1.

Introductions- Social Language

a. When you meet someone the first time, it is common to greet the person with "How do you
do?" the correct response is "How do you do."
Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: How do you do....
Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: It's a pleasure to meet you.
Mary: How do you do.
Ken: Peter, I'd like you to meet Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: Pleased to meet you.

In informal situations, especially in North America, introductions are also made simply
saying: "This is (name)." It is also common to just say "Hi" or "Hello" as a response in this
informal setting.
Ken: Peter, this is Mary.
Peter: How do you do?
Mary: Pleased to meet you.

It is also quite common to shake hands when you are introduced. After the initial introduction,
hand shaking generally takes place in more formal, business situations. Otherwise, people just
say "Hi."
b. There are a number of phrases that are commonly used to introduce strangers.
(name), I don't think you've met (name).
I don't think you know (name)
May I introduce you to (name)
(name), do you know (name)?
(name), I'd like you to meet (name)

2. Greetings- Social Language

Formal Greetings: Arriving
Good morning / afternoon / evening.
Hello (name), how are you?
Good day Sir / Madam (very formal)

Informal Greetings: Arriving

Hi / Hello
How are you?
What's up? (very informal)
How are you doing? (very informal)
It's important to note that the question "How are you?" or "What's up?" doesn't necessary need
a response. If you do respond, these phrases are generally expected:
Very well, thank you. And you? (formal)
Fine / Great (informal)
Formal Greetings: Departing
Good morning / afternoon / evening.
It was a pleasure seeing you.
Goodbye.
Note: After 8 p.m. - Good night.
Informal Greetings: Departing
Goodbye / Bye.
See you (later).
Later (very informal)

3. Special Days - Social Language

It is common to use a special greeting used just for that occasion on special days, holidays and
other special occasions. Here are some of the most common:
Birthdays
Happy birthday!
Best wishes / Good luck on your thirtieth (age - use an ordinal number) birthday!
Many happy returns!
Wedding / Anniversary
Congratulations!
Best wishes / good luck on your tenth (number - use an ordinal number) anniversary!
Here's to many more happy years together (used when making a toast)
Special Holidays
Merry Christmas!
Happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.
All the best for a happy New Year / Easter / Hanukkah / Ramadan etc.
When making special greetings to children on their birthday and at Christmas, it is also
common to ask them what they received:
Merry Christmas! What did you get from Santa Claus?
Happy Birthday! What did your Daddy get for you?
Special Occasions
Congratulations on your promotion!
All the best for your ...
I'm so proud of you!

4. Speaking to Strangers - Social Language

Here are a number of polite phrases used when trying to get the attention or help from people.
The use of more formal language is common when speaking to someone you do not know:
Interrupting
It is common to first apologize before interrupting another person, or asking for help if you do
not know the person.
Excuse me, could I ...
Sorry, do you think I could ...
Excuse me, do you know ...
I beg your pardon, could you help me? (formal)
Asking Someone to Repeat
When asking for information you may have a hard time understanding in public places which
can be very noisy (train stations, restaurants, stores, etc.). Here are phrases commonly used to
ask someone to repeat what he has said:
Excuse me, I'm afraid I didn't understand. Could you repeat that? (formal)
I'm sorry, I didn't catch that. (informal)
What? (very informal!)
I beg your pardon.

5. Travel Greetings - Social Language

Here are a number of phrases used when saying goodbye to friends or family as the depart on
trips, both short and long.
Long Trips, Vacations, etc. American English
Have a good trip.
Enjoy your vacation.
Have a good time in (destination)
Long Trips, Vacations, etc. British English
Have a good journey.
Enjoy your holidays.
Have a good time in (destination)
Short Outings
Enjoy! (American English)
Have a good time at (destination place such as a restaurant)
Have a good time in (destination city)
When your friends or family return home it is common to use one of the following phrases:
How was your vacation? (holiday in British English)
Did you enjoy your time in (destination)
How was your journey / flight / trip?

6. Asking for Information

There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some
of the most common:

Could you tell me...?

Do you know...?

Do you happen to know...?

I'd like to know...

Could you find out...?

I'm interested in...

