Week 0, continued

This is CS50. Harvard University. Fall 2015.

Anna Whitney, Daven Farnham

Table of Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Introduction ................................................................................................................
Algorithms ..................................................................................................................
PB&J Demonstration ..................................................................................................
Yale Introduction ........................................................................................................
Source Code and Scratch .........................................................................................

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1. Introduction
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For this lecture, CS50 comes to Yale !

Although most lectures will happen in Cambridge, all students are always able to watch
lectures online - which may be a more effective way to absorb the information.

2. Algorithms
Weve distilled computer science down to "computational thinking", which we can break
down into the process inputs algorithms outputs.
# We wont focus so much on input/output representations (like binary or even ASCII)
from here on out, instead emphasizing algorithms to solve problems.
On Wednesday, we looked at the problem of looking someone up in the phonebook,
and found that an intuitive "divide and conquer" algorithm is much more efficient than
going through the pages of the phonebook one by one.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kOeRpzzQPk

Week 0, continued

pick up phone book

open to middle of phone book
look at names
if "Smith" is among names
call Mike
else if "Smith" is earlier in book
open to middle of left half of book
go to line 3
else if "Smith" is later in book
open to middle of right half of book
go to line 3
else
give up

Where else can we apply a divide-and-conquer algorithm? Taking attendance, for

example.
# We can count the students in the room one by one, but thatll be slow.
# Similarly, we can count by twos, but it doesnt get us much of a speedup.
# Instead, we introduce the following algorithm:
stand up and assign yourself the number 1
pair off with someone standing, add your numbers together, and adopt
the sum as your new number
one of the pair should sit down; the other goes back to step 2

With this algorithm, we found that the number of people in the lecture hall was 392 (
even though there are 497 seats, all of which are full).
# This is an example of a bug in the execution of our algorithm - well come back to
this idea later.
# In theory, this algorithm leverages the same divide-and-conquer logic as the
phonebook example: on each step, half of the remaining people sit down.
# Unlike finding Mike Smith in the phonebook, this requires additional resources: all
the people in the audience! This is an example of parallel processing, whereby
certain problems can be solved much faster by using more computers (or people,
in this case).

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3. PB&J Demonstration
TF Sam and volunteers Erica and Antonio will try to make a peanut butter and jelly
sandwich, following pseudocode instructions from the audience.
open the bag of bread
open the inner bag of bread as well
gently remove two slices of bread
place bread on plate
lightly place hand on top of peanut butter, unscrew and put lid next to
peanut butter (or "just open the peanut butter jar!")
take knife and insert into peanut butter jar
remove seal from peanut butter jar
gray computer (Sam) follow other computers (Erica and Antonio)
use knife to gently spread peanut butter on bread
repeat steps 59 with the jelly

Only partly successfulcomputers do EXACTLY what you tell them to, so you need
to be very precise!

4. Yale Introduction
Prof. Scassellati (Scaz) and course heads Jason and Andi come up to say hello.
The team at Yale will be supplementing CS50 with an exploration of "intelligent
software", like the algorithms Hulu and Netflix use for recommendations, grounding this
in the principles of the course.
David took a video tour of Yale campus.

5. Source Code and Scratch

So far weve looked at pseudocode, but now well transition to actual code, or "source
code".
We briefly showed this example on Wednesday, which is written in a language called
C and (underwhelmingly) simply prints the words "hello, world" to the screen:

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#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("hello, world\n");
}

Much of the semester will be spent working with C, and toward the end of the semester
well build upon it with other languages like PHP, JavaScript, and even a database
language called SQL.
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To begin with, well work in a programming language called Scratch from MITs Media
Lab (which youll use for Problem Set 0). Scratch is a graphical language, in which you
can drag around puzzle pieces containing pieces of code that only interlock if they go
together programmatically. It contains all the same programming concepts, like loops
and conditionals, as any other language, but lets us put off the uninteresting details
of syntax for now.
Volunteer Angela plays Davids grad school Scratch project Oscartime
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updated version by CS50s own Jordan Hayashi.
Another game, Pikachus Pastry Catch
CS50!), is played by volunteer Lance.

and an

(written by a student in a previous year of

Weve also recreated the Binary Bulbs interface in Scratch.

# Volunteer Mary tries to represent 256 using this interface - but were one bit short!
255 is the largest number that fits in 8 bits (or one byte) because we start from 0.
Lets take a look at the pieces that go into the actual implementations of these
programs.
The Scratch interface lets us apply scripts to sprites (characters, objects, etc) by
dragging and dropping puzzle pieces.
The Control category of blocks contains familiar structures like if , else , and
repeat .
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Week 0, continued

# The
block is what starts the program.
The

Looks

category

has

block

named

that has a box for us to type text into, so we can make our sprite say "Hello, Yale" or
whatever else we want.
# By

dragging

that

block

below

the

block, the cat will say the text when the green flag is clicked.
Some of our control structures, like "if" and "else", require boolean expressions, which
evaluate to either true or false . These blocks have hexagonal spaces into which
you can drop boolean expression pieces.
#

,
,
are all boolean expressions.

# The
block can be used to combine boolean expressions.
# Conditions can also be nested for three possible branches.
Loops

include

the

and
blocks.
Variables

are

represented

by

blocks

such

as

(where N can be replaced with any variable name and 0 can be replaced with any
value for that variable).
Arrays let us store more than one piece of information, using blocks like
.
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Week 0, continued

We can also write functions in scratch, using a define block, in which well group
together a bunch of commands we often use together into a new reusable block with
a name that we assign, like this simple example:

# This lets us factor out code rather than copying and pasting - more on this later!
Scratch also supports fancier features like threads, events, etc, which students more
comfortable may want to look into.
Lets build a sample Scratch program using all of these concepts.
# In

pet

the

cat ,

and

we

combine

loop
condition

so that the cat will meow only if the mouse pointer is touching it or, in other words,
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if we are petting it. In dont pet the cat , we add an extra condition (using the else
keyword) so that the cat will meow indefinitely, but will roar if we touch it with the
mouse pointer.
# If

we

omit

the

block, so were just telling the cat to meow constantly, the sound gets glitchy
because its not waiting to finish playing the sound before starting it over again. This
is a bug you should watch out for in your own code on Problem Set 0!
# We can also make the cat move, using blocks under

Motion

like
.

# Counting

sheep

illustrates

the

use

of

variable

called
.

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# hi hi hi keeps track of whether or not the space bar is pressed to mute the barking
of a seal, using multiple scripts.

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Week 0, continued

# Its also possible to have multiple sprites in a single project, and they can send each
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other signals, or events, as in this example .
Scratch lets you record your own sounds and draw or upload your own images to use
as sprites, in addition to a whole bunch of provided sounds and images.
One of the fundamental takeaways of the class is good designmore than just the
correctness of your program, its important to write elegant, readable, maintainable
code.
# For example, if you avoid repeating yourself (instead using loops and functions),
changing a minor detail only requires you to make a change in one place rather
than several.
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# See how we go from cough-0 to cough-4 by increasingly modularizing and

abstracting away details into functions to avoid repeating ourselves.
# On Problem Set 0, youll likely want to go through multiple versions to improve upon
the design of your original program.

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