1
Foreign Currency Receivable from
Exchange Broker (NT$)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency receivable to fair value
$3,024 = NT$80,000 x $0.0378 Aug. 1 forward rate
- 3,008 = NT$80,000 x $0.0376 May 12 forward rate
$ 16 = NT$80,000 x ($0.0378 - $0.0376)

16

Foreign Currency Transaction Loss

16
Firm Commitment
Record the loss on the financial statement aspect of the firm
commitment:
$16 = NT$80,000 x ($0.0378 - $0.0376)
Inventory (or Purchases)
2,984
Firm Commitment
16
Accounts Payable (NT$)
Receipt of goods and adjustment of inventory cost by deferrals:
$3,000 = NT$80,000 x $0.0375 Aug. 1 spot rate
September 9
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Receivable from
Exchange Broker (NT$)
Revalue foreign currency receivable to fair value:
$2,976 = NT$80,000 x $0.0372 Sept. 9 spot rate
- 3,024 = NT$80,000 x $0.0378 Aug. 1 forward rate
$ 48 = NT$80,000 x ($0.0372 - $0.0378)
Accounts Payable (NT$)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency payable:
$24 = NT$80,000 x ($0.0372 - $0.0375)

16

3,000

48
48

24

Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)

Cash
Deliver U.S. dollars to forward exchange broker.

3,008

Foreign Currency Units (NT$)

Foreign Currency Receivable from
Exchange Broker (NT$)
Receive Taiwan dollars from exchange broker:
$2,976 = NT$80,000 x $0.0372 Sept. 9 spot rate.

2,976

Accounts Payable (NT$)

Foreign Currency Units (NT$)
Settle foreign currency payable.

2,976

11-45

16

24

3,008

2,976

2,976

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-22 (continued)
4.

June 6
Accounts Receivable ()
Sales Revenues
Export sale denominated in euros:
$90,000 = 150,000 x $0.600

90,000

Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker ($)

Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker ()
Signed 60-day forward contract to deliver euros:
$87,000 = 150,000 x $0.580 forward rate

87,000

90,000

July 6

September 4
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
2,250
Accounts Receivable ()
Revalue foreign currency receivable to equivalent U.S. dollar value:
$87,750 = 150,000 x $0.585 Sept. 4 spot rate
- 90,000 = 150,000 x $0.600 June 6 spot rate
$ 2,250 = 150,000 x ($0.585 - $0.600)
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker ()
Revalue foreign currency payable for loss since July 6:
$87,750 = 150,000 x $0.585 Sept. 4 spot rate
- 87,000 = 150,000 x $0.580 July 6 forward rate
$ 750 = 150,000 x ($0.585 - $0.580)

750

Foreign Currency Units ()

Accounts Receivable ()
Receive euros from customer:
$87,750 = 150,000 x $0.585 Sept. 4 spot rate.

87,750

Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker ()

Foreign Currency Units ()
Deliver euros to exchange broker.

87,750

87,000

2,250

750

87,750

87,750

Cash
87,000
Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker ($)
87,000
Receive U.S. dollars from broker in accordance with forward contract signed
on July 6:
$87,000 = 150,000 x $0.580 forward contract rate.

11-46

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-23A

Comprehensive Problem: Four Uses of Forward Exchange Contracts

without and with Time Value of Money Considerations

a. Use of forward contract to manage foreign currency risk of exposed foreign currency
position. Not designated as a hedge.
12/1/X1
Transaction Date

12/31/X1
Balance Sheet
Date

Purchase of furniture
resulting in foreign
currency payable
Sign foreign exchange
contract to receive
Australian dollars on
March 31
Forward rate:
A$1 = $0.609
Spot rate:
A$1 = $0.600

3/31/X2
Settlement Date
Settle forward
exchange contract
and receive
100,000 Australian
dollars
Pay foreign
currency payable

A$1 = $0.612
A$1 = $0.610

A$1 = $0.602

December 1, 20X1
Inventory (or Purchases)
Accounts Payable (A$)
Foreign currency payable:
$60,000 = A$100,000 x $0.600