I'm looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:

I'm calling to find out...

I'm calling about...

Construction
Formula

Question Word

Example Finish

Could you tell me

when

the next train leaves?

Do you know

how much

that vase costs?

Do you happen to know

where

Tom lives?

I'd like to know

what

you think about the new project.

Could you tell me

when

the next train leaves?

Could you find out

when

she is going to arrive?

Formula

Gerund (-ing) Example Finish

I'm interested in

buying

a boat

Formula

Noun

Example Finish

I'm looking for

information on

holidays in Spain.

Formula used only on the telphone Question Word

I'm calling to find out...

if

Formula used only on the telphone Noun

I'm calling about...

Example Finish
flight AZ098 will leave on time today.
Example Finish

the offer published in today's newspaper.

7. Giving Advice
There are a number of formulas used when Giving Advice in English. Here are some of the
most common:

I don't think you should work so hard.

You ought to work less.

You ought not to work so hard.

If I were you, I'd work less.

If I were in your position, I'd work less.

If I were in your shoes, I'd work less.

You had better work less.

You shouldn't work so hard.

Whatever you do, don't work so hard.

Construction
Formula

Verb Form

I don't think you should

work so hard.

Use 'I don't think you should' the base form of the verb in a statement.

You ought to work less.

Use 'You ought to' the base form of the verb in a statement.

You ought not to work so

hard.

Use 'You ought not to' the base form of the verb in a statement.

If I were you,
Use 'If I were' 'you' OR 'in your position' OR 'your shoes' 'I wouldn't' OR
If I were in your position, 'I would' base form of the verb in a statement (A form of the conditional
If I were in your shoes, I
2).
wouldn't work so hard.

You had better work less.

Use 'You had better' (you'd better) the base form of the verb in a
statement.

You shouldn't OR You

should work less.

Use 'You should' OR 'You shouldn't' the base form of the verb in a
statement.

Whatever you do, don't

work so hard.

Use 'Whatever you do' the imperative.

8. Offering Help
There are a number of formulas used when offering help in English. Here are some of the
most common:

May I help you?

Can I help you?

Are you looking for something?

Would you like some help?

Do you need some help?

What can I do for you today?

Construction
Formula

Verb Form

May I help you?

Use 'May I' or 'Can I' the base form of the verb in a statement.

Are you looking for

something?

Use 'Are you looking for' something OR anything in particular OR

specific object

Would you like some help? Use 'Would you like' some help OR some advice OR a recommendation

Do you need some help?

Use 'Do you need' some help OR some advice OR a recommendation

What can I do for you

today?

Use 'What can I do for' you, her, him, etc. today OR this morning, this
afternoon, this evening

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9. Making Suggestions
There are a number of formulas used when making suggestions in English. Here are some of
the most common:

Why don't you / we go to the movies tonight?

You / we could visit New York while you're / we're there.

Let's go to the travel agent's this afternoon to book our ticket.

What about asking your brother for help?

How about going to Hawaii for your vacation?

I suggest you / we take all the factors into consideration before we decide

Construction
Formula

Verb Form

Why don't you / we go to a movie? Use the base form of the verb in a question
We / You could go to a movie.

Use the base form of the verb in a statement

Let's go to a movie.

Use the base form of the verb with 'let's'

What about going to a movie?

Use the '-ing' form of the verb in a question

How about going to a movie?

Use the '-ing' form of the verb in a question

I suggest you / we go to a movie.

Use suggest object verb in the base form in a statement.

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10. Giving Warnings

There are a number of formulas used when Giving Warnings in English. Here are some of the
most common:

Don't push so hard on that toy, or you might / will break it!
Watch out! Be careful!
Work hard otherwise you'll fail your exam.

Construction
Formula
Verb Form
Don't..., or you might / Use the imperative followed by might or will in a statement
will...
Watch out! Be Careful Use the imperative
Work hard, otherwise Use the imperative otherwise you will / might plus the base form of
you'll...
the verb to show consequenses

11. Demanding Explanations

There are a number of formulas used when demanding explanations in English. Here are some
of the most common:

Can you tell me why...

I don't understand why...
Can you explain why..
Why is it that...
How come...
Does this mean...
Do you really expect me to believe...

