Discovering

Computers 2009

Chapter 10
Database
Management

Chapter 10 Objectives
Define the term, database

Differentiate between a file processing

system approach and the database approach

Identify the qualities

of valuable information

Discuss the functions

common to most DBMSs

Explain why data is important

to an organization

Describe characteristics of
relational, object-oriented, and
multidimensional databases

Discuss the terms character,

field, record, and file

Explain how to interact with Web databases

Identify file maintenance techniques

Discuss the responsibilities of

database analysts and administrators

Next

Data and Information

What is a database?

Collection of data
organized so
you can access,
retrieve, and
use it

Database software
also called database
management system
(DBMS)

Database software
allows you to

Create
database
Add,
change,
and delete
data

Sort
and
retrieve
data

Create
forms
and
reports

Next

p. 514 - 515

Data and Information

How are data and information related?

Data is a collection of unprocessed items

Information is data that is organized and meaningful
Computers process data into information

p. 514 - 515 Fig. 10-1

Next

Data and Information

What is data integrity?
Degree to which data is
correct

Garbage in, garbage

out (GIGO)computer
phrase that means you
cannot create correct
information from
incorrect data

Garbage in

Garbage out

Data integrity
is lost

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter 10, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Data Security below Chapter 10

Next

p. 516

Data and Information

What are the qualities of valuable information?
Accurate
Verifiable
Timely
Organized
Accessible
Useful
Cost-effective

p. 516 - 517

Next

The Hierarchy of Data

What is a hierarchy?

Database contains files, file contains records, record

contains fields, field contains characters

Next

p. 517 Fig. 10-2

The Hierarchy of Data

What is a field?
Combination of one or more
characters
Smallest unit of data user accesses

p. 518 Fig. 10-3

Field name uniquely identifies each

field
Field size defines the maximum
number of characters a field can
contain
Data type specifies kind of data field
contains

Next

The Hierarchy of Data

What are common data types?
Text

Numeric

(also called
alphanumeric)letters,
numbers, or special
characters

AutoNumber

numbers
only

unique number automatically

assigned to each new record

Currency
dollar and cent amounts or
numbers containing decimal
values

Date

Memo

month, day, year, and

sometimes time

lengthy text entries

Yes/No

Hyperlink

(also called
Boolean)only the
values Yes or No (or
True or False)

Web address that links to

document or Web page

Object
(also called BLOB for binary large
object)photograph, audio, video,
or document created in other
application such as word
processing or spreadsheet
Next

p. 518

The Hierarchy of Data

What is a record?

Group of
related fields

Key field, or primary key,

uniquely identifies each record

p. 519

Next

The Hierarchy of Data

What is a data file?

Collection of related records stored on disk

Next

p. 518

Maintaining Data
What is file maintenance?

Procedures that keep data current

Adding records

Changing records

Deleting records

p. 520

Next

Maintaining Data
Why do you add records?

Add new record when you obtain new data

p. 520 Fig. 10-5

Next

Maintaining Data
Why do you change records?

Correct inaccurate data

Update old data

p. 521 Fig. 10-6

Next

Maintaining Data
Why do you delete records?

When record no longer is needed

Some programs remove record immediately,
others flag record

p. 522 Fig. 10-7

Next

Maintaining Data
What is validation?

Process of comparing data with a set of rules

to find out if data is correct
Reduce data entry errors and enhance data
integrity before program writes data on disk

p. 522 - 523 Fig. 10-8

Next

Maintaining Data
What are the types of validity checks?
Check Digit
number(s) or
character(s)
appended to or
inserted into a
primary key value
to confirm
accuracy of
primary key value

Alphabetic/
Numeric Check
ensures correct
type of data
entered

Completeness
Check
verifies that a
required field
contains data

Range Check
determines
whether number is
within specified
range

Consistency
Check
tests for logical
relationship
between two or
more fields

Next

p. 523

File Processing Versus Databases

What is a file processing system?
Each
department or
area within
organization
has own set of
files

Records in one
file may not
relate to
records in any
other file

May have
weaknesses

Data
redundancy
same fields
stored in
multiple files

p. 524

Isolated
datadata
stored in
separate files
so it is
difficult to
access

Next

File Processing Versus Databases

What is the database approach?

Many programs and users can share data in database

Secures data so only authorized users can access
certain data

Next

p. 524 - 525 Fig. 10-9

File Processing Versus Databases

What are the strengths of the database approach?
Reduced
data
redundancy

Improved
data
integrity

Shared
data
Easier
access

p. 525

Reduced
development
time

Next

File Processing Versus Databases

How do a database
application and a
file processing
application differ
in the way they
store data?

p. 525 Fig. 10-10

Next

Database Management Systems

What are popular database management systems (DBMSs)?

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter 10,
Click Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Teradata below Chapter 10
p. 526 Fig. 10-11

Next

Database Management Systems

What is a data dictionary?

Contains data about each file in database and each

field within those files

p. 527 Fig. 10-12

Next

Database Management Systems

What is a query?

Request for specific

data from a
database
Query language
consists of simple,
English-like
statements that
allow users to
specify data to
display, print, or
store

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter 10, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Query below Chapter 10
p. 528 - 529 Fig. 10-13

Next

Database Management Systems

What is a query by example (QBE)?