60,000

60,000

Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$) 60,900

Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
60,900
Signed forward exchange contract to manage exposed foreign currency
payable:
$60,900 = A$100,000 x $0.609 forward rate
December 31, 20X1
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
1,000
Accounts Payable (A$)
Revalue foreign currency payable to equivalent U.S. dollar value:
$61,000 = A$100,000 x $0.610 Dec. 31 spot rate
- 60,000 = A$100,000 x $0.600 Dec. 1 spot rate
$ 1,000 = A$100,000 x ($0.610 - $0.600)
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency receivable:
$61,200 = A$100,000 x $0.612 Dec. 31 forward rate
- 60,900 = A$100,000 x $0.609 Dec. 1 forward rate
$ 300 = A$100,000 x ($0.612 - $0.609)

11-47

300

1,000

300

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-23A (continued)
Note: For this case, no entry necessary on January 30, 20X2.
March 31, 20X2
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
Revalue foreign currency receivable:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31, 20X2, spot rate
- 61,200 = A$100,000 x $0.612 Dec. 31, 20X1, forward rate
$ 1,000 = A$100,000 x ($0.602 - $0.612)
Accounts Payable (A$)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency payable:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31, 20X2, spot rate
- 61,000 = A$100,000 x $0.610 Dec. 31, 20X1, spot rate
$ 800 = A$100,000 x ($0.602 - $0.610)

1,000

800

1,000

800

Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)

60,900
Cash
60,900
Deliver U.S. dollars to exchange broker as required by forward contract.
Foreign Currency Units (A$)
60,200
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
60,200
Receive A$100,000 from exchange broker in accordance with forward contract:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31 spot rate.
Accounts Payable (A$)
Foreign Currency Units (A$)
Deliver A$100,000 to creditor.
b. Use of forward contract as fair value hedge of foreign currency firm
commitment.

11-48

60,200

60,200

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

12/1/X1

12/31/X1

Commitment
Date

Balance Sheet
Date

Sign foreign
exchange contract
to hedge foreign
currency payable
firm commitment
Forward rate:
A$1 = $0.609
Spot rate:
A$1 = $0.600

1/30/X2

Transaction
Date
Purchase of
furniture
resulting
in foreign
currency
payable

A$1 = $0.612

A$1 = $0.605

A$1 = $0.610

A$1 = $0.608

11-49

3/31/X2

Settlement
Date
Settle foreign currency
commitment and
receive A$100,000
Pay foreign
currency

A$1 = $0.602

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-23A (continued)
December 1, 20X1
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
60,900
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
60,900
Signed 120-day forward contract to hedge foreign currency commitment to
purchase furniture on January 30 for A$100,000:
$60,900 = A$100,000 x $0.609 forward rate
December 31, 20X1
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency receivable to fair value:
$61,200 = A$100,000 x $0.612 Dec. 31 forward rate
- 60,900 = A$100,000 x $0.609 Dec. 1 forward rate
$ 300 = A$100,000 x ($0.612 - $0.609)

300

300

Foreign Currency Transaction Loss

300
Firm Commitment
300
Record the loss on the financial instrument aspect of the firm commitment:
$300 = A$100,000 x ($0.612 - $0.609)
January 30, 20X2
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
700
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
Revalue foreign currency receivable to current U.S. dollar equivalent:
$60,500 = A$100,000 x $0.605 Jan. 30, 20X2, forward rate
- 61,200 = A$100,000 x $0.612 Dec. 31, 20X1, forward rate
$ 700 = A$100,000 x ($0.605 - $0.612)

700

Firm Commitment
700
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
700
Record the gain on the financial instrument aspect of the firm commitment:
$700 = A$100,000 x ($0.605 - $0.612)
Inventory (or Purchases)
61,200
Firm Commitment
Accounts Payable (A$)
Acquire furniture initially committed to on December 1, 20X1:
$60,800 = A$100,000 x $0.608 spot rate

11-50

400
60,800

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-23A (continued)
March 31, 20X2
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
Revalue foreign currency receivable:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31 spot rate
- 60,500 = A$100,000 x $0.605 Jan. 30 forward rate
$ 300 = A$100,000 x ($0.602 - $0.605)
Accounts Payable (A$)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency payable:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31 spot rate
- 60,800 = A$100,000 x $0.608 Jan. 30 spot rate
$ 600 = A$100,000 x ($0.602 - $0.608)
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Cash
Deliver U.S. dollars to exchange broker.