Construction
Can you tell me why it has taken you
so long to respond?
I don't understand why it has taken
you so long to respond.
Can you explain why it has taken you
so long to respond?
Why is it that it has taken you so long
to respond?
How come it has taken you so long to
respond?
Does this mean (that) it has taken you
so long to respond?
Do you expect me to belive you
weren't able to finish on time?

Use 'Can you tell me why' a full clause. An indirect question

requires '?'.
Use 'I don't understand why' + a full clause. This is a
statement and does NOT require a question mark (?)
Use 'Can you explain why' + a full clause. An indirect
question requires a '?'.
Use 'Why is it that' + a full clause. An indirect question
requires a '?'.
Use 'How come' + a full clause. An indirect question requires
a '?'.
Use 'Does this mean (that)' + a full clause. An indirect
question requires a '?'.
Use 'Do you (really) expect me to belive (that)' + a full clause.
An indirect question requires a '?'.

12. Stating a Preference

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Sometimes you need to state a preference when someone makes a suggestion, offers
something or asks your opinion about what to do.
Would you like to see a film tonight?
I'd rather go dancing. How does that sound?
Why don't we have some chinese food?
Well, I'd prefer eating Italian. What do you think?
What do you think we should do?
If it were up to me, I'd go out for dinner.
What are we going to do today? The weather is awful!
I think we should go to a museum.
Why don't we go to a museum.
Let's go to a museum.
How about going to a museum

Construction
Formula
I'd rather...
I'd prefer...
If it were up to me,
I'd...
I think we should...
Why don't we...?

Verb Form
Use the base form the verb without 'to' with 'rather'
Use the '-ing' form following the verb 'prefer'
Use the second conditional form followed by the base form of the
verb without 'to'
Use the base form the verb without 'to' following the modal form
'should'
Use the base form of the verb in a question

Let's go ...
How about...?

Use the base form of the verb with 'let's'

Use the '-ing' form of the verb after a preposition - here 'about'

13. Saying 'No' Nicely

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Sometimes you need to say no when someone makes a suggestion, offers something or asks
you to do something for them. Of course, saying just 'no' can be rather rude. Here are some of
the most common ways to say 'no' nicely - or at least not rudely.
Would you like to see a film tonight?
I'm afraid I can't go out tonight. I've got a test tomorrow.
Why don't we have some chinese food?
Sorry, but I don't particularly like chinese food.
How about taking a nice walk?
I'd really rather not take a walk this afternoon.
Would you like to come to the museum with us?
Thank you, but it's not my idea of a fun afternoon out.
Let's go for a drive
Sorry, I'm not really fond of driving for the fun of it.
Why don't you stay the night?
That's very kind of you, but I really have to get back to the city.
NOTE: Notice how we often say 'thank you' in some way before refusing the offer. When
someone makes an offer it is polite to first thank that person and then say no, often offering an
excuse for not wanting or being able to do something. Just saying 'no' is considered very rude
behavior indeed!

Construction
Formula
I'm afraid I can't...
I don't particularly like...

Verb Form
Use the base form of the verb without 'to'
Use the '-ing' form of the verb with the verb 'like'
in the present simple.
I'd (really) rather not...
Use the base form the verb without 'to' with
'rather'
It's not my idea of...
Use the '-ing' form following a preposition, or a
noun
I'm not (really) fond of...
Use the '-ing' form following a preposition, or a
noun
Thank you (thank you for asking, thank you very Use the base form the verb without 'to' following
much, etc.) but, I have to...
the modal form 'have to do'

14. Using Vague Expressions - Being Imprecise

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There are a number of ways to give imprecise information in English. Here are some of the
most common:

There are about 600 people working in this company.

There are approximately 600 people working in this company.
There are a large number of students interested in taking his course.
Management predicts up to 50% growth for the coming year.
It's kind of a bottle opener which can also be used to peel vegetables.
It's the type of place you can go to relax for a week or so.
They're the sort of people that like going bowling on Saturday evenings.
It's difficult to say, but I'd guess that it's used for cleaning house.
I'm not really sure, but I think they enjoy hiking in the mountains.

