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Topic3 SL Answers

The document discusses several topics related to physics concepts like heat, temperature, phase changes, and energy. 1) It provides calculations to determine the time, power, and specific heat capacity required for water to change temperature and ice to melt. 2) It examines the cooling of an object and calculates the temperature rate of change and energy lost during solidification. 3) It discusses factors that affect the rate of evaporation like surface area and temperature.

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Umair Khan Marwat
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
99 views

Topic3 SL Answers

The document discusses several topics related to physics concepts like heat, temperature, phase changes, and energy. 1) It provides calculations to determine the time, power, and specific heat capacity required for water to change temperature and ice to melt. 2) It examines the cooling of an object and calculates the temperature rate of change and energy lost during solidification. 3) It discusses factors that affect the rate of evaporation like surface area and temperature.

Uploaded by

Umair Khan Marwat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

1.

(a)

(165, 0);

(b)

Look for these points:


to change phase, the separation of the molecules must increase;
Some recognition that the ice is changing phase is needed.
so all the energy input goes to increasing the PE of the molecules;
Accept something like breaking the molecular bonds.
KE of the molecules remains constant, hence temperature remains constant;

If KE mentioned but not temperature then assume they


know that temperature is a measure of KE.
(c)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

time for water to go from 0 to 15C = 30 s;


energy required = msDq = 0.25 15 4 200 = 15 750 J;
energy
power = time = 525 W 530 W;

ice takes 15 s to go from 15C to 0;


energy supplied = 15 530 J;
(530 15)
1 1
sp ht = (15 0.25) = 2100 J kg K ;

time to melt ice = 150 s;


(150 530)
1
0.25
L=
= 320 kJ kg ;

2
[12]

2.

The physics of cooling


(a)

temperature is proportional to a measure of the average kinetic energy;


of the molecules of the substance;
or:
idea that temperature shows natural direction of the flow of thermal energy;
from high to low temperature / OWTTE; (do not accept hot to cold)

Award [1 max] for a rough and ready answer and [2 max] for a more
detailed answer.
(b)

a curve of gradually decreasing rate of loss of temperature;


that is asymptotic to 20C;

Award [0] for a straight-line graph.

(c)

(i)

temperature is falling because of thermal energy transfer to the


surroundings;
with a decreasing rate;
the rate thermal energy transfer / heat loss in this region is greater;
because the temperature difference with the surroundings is greater
/ OWTTE;
2

(ii)

realization that substance is still losing thermal energy;

Award [3 max] for other relevant points:


eg liquid and solid present / phase change taking place;
temperature stays constant until no more liquid;
at a constant rate;
loss of PE of atoms = thermal energy transfer;
because PE decreases;
KE of atoms constant;

Award [2 max] for an answer that fails to realize that the liquid
solidifies.
(d)

(i)

calculation of the temperature rate of change in the range


-2
-1
(2.4 - 3.5) 10 Cs ;

Q
Q
mc
;
t
t
-2

= 0.11 1300 2.9 10 ;


~ 4(1)W;
(ii)

energy lost while solidifying, E = 3600 - 6000J;

E
;
m
-1

L = 33 - 55kJ kg ;

3
[17]

3.

(a)

the amount of energy / heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg


of a substance through 1 K;
Or
Amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of a unit mass
by one degree.

(b)

the internal energy is the total energy of the molecules of a substance;


the greater the specific heat (the more energy required to raise unit mass
through 1 K this) means that to increase the temperature by the same
amount, more energy must be given to substance A than to substance B
(so internal energy is greater) / OWTTE;
2
2

Award [0] for correct answer with incorrect or no explanation.


(c)

(i)

so that the metal reaches the temperature of the boiling water;

(ii)

QM = mass of metal specific heat capacity of metal fall in


temperature of metal;

QW = mass of water specific heat capacity of water rise in


temp of water;

(iv)

because energy is lost to the surroundings;

(i)

(energy is transferred) by conduction through the insulation of the


element / OWTTE;

(iii)

(d)

(energy is then transferred) by the bulk motion of the water /


convection through the water / OWTTE;
the element will also radiate some energy which will be absorbed
by the water / OWTTE;
(ii)

energy supplied by heater in 1s = 7.2 10 J;


energy per second = mass per second sp ht rise in temperature;
3

7.2 10 = mass per second 4.2 10 26;


-1

to give mass per second = 0.066kg / flow rate = 0.066kg s ;


(iii)

energy is lost to the surroundings;


flow rate is not uniform;

Do not allow the heating element is not in contact with all the water
flowing in the unit.
Accept answers that imply that there will be a temperature gradient
between element and wall of pipe. Do not accept answers such as
element will not heat water uniformly.

(iv)

P VI , I

P
;
V

7.2 10 3
30 A ;
= 240

(v)

when operating at 7.2kW the element is at a higher temperature / hotter


than when first switched on;
therefore, resistance is greater (and so current is smaller) / OWTTE;
Or
element is cold / OWTTE when first switched on;
therefore, smaller resistance than when hot (and so current is larger);2

(e)

(i)

V2
;
R

240 2 110 2

;
R240 R110
2

R110 110

;
R240 240
= 0.21
Or
from P = VI

240 I 2 110 I 1 to give I 2

11
I1 ;
24

I 22 R2 I12 R1 ;
2

R1 I 22 11

;
R2 I 12 24
= 0.21
(ii)

to get equivalent power, heating elements must have lower resistance;


therefore, they have to be physically larger so more expensive / take
up more space;
Or
smaller voltage supply needs larger current;
so thicker cables therefore, more expensive / take up more space;

2
[25]

4.