300

600

60,900

300

600

60,900

Foreign Currency Units (A$)

60,200
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
60,200
Receive A$100,000 from broker in accordance with forward contract signed on
December 1:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31 spot rate.
Accounts Payable (A$)
Foreign Currency Units (A$)
Deliver A$100,000 to foreign creditor.

11-51

60,200

60,200

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P-11-23A (continued)
c. Use of forward contract as cash flow hedge of forecasted foreign
currency transaction.
12/1/X1

Commitment
Date

12/31/X1

1/30/X2

3/31/X2

Balance Sheet
Date

Transaction
Date

Settlement
Date

Purchase of
furniture
resulting
in foreign
currency
payable

Settle
foreign
currency
commitment
and receive
A$100,000
Pay foreign
currency
payable

Sign foreign
exchange contract
to hedge forecasted
foreign currency
transaction.

Forward rate:
A$1 = $0.609
Spot rate:
A$1 = $0.600

A$1 = $0.612

A$1 = $0.605

A$1 = $0.610

A$1 = $0.608

A$1 = $0.602

December 1, 20X1
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
60,900
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
60,900
Signed 120-day forward contract as a cash flow hedge of the forecasted
foreign currency transaction of the purchase of furniture on January 30 for
A$100,000:
$60,900 = A$100,000 x $0.609 forward rate
December 31, 20X1
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
300
Other Comprehensive Income
300
Revalue foreign currency receivable to fair value and record OCI for effective
portion of change in fair value of the derivative designated as a cash flow
hedge:
$61,200 = A$100,000 x $0.612 Dec. 31 forward rate
- 60,900 = A$100,000 x $0.609 Dec. 1 forward rate
$ 300 = A$100,000 x ($0.612 - $0.609)

11-52

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-23A (continued)
January 30, 20X2
Other Comprehensive Income
700
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
700
Revalue foreign currency receivable to current U.S. dollar equivalent and
record OCI for the effective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative
designated as a cash flow hedge:
$60,500 = A$100,000 x $0.605 Jan. 30, 20X2, forward rate
- 61,200 = A$100,000 x $0.612 Dec. 31, 20X1, forward rate
$ 700 = A$100,000 x ($0.605 - $0.612)
Inventory (or Purchases)
Accounts Payable (A$)
Acquire furniture and value at spot rate:
$60,800 = A$100,000 x $0.608 spot rate

60,800

60,800

March 31, 20X2

Other Comprehensive Income
300
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
300
Revalue foreign currency receivable and record into OCI the effective portion
of change in fair value of derivative designated as a cash flow hedge:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31 spot rate
- 60,500 = A$100,000 x $0.605 Jan. 30 forward rate
$ 300 = A$100,000 x ($0.602 - $0.605)
Accounts Payable (A$)
600
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
600
Revalue foreign currency payable using spot rate and recognizing change
into current earnings as specified by FASB 52 (ASC 830):
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31 spot rate
- 60,800 = A$100,000 x $0.608 Jan. 30 spot rate
$ 600 = A$100,000 x ($0.602 - $0.608)
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
600
Other Comprehensive Income
600
In accordance with FASB 138 (ASC 815), reclassify amount from OCI
sufficient to completely offset the foreign currency transaction gain on the
foreign currency payable (A$) that was hedged with a derivative designated as
a cash flow hedge.
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Cash
Deliver U.S. dollars to exchange broker.

60,900

60,900

Foreign Currency Units (A$)

60,200
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
60,200
Receive A$100,000 from broker in accordance with forward contract signed
on December 1:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31 spot rate.

11-53

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-23A (continued)
Accounts Payable (A$)
Foreign Currency Units (A$)
Deliver A$100,000 to foreign creditor.