Construction
Formula
Form
There are about 600 people working in this Use 'about' + a numbered expression.
company.
There are approximately 600 people
Use 'approximately' + a numbered expression.
working in this company.
There are a large number of students
Use 'a large number of' + a noun.
interested in taking his course.
Management predicts up to 50% growth for Use 'up to' + a noun.
the coming year.
It's kind of a bottle opener which can also be Use 'kind of' + a noun.
used to peel vegetables.
It's the type of place you can go to relax for Use 'type of' + a noun. Use 'or so' at the end of a sentence
a week or so.
to express the meaning 'approximately'.
They're the sort of people that like going
Use 'sort of' + a noun.
bowling on Saturday evenings.
It's difficult to say, but I'd guess that it's Use the phrase + 'It's difficult to say, but I'd guess' an
used for cleaning house.
independent clause.

15. Guessing
There are a number of ways to guess in English. Here are some of the most common:
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I'd say he's about ready to quite his job.

It might need some oil.
He could be in the garden.
It looks like a miniature motor.
Perhaps he needs some time off work.
Maybe they want to come and visit this summer.
It's difficult to say, but I'd guess that it's used for cleaning house.
I'm not really sure, but I think they enjoy hiking in the mountains

Construction
Formula
I'd say he's about ready to quite his job.
It might need some oil.
He could be in the garden.
It looks like a miniature motor.
Perhaps he needs some time off work.
Maybe they want to come and visit this summer.
It's difficult to say, but I'd guess that it's used
for cleaning house.
I'm not really sure, but I think they enjoy
hiking in the mountains.

Form
Use 'I'd say' an independent clause.
Use 'might' the base form of the verb.
Use 'could' the base form of the verb.
Use the verb 'look like' a noun.
Begin the sentence with 'perhaps'.
Begin the sentence with 'maybe'.
Use the phrase 'It's difficult to say, but I'd guess' an
independent clause.
Use the phrase 'I'm not really sure, but I think' an
independent clause.

16. Making Complaints

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There are a number of formulas used when complaining in English. It's important to
remember that a direct complaint or criticism in English can sound rude or aggressive. It's
best to mention a problem in an indirect manner. Here are some of the most common:

I'm sorry to have to say this but...

I'm sorry to bother you, but...
Maybe you forgot to...
I think you might have forgotten to...
Excuse me if I'm out of line, but...
There may have been a misunderstanding about...
Don't get me wrong, but I think we should...

Construction
Formula
Example Finish
I'm sorry to have to say this but
I think we need to take another approach.
I'm sorry to bother you, but
I think you need to refine this layout.
Maybe you forgot to
include his name and number.
I think you might have forgotten to
finish the report on time.
Excuse me if I'm out of line, but
your work has not been adequate lately.
There may have been a misunderstanding about
what I expected from you.
Don't get me wrong, but I think we should
concentrate on the Smith account for the moment.

17. Contrasting Ideas

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There are a number of formulas used when contrasting ideas in English. Here are some of the
most common:

We'd love to stay for dinner, but we have got to get going.
They decided to stay in the area, in spite of their problems with the local residents.
Despite the difficulties of a long journey, Peter decided to visit India.
Getting a good job is hard work, however, most people eventually find one with
patience.
There were a number of people who came, although the hotels were not equipped to
handle them all.

Construction
Formula
main statement, but contrasting
statement

Example
Explanation
I'd really like to come to the Use a comma or semi colon (;) with
film, but I have to study
'but'. 'But' is the most common
tonight.
way to show contrasting ideas.
main statement, in spite of
They continued on their
Use 'in spite of' plus a noun, noun
contrasting statement OR in spite
journey, in spite of the
phrase or gerund
of contrasting statement, main
pouring rain.
statement
main statement, despite
They continued on their
Use 'despite' plus a noun, noun
contrasting statement OR Despite journey, despite the pouring
phrase or gerund
contrasting statement, main
rain.
statement
main statement, although
We wanted to buy a sports Use 'although' with a subject and a
contrasting statement OR
car, although we knew that
verb
Although contrasting statement, fast cars can be dangerous.
main statement

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