Specific latent heat


(a)

the amount of (thermal) energy needed to convert a unit mass of a solid


substance into a liquid at the melting temperature of the substance /
at constant temperature;

(b)

(i)

-2

V = 12 3 10 = 0.36 m ;
m = r V = 900 0.36 = 324;
320 kg

(ii)

E = PtA = 340 12 6 60 60;


7

= 8.8 10 J (no marks for answer)


(iii)

mass that can melt with this available energy is

8.8 10 7
270 kg
330 10 3
and so not all the ice will melt;
or
3

energy required to melt ice = 320 330 10 = 1.1 10 J;


so not all the ice melts (as this is more than the available energy);

Do not accept answers without justification.


(iv)

(c)

that all the energy incident on the ice gets absorbed / that no energy
gets reflected / no energy gets conducted to the water below;
1

Accept any reasonable discussion based on any method of heat transfer eg


the air in contact with the ice is warmer than the rest and so rises;
leaving its place to colder air which in turn warms up as well carrying
energy away from the ice;
or
the water / ice surface is warmer than the surroundings;
and so radiates electromagnetic waves losing thermal energy / net transfer
by radiation losses;
or
the molecules of ice / water in contact with the air molecules;
transfer energy to them through collisions thus losing thermal energy;

2
[9]

5.

Specific heat and a domestic shower


(a)

(b)

the amount of energy / heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg


of a substance through 1K / 1C;

the internal energy is the total energy of the molecules of a substance;


the greater the specific heat (the more energy required to raise unit mass
through 1 K) this means that to increase the temperature by the same amount,
more energy most be given to substance A than to substance B (so internal
energy is greater) / OWTTE;
2
5

(c)

energy supplied by heater in 1s = 7.2 10 J;

(i)

energy per second = mass per second sp ht rise in temperature;


3

7.2 10 = mass per second 4.2 10 26;


to give mass per second = 0.066kg;
(ii)

energy is lost to the surroundings;


flow rate is not uniform;

Do not allow the heating element is not in contact with all the water
flowing in the unit.
[8]

6.

(a)

use of
1
2

1
2

mv and ml;
3

v = 340 10 ;
1
v = 820 m s ;

3
3

Award [2 max] if 10 missing, answer 26 m s .


Award [3] if the candidate assumes value for m.
(b)

comment on speed eg speed is very large (> speed of sound)


eg in practice speeds are much lower than this;
hence hailstone will not melt;

Allow any relevant comment and conclusion based on


candidates answer to (a).
[5]

7.

changes in internal energy depend on mass, specific heat capacity and temperature
rise;
specific heat capacity and temperature rise are unchanged;
mass changes so statement incorrect;
[3]

8.

(a)

(i)

(ii)
(b)

F = Mg sin
= 960 9.8 0.26;
3
2.4 10 N

1
2
mv
= (480 81) = 3.9 104 J;
KE = 2

KE = Fs;
3
to give F = 2.610 N;
2
Award [1 max] if v = 2 as is used.

2
7

(c)

recognize that KE = mass sp ht rise in temperature;


3.9 10 4

2 900 5.2 ;
= 4.2 ;
Award full marks for bald correct answer.
no energy / heat loss to the surroundings / energy distributed evenly in
shoe and drum;

4
[9]

9.

(a)

more energetic molecules leave surface;


mean kinetic energy of molecules in liquid decreases;
and mean kinetic energy depends on temperature;

Award [2] if mean not mentioned.


(b)

eg larger surface area;


increased draught;
higher temperature;
lower vapour pressure;

2 max

Award [1] if candidate merely identifies two factors.


(c)

energy to be extracted = 0.35 4200 25;


+0.35 330 000;
+0.35 2100 5;
= 156 000 J
156 000
time = 86
= 1800 s;

Allow ecf if one term incorrect or missing.


[9]

10.

Temperature and thermal energy


(a)

property measured at two known temperatures (and at unknown


temperature);
(temperature calculated) assuming linear change of property with
temperature;

Award [1] for descriptions of constructing a thermometer.


(b)

thermometer absorbs (thermal) energy / heat from the body / has a thermal
capacity; so changes temperature of body;
or
time taken for (thermal) energy / heat to be conducted into thermometer;
so may not be able to follow changing temperature;

(c)

(i)

quantity of (thermal) energy / heat required to raise temperature of


unit mass;
by one degree;
or

Q
;
m

with DQ, m and Dq explained;


(ii)

m 330;
+m 4.2 8;
= 0.45 4.2 16;
m = 0.083kg;

Award [2 max] for an answer m = 0.092 kg - ignoring ice-water.


(d)

(i)

(both are change from liquid vapour phase)


evaporation:
occurs at surface of liquid;
occurs at all temperatures;
boiling:
occurs in the body of the liquid;
occurs at one temperature / boiling point;

(ii)

separation of molecules increases in the change from liquid to vapour


phase;
this involves an increase in potential energy;
but temperature observed to change only when kinetic energy changes;

3
[15]

11.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

mass of water = 1.2 10 kg;


3
3
8
energy required = 1.2 10 4.2 10 30 = 1.5 10 J;

2 max

energy provided in 2 hours = 7 200 800 A;


(1.5 10 8 )
2
therefore, A = 7200 800) 26 m ;

2 max

this is a large area;


appropriate relevant detail eg a lot of space needed;

2 max

Look for a plausible argument for or against eg if the


space is available then could be a viable proposition. Or
the response may argue that in reality a greater area than
this will be needed.
9

10

(b)

(i)

(ii)

power P =

1
2

2 3

rAv = 2 rpr v where r is the blade radius;


2P
v 3
therefore, r =
;
800
3
= 3.14 6 = 1.1 m;

3 max

Look for any sensible reason in support or against.

1 max
[10]

11

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