60,200

60,200

Note: At this point there is still a debit balance of $100 in Other Comprehensive
Income. This balance will be reclassified into earnings at the time the inventory is
sold which is the completion of the earnings process of the purchase of the
inventory.
d. Forward contract used for speculative purposes only.
12/1/X1
Transaction Date
Sign 120 day
speculative contract
to purchase 100,000
Australian dollars.
Forward rate:
A$1 = $0.609
Spot rate:
A$1 = $0.600

12/31/X1
Balance Sheet
Date

3/31/X2
Settlement Date
Settle forward
exchange contract
and receive
A$100,000

A$1 = $0.612
A$1 = $0.610

A$1 = $0.602

December 1, 20X1
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Signed 120-day forward contract for speculation:
$60,900 = A$100,000 x $0.609

60,900

December 31, 20X1

Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
300
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency receivable to equivalent U.S. dollar value:
$61,200 = A$100,000 x $0.612 Dec. 31 forward rate
- 60,900 = A$100,000 x $0.609 Dec. 1 forward rate
$ 300 = A$100,000 x ($0.612 - $0.609)
March 31, 20X2
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
Revalue foreign currency receivable:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31, 20X2, spot rate
- 61,200 = A$100,000 x $0.612 Dec. 31, 20X1, forward rate
$ 1,000 = A$100,000 x ($0.602 - $0.612)
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
Cash
Deliver U.S. dollars to forward exchange broker.

11-54

1,000

60,900

60,900

300

1,000

60,900

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-23A (continued)
Foreign Currency Units (A$)
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
Receive A$100,000 from exchange broker:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 spot rate
e.

60,200

60,200

Use of forward contract to manage exposed foreign currency position, considering

the time value of money at a 12 percent annual rate. Forward contract not
designated as a hedge.
12/1/X1
Transaction Date
Purchase of furniture
resulting in foreign
currency payable
Sign hedging foreign
exchange contract
to receive Australian
dollars on March 31
Forward rate:
A$1 = $0.609
Spot rate:
A$1 = $0.600

12/31/X1
Balance Sheet
Date

3/31/X2
Settlement Date
Settle forward
exchange contract
and receive
A$100,000
Pay foreign
currency payable

A$1 = $0.612
A$1 = $0.610

A$1 = $0.602

December 1, 20X1
Inventory (or Purchases)
Accounts Payable (A$)
Foreign currency payable: $60,000 = A$100,000 x $0.600

60,000

60,000

Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)

60,900
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)
60,900
Signed forward exchange contract to hedge exposed foreign currency
payable:
$60,900 = A$100,000 x $0.609 forward rate
December 31, 20X1
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
1,000
Accounts Payable (A$)
Revalue foreign currency payable to equivalent U.S. dollar value:
$61,000 = A$100,000 x $0.610 Dec. 31 spot rate
- 60,000 = A$100,000 x $0.600 Dec. 1 spot rate
$ 1,000 = A$100,000 x ($0.610 - $0.600)

11-55

1,000

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-23A (continued)
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency receivable:
$61,200 = A$100,000 x $0.612 Dec. 31 forward rate
- 60,900 = A$100,000 x $0.609 Dec. 1 forward rate
$ 300 = A$100,000 x ($0.612 - $0.609)
cumulative, undiscounted gain from Dec. 1
$ 291 = NPV (.12 x 3/12, 300) for remaining
3 months from 12/31/X1 3/31/X2

291

291

Note: For this case, no entry necessary on January 30, 20X2.

March 31, 20X2
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (A$)
Revalue foreign currency receivable:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31, 20X2, spot rate
- 60,900 = A$100,000 x $0.609 Dec. 1, 20X1, forward rate
$ (700) = cumulative, undiscounted loss over term of
forward contract
291 = gain previously recognized on Dec. 31, 20X1
$ (991) = change in fair value this period
Accounts Payable (A$)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
Revalue foreign currency payable:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31, 20X2, spot rate
- 61,000 = A$100,000 x $0.610 Dec. 31, 20X1, spot rate
$ 800 = A$100,000 x ($0.602 - $0.610)

991

800

991

800

Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)

60,900
Cash
60,900
Deliver U.S. dollars to exchange broker as required by forward contract.
Foreign Currency Units (A$)
60,200
Foreign Currency Receivable from
Exchange Broker (A$)
60,200
Receive A$100,000 from exchange broker in accordance with forward
contract:
$60,200 = A$100,000 x $0.602 Mar. 31 spot rate.
Accounts Payable (A$)
Foreign Currency Units (A$)
Deliver A$100,000 to creditor.