Program retrieves records that match criteria

entered in form fields
Has a graphical user interface that assists users
with retrieving data

p. 528 - 529 Fig. 10-14

Next

Database Management Systems

What is a form?

Window on screen that provides areas for entering or

changing data in database
Used to retrieve and
maintain data in a
database
Form that sends
data across network
or Internet is called
e-form, short for
electronic form

p. 530 Fig. 10-15

Next

Database Management Systems

What is a report generator?

Allows user to design a report on screen, retrieve

data into report design, then display or print
reports
Also called
report writer

Next

p. 530 Fig. 10-16

Database Management Systems

What is data security?
Access privileges
define activities
that specific user
or group of users
can perform

DBMS provides
means to ensure
only authorized
users can access
data
Read-only
privileges user can
view data,
but cannot
change it

p. 530 - 531

Full-update
privileges user can
view and
change data

Next

Database Management Systems

What are backup and log?
Backup is a copy of the
entire database
Log is a listing of activities
that change database
contents

DBMS places three items

in log: before image,
actual change, and after
image

Next

p. 531 Fig. 10-17

Database Management Systems

Video: How A Photo Sharing Site Keeps its Data

CLICK TO START

Next

Database Management Systems

What is a recovery utility?
Uses logs and/or
backups to restore
RollforwardDBMS
database when it is
uses log to re-enter
damaged or destroyed
changes made to database since last save or
backup
RollbackDBMS uses
Also called forward
log to undo any changes
recovery
made to database during a
certain period of time
Click to view Web
Link, click Chapter 10, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Continuous Backup
below Chapter 10

Also called backward

recovery

Next

p. 531 - 532

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

What is a data model?

Rules and standards that
define how database
organizes data
Defines how users view
organization of data
Four popular data models

p. 532 Fig. 10-18

Relational
Object-oriented
Object-relational
Multidimensional
Next

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

What is a relational database?

Stores data in tables that consist of rows and columns

Each row has primary key

Each column has unique name

Stores data relationships

Uses specialized terminology

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter 10, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Relational Databases below
Chapter 10
p. 533 Fig. 10-19

Next

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

What is a relationship?

Connection within
data

p. 533 Fig. 10-20

Next

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

What is Structured Query Language (SQL)?

Allows you to manage, update, and retrieve data

Has special keywords and rules included in SQL
statements

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter 10, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
SQL below Chapter 10
Next

p. 534 Fig. 10-21

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

What is an object-oriented database (OODB)?

Stores data in objects

Advantages

Object is item that contains data,

as well as actions that read or
process data
Can store more types of data
Can access data faster
Programmers can reuse objects

Often uses object query language (OQL)

Click to view Web
Link, click Chapter 10, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Object-Oriented Databases
below Chapter 10
p. 534 - 535

Next

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

What are examples of applications appropriate for an

object-oriented database?
Multimedia databases

Groupware databases

Store documents such as

schedules, calendars, manuals,
memos, and reports

Store images, audio clips,

and/or video clips
Computer-aided design
(CAD) databases

Hypertext databases

Store data about

engineering, architectural,
and scientific designs

Contain text links

to other documents

Web databases

Link to e-form on Web page

Next

p. 534

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

What is a multidimensional database?

Stores data in
dimensions
Multiple dimensions, also
called hypercube, allow users
to analyze any view of data
Can consolidate data much
faster than relational database
Click to view Web
Link, click Chapter 10, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Multidimensional Databases
below Chapter 10
p. 535

Next

Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases

What is a data warehouse?

Huge database system that stores and manages data
required to analyze historical and current transactions
Quick and efficient
way to access large
amounts of data
Uses multidimensional
databases

Often uses a process called data

mining to find patterns and
relationships among data
Data mart is smaller
version of data warehouse

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter 10, Click
Web Link from left
navigation, then click
Data Warehouses
below Chapter 10
Next

p. 536

Web Databases
What is a Web database?

Database you access through the Web by filling in a form

on a Web page
Usually resides on
a database server, a
computer that
stores and provides
access to a
database

p. 536 - 537 Fig. 10-23

Next

Database Administration
What are guidelines for developing a database?
1. Determine the

purpose of the database

2. Design the tables

Design tables on paper first
Each table should contain
data about one subject

4. Determine the

relationships among
the tables or files

Click to view Web

Link, click Chapter
10, Click Web Link
from left navigation,
then click Database Design
Guidelines below Chapter 10

3. Design

the records and fields

for each table
Be sure every record has a unique
primary key
Use separate fields for logically
distinct items
Do not create fields for information
that can be derived from entries in
other fields
Allow enough space for each field
Set default values for frequently
entered data
Next

p. 537 Fig. 10-24

Database Administration
What is the role of the database analyst and
administrator?
Database analyst (DA)
Focuses on meaning and
usage of data
Decides proper placement
of fields, defines
relationships, and
identifies users access
privileges
Click to view Web Link, click
Chapter 10,
Click Web Link from left
navigation, then click Database
Administrators below
Chapter 10
p. 538

Database administrator
(DBA)
Creates and maintains data
dictionary, manages
database security,
monitors database
performance, and checks
backup and recovery
procedures

Next

Summary of Database Management

How data and information are

valuable assets to an organization
Methods for maintaining
high-quality data

Advantages of organizing
data in a database
Various types of databases

Assessing the quality of

valuable information

Chapter 10 Complete

Role of the database

analysts and administrators