11-56

60,200

60,200

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-24 Foreign Purchases and Sales Transactions and Hedging

Part I
a.
Journal entries for Maple's import and export transactions during
20X5 and 20X6:
1.

March 1, 20X5
Accounts Receivable (C$)
Sales
$19,500 = C$30,000 x $0.65 spot rate
May 30, 20X5
Accounts Receivable (C$)
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
$900 = C$30,000 x ($0.68 - .65)

2.

19,500

900

Foreign Currency Units (C$)

Accounts Receivable (C$)
$20,400 = C$30,000 x $0.68

20,400

Cash
Foreign Currency Units (C$)

20,400

19,500

900

20,400

20,400

July 1, 20X5
No entry is recorded when the contract to purchase
equipment is signed.
August 30, 20X5
Equipment
Accounts Payable ()
$52,000 = 500,000 x $0.104

52,000

October 29, 20X5

Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Accounts Payable ()
$1,000 = 500,000 x ($0.106 - $0.104)

1,000

Foreign Currency Units ()

Cash
$53,000 = 500,000 x $0.106

53,000

Accounts Payable ()
Foreign Currency Units ()

53,000

11-57

52,000

1,000

53,000

53,000

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-24 (continued)
3.

November 16, 20X5

Inventory
Accounts Payable ()
$16,500 = 10,000 x $1.65

16,500

December 31, 20X5

Accounts Payable ()
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
$200 = 10,000 x ($1.63 - $1.65)
January 15, 20X6
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Accounts Payable ()
$100 = 10,000 x ($1.64 - $1.63)

b.

16,500

200

200

100

Foreign Currency Units ()

Cash
$16,400 = 10,000 x $1.64

16,400

Accounts Payable ()
Foreign Currency Units ()

16,400

100

16,400

16,400

Maple should report a foreign currency transaction gain of $100 on its income
statement for 20X5. This amount is computed as follows:
Foreign currency transaction gain from transaction
denominated in pounds
Foreign currency transaction gain from transaction
denominated in Canadian dollars
Less foreign currency transaction loss from
transaction denominated in yen
Foreign currency transaction gain for 20X5

11-58

$ 200
900
(1,000)
$ 100

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-24 (continued)
Part II
a.

1. Journal entries for the use of a forward contract to manage the

foreign currency exposure of the sale in Canadian dollars:
March 1, 20X5
Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (C$)
$19,200 = C$30,000 x $0.64 forward rate
May 30, 20X5
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (C$)
$20,400 = C$30,000 x $0.68 May 30 spot rate
- 19,200 = C$30,000 x $0.64 March 1 forward rate
$ 1,200 = C$ 30,000 x ($0.68 - $0.64)

19,200

1,200

Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (C$)

Foreign Currency Units (C$)

20,400

Cash
Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker

19,200

11-59

19,200

1,200

20,400
19,200

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-24 Part II (continued)

a.

2.

Journal entries for the fair value hedge of the firm commitment
in Japanese yen.

July 1, 20X5
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker
$52,500 = 500,000 x $0.105 July 1 forward rate
August 30, 20X5
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
$52,750 = 500,000 x $0.1055 Aug. 30 forward rate
$52,500 = 500,000 x $0.1050 July 1 forward rate
$ 250 = 500,000 x ($0.1055 - $0.1050)
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Firm Commitment
Record loss on financial instrument
aspect of firm commitment:
$250 = 500,000 x ($0.1055 - $0.1050)
Equipment
Firm Commitment
Accounts Payable ()
$52,000 = 500,000 x $0.104 Aug. 30 spot rate
October 29, 20X5
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
$53,000 = 500,000 x $0.1060 Oct. 29 spot rate
- 52,750 = 500,000 x $0.1055 Aug. 30 forward rate
$ 250 = 500,000 x ($0.1060 - $0.1055)

52,500

250

250

51,750
250

250

Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker

Cash

52,500

Foreign Currency Units ()

Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
$53,000 = 500,000 x $0.106 Oct. 29 spot rate

53,000

11-60

52,500

250

250

52,000

250

52,500
53,000

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-24 Part II (continued)

a.

3.

Journal entries for the use of a forward contract to manage its foreign currency
exposure in pounds. The forward contract is not designated as a hedge.

November 16, 20X5

Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker
$16,700 = 10,000 x $1.67 Nov. 16 forward rate
December 31, 20X5
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
$16,450 = 10,000 x $1.645 Dec. 31 forward rate
- 16,700 = 10,000 x $1.67 Nov. 16 forward rate
$ 250 = 10,000 x ($1.645 - $1.67)

16,700

250

January 15, 20X6

Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()
$16,400 = 10,000 x $1.640 Jan. 5 spot rate
16,450 = 10,000 x $1.645 Dec. 31 forward rate
$
50 = 10,000 x ($1.640 - $1.645)

b.

50

Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker

Cash

16,700

Foreign Currency Units ()

Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker ()

16,400

Maple would report a net loss in 20X5 of $1,100, as follows:

20X5
Transaction 1
May 30 Part I
May 30 Part II

Loss

Gain

1,200

900
-

Transaction 2
Aug. 30, 20X5 Part II
Oct. 29, 20X5 Part I
Oct. 29, 20X5 Part II

250
1,000
-

250
250

250

200
-

Transaction 3
Dec. 31, 20X5 Part I
Dec. 31, 20X5 Part II
20X5, Net Loss

1,100

11-61

16,700

250

50

16,700
16,400

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-24 Part II (continued)

c.

Maple would report a net loss in 20X6, of $150, as follows:

20X6
Transaction 3
Jan. 15, 20X6 Part I
Jan. 15, 20X6 Part II
20X6, Net Loss

11-62

Loss

Gain

100
50

150

-0-

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-25 Understanding Foreign Currency Transactions

a.

Indirect exchange rates for Australian dollars were:

December 1, 20X5: A$70,000 / $42,000 = 1.667 [$1 equals A$1.667]
December 31, 20X5: A$70,000 / $41,700 = 1.679 [$1 equals A$1.679]

b.

The balance in the account Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker was
$39,900 at December 31, 20X5, computed as:
$39,900 = A$70,000 x $0.57 Dec. 31 forward rate

c.

The direct exchange rate for the 60-day forward contract for the 70,000 Australian
dollars was A$1 = $0.58. This is the result of the following computation:
($40,600 / A$70,000) = $0.58.

d.

$40,600 is the amount of Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker in the adjusted
trial balance at December 31, 20X5. The balance in this account does not change
because it is denominated in U.S. dollars.

e.

Indirect spot exchange rates for South Korean wons were:

October 2: KRW400,000 / $80,000 = 5 [$1 equals KRW5]
December 31: KRW400,000 / $80,800 = 4.950 [$1 equals KRW 4.950]
Or, 4.950 = KRW1 / $0.2020

f.

The Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker was $82,000 in both the adjusted and
unadjusted trial balances. The entry to record the forward contract for the 400,000
South Korean wons on October 2, 20X5, appears below. Note that the account Dollars
Payable to Exchange Broker is denominated in U.S. dollars and does not change as a
result of exchange rate changes.
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (KRW)
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker ($)

g.

82,000

82,000

The direct exchange rate for the 120-day forward contract in South Korean wons on
October 2, 20X5, was $0.205. This amount is determined in the following manner:
$82,000 / KRW400,000 = $0.205. The $82,000 is the amount of the dollars payable to
exchange broker. This amount is computed by using the forward rate.

11-63

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-25 (continued)
h.

The accounts payable balance was $80,800 at December 31, 20X5.

$80,800 = KRW400,000 x $0.2020 Dec. 31 spot rate
The entries to support the computations for Problem 11-25 are presented below.
1.

Transactions with Australian company

December 1, 20X5
Accounts Receivable (A$)
Sales
$42,000 = A$70,000 x ($1/A$1.667)

42,000

42,000

Dollars Receivable from Exchange Broker

40,600
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker (A$)
40,600
$40,600 = A$70,000 x $0.58 Dec. 1 forward rate, and also dollar amount
stated in problem information($0.58 = $40,600 / A$70,000)
December 31, 20X1
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
300
Accounts Receivable (A$)
300
$300 = change in accounts receivable (A$) as noted in problem information.
Foreign Currency Payable to Exchange Broker
Foreign Currency Transaction Gain
$39,900 = A$70,000 x $0.57 Dec. 31 forward rate
- 40,600 = A$70,000 x $0.58 Dec. 1 forward rate
$ 700 = A$70,000 x ($0.57 - $0.58)
2.

700

700

Transactions with South Korean company

October 2, 20X5
Equipment
Accounts Payable (KRW)
$80,000 = KRW400,000 x $0.20

80,000

80,000

Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker (KRW)

82,000
Dollars Payable to Exchange Broker
82,000
$82,000 = KRW400,000 x $0.2050, and the$82,000 is presented in the
problem for the foreign currency receivable.
December 31, 20X5
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Accounts Payable (KRW)
$80,800 = KRW400,000 x $0.202 Dec. 31 spot rate
- 80,000 = KRW400,000 x $0.200 October 2 spot rate
$ 800 = KRW400,000 x ($0.202 - $0.200)
Foreign Currency Transaction Loss
Foreign Currency Receivable from Exchange Broker
$81,000 = KRW400,000 x $0.2025 Dec. 31 forward rate
- 82,000 = KRW400,000 x $0.2050 Oct. 2 forward rate
$ 1,000 = KRW400,000 x ($0.2025 - $0.2050)

11-64

800

1,000

800

1,000

Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-26 Matching Key Terms

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

P11-27B Multiple-Choice Questions on Derivatives and Hedging Activities

1.

An underlying is a financial or physical variable.

2.

3.

The net investment must be less than that required for other
types.

4.

The change for fair value hedges goes to current earnings.

The change for cash flow hedges goes to other comprehensive
income.

5.

6.

Trading securities do not qualify for hedge accounting.

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-28B
a.

A Cash Flow Hedge: Use of an Option to Hedge an Anticipated

Purchase.

Entry to record the purchase of the call options on November 30,

20X1:
November 30, 20X1
Purchased Call Options
20,000
Cash
20,000
Purchase call options for 10,000 barrels of oil at a premium of $2 per barrel for
March 1, 20X2. The options are at the money of $30 per barrel; therefore, the
entire$20,000 is time value.

b.

Adjusting entry on December 31, 20X1:

December 31, 20X1
Loss on Hedge Activity
14,000
Purchased Call Options
14,000
Record the decrease in the time value of the options to current earnings.
Purchased Call Options
10,000
Other Comprehensive Income
Record the increase in the intrinsic value of the options to other
comprehensive income.

c.

10,000

Entries to record March 1, 20X2, expiration of options, the sale of

the options, and the purchase of oil:
March 1, 20X2
Loss on Hedge Activity
6,000
Purchased Call Options
6,000
Record the decrease in the time value of the options to current earnings. The
options have expired.
Purchased Call Options
20,000
Other Comprehensive Income
Record the increase in the intrinsic value of the options to other
comprehensive income.
Cash
Purchased Call Options
Record the sale of the call options.

30,000

20,000

30,000

Oil Inventory
330,000
Cash
330,000
Record the purchase of 10,000 barrels of oil at the spot price of $33 per
barrel.

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-28B (continued)
d.

June 1, 20X2, entries to record the sale of the oil and other entries:
June 1, 20X2
Cash
Sales
Record the sale of 10,000 barrels of oil at $34 per barrel.
Cost of Goods Sold
Oil Inventory
Recognize the cost of the oil sold.

340,000

330,000

340,000

330,000

Other Comprehensive Income Reclassification

30,000
Cost of Goods Sold
30,000
Reclassify into earnings the other comprehensive income from the cash flow
hedge.

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-29B
a.

A Fair Value Hedge: Use of an Option to Hedge Available-for-Sale

Securities.

November 3, 20X2, entries:

November 3, 20X2
Available-for-Sale Securities
Cash
Purchase 100 shares of JRS at $12 per share.

1,200

1,200

Put Option
100
Cash
100
Purchase put options for 100 shares of JRS at $12 per share at a cost of
$100.
b.

December 31, 20X2, entries to record revaluations of stock and

options:
December 31, 20X2
Put Option
100
Gain on Hedge Activity
Record increase in intrinsic value of put options to current earnings

100

Loss on Hedge Activity

100
Available-for-Sale Securities
100
Record decrease in fair value of hedged available-for-sale securities to current
earnings, in accordance with FASB 133 (ASC 815):
$100 = ($12 - $11) x 100 shares
Loss on Hedge Activity
Put Option
Record decrease in the time value of the options.
c.

60

60

Entries for March 3, 20X3, to record exercise of the put option and the sale of
securities:
March 3, 20X3
Put Option
50
Gain on Hedge Activity
Record increase in intrinsic value of put options to current earnings

50

Loss on Hedge Activity

50
Available-for-Sale Securities
50
Record decrease in fair value of hedged available-for-sale securities to current
earnings, in accordance with FASB 133 (ASC 815):
$50 = ($11 - $10.50) x 100 shares

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-29B (continued)
Loss on Hedge Activity
40
Put Option
Record decrease in the time value of the options. The options have now
expired.

40

Cash
1,200
Put Option
150
Available-for-Sale Securities
1,050
Exercise the put option and sell securities at option price of $12 per share.

P11-30B Matching Key Terms Hedging and Derivatives

1. L
2. E
3. M
4. D
5. G
6. I
7. A
8. K
9. H
10. N
11. F
12. B
13. J
14. O
15. C

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-31 Determining Financial Statement Amounts

Forward Contract Receivable

1
$20,200

Transaction
2
3
$20,200
$20,200

4
$20,200

Inventory

19,800

21,000

21,000

NA

Accounts Payable

19,600

19,600

19,600

NA

Foreign Currency Exchange

Gain (Loss), net
Other Comprehensive Income
Gain (Loss), net

1,000 G
NA

NA
2,200 G

1,000 G
NA

800 G
NA

Computational support:
Forward Contract Receivable: $20,200 = 20,000 x $1.01 12/31 forward rate
Inventory: $19,800 =
$21,000 =

$21,000 accounts payable less $1,200 firm commitment

20,000 x $1.05 11/30 spot rate

Accounts Payable: $19,600 = 20,000 x $0.98 12/31 spot rate

Foreign Currency Exchange Gain or (Loss), net:
Transaction 1: $1,000 = $ 1,200 exchange gain on forward contract from
change in forward rate from 9/1 to
11/30: (20,000 x ($1.03 -$0.97))
- 1,200 exchange loss on firm commitment for
change in forward rate from 9/1 to
11/30: (20,000 x ($1.03 -$0.97))
- 400 exchange loss on forward contract from
change in forward rate from 11/30 to
12/31: (20,000 x ($1.01 -$1.03))
+ 1,400 exchange gain on account payable for
change in spot rate from 11/30 to
12/31: (20,000 x ($0.98 -$1.05))
Transaction 2: No net foreign currency exchange gain because FASB 138 (ASC
815) specifies an offset of the gain from the revaluation of the
account payable by an equal amount from other comprehensive
income.

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Chapter 11 - Multinational Accounting: Foreign Currency Transactions and Financial Instruments

P11-31 (continued)
Transaction 3: $1,000 = $1,400 exchange gain on account payable from
change in spot rate from 11/30 to 12/31:
(20,000 x ($0.98 -$1.05))
- 400 exchange loss on forward contract from
change in forward rate from 9/1 to 12/31:
(20,000 x ($1.01 -$1.03))
Transaction 4: $ 800 =

exchange gain on forward contract from

change in forward rate from 9/1 to 12/31:
(20,000 x ($1.01 -$0.97))

Other Comprehensive Income Gain or (Loss), net:

Transaction 2: $2,200 = $ 800 OCI gain on forward contract from
change in forward rate from 9/1 to 12/31:
(20,000 x ($1.01 -$0.97))
+ 1,400 OCI gain on the reclassification from
OCI to offset the exchange gain on the
account payable from the change in the
spot rate from 11/30 to 12/31, as
required by FASB 138 (ASC 815):
(20,000 x ($0.98 -$1.05